1. Plant life cycles alternate between a sporophyte phase and gametophyte phase through the process of meiosis and fertilization. 2. The sporophyte phase produces spores via meiosis while the gametophyte phase produces gametes via mitosis which can fuse during fertilization. 3. Flowering plants undergo a double fertilization process within flowers where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form the embryo while another sperm cell fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.

1. KEY CONCEPTAll plants alternate between two phases in their life cycles.

2. SPOROPHYTE PHASE fertilization meiosis GAMETOPHYTE PHASE Plant life cycles alternate between producing spores and gametes. A two-phase life cycle is called alternation of generations. haploid phase diploid phase alternates betweenthe two

4. begins with spore

7. The sporophyte is the dominant phase for seed plants.

8. KEY CONCEPTReproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers.

9. sepal Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves. Sepals and petals are modified leaves. Sepals are outermostlayer that protectsdeveloping flower

10. petal Petals can help to attract animal pollinators

13. style is tube leading from stigma to ovary

17. each spore divides bymitosis to form twohaploid cells

18. two cells form asingle pollen grainpollen grain

19. One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower’s ovary. four female spores produced in ovule by meiosis one spore develops into female gametophyte female gametophyte contains seven cells one cell has two nuclei, or polar nuclei one cell will develop into an egg

23. other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm

25. KEY CONCEPTSeeds disperse and begin to grow when conditions are favorable.

26. Animals, wind, and water can spread seeds. Seeds dispersed by animals can have nutritious fruits or fruits that cling.

27. Cypselae Double samaras Seeds dispersed by wind can have wing- or parachute-like fruits.

30. embryonic root, radicle, is first to emerge

32. KEY CONCEPTPlants can produce genetic clones of themselves through asexual reproduction.

33. Plants can reproduce asexually with stems, leaves, or roots. Asexual reproduction allows a plant to make copies of itself. Regeneration is one type of asexual reproduction. plants grow a new individual from fragment of parent occurs when piece of a stem, leaf, or root falls off parent plant

34. Vegetative reproduction is another type of asexual reproduction. stems, leaves, or roots attached to parent plant produce new individuals specific adaptations include stolons, rhizomes, and tubers

36. grafting joins the parts of two plants together to form a hybrid plant