Algunos datos sobre la industria de desechos a nivel mundial

1. David Newman
President ISWA
Waste; biowaste; strategies

2. Some data on the global waste industry
•
•
•
•
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4 billion tonnes total waste produced 2012
Of which 1,9 billion tonnes household
6,5 billion customers
US$ 420 billion turnover
40 million employees –half informal
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3. What type of waste ?

Organics – in developing countries 70%+

Packaging

Industrial

E-Waste

Medical

Slaughter house waste

Construction

Plastics everywhere
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4. What do we do with the waste ?
•
70 % landfilled or open dumps
•
10 % incinerated
•
20 % recycled including composting
•
This produces circa 1 billion tonnes of CO2
equivalents (methane) rising to 3 billion tonnes in
2030 mainly from landfills.
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5. Consequences

Public and urban health, epidemics

Loss of resources

Emissions

Missed employment opportunities

Destruction of natural resources and urban habitats

Eco dumping

Illegal trade
 Ocean
litter
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6. 6

7. Data from
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8. Many worlds, worlds apart
Let’s look at the advanced economies waste management

Scandinavia

Austria

Germany

Holland

Japan

Korea

USA in parts
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9. Definitions of top level waste management systems
• 100 % collection coverage
• No open or illegal dumping
• Recycling + composting above 50% of MSW
• Waste to Energy more than 10%- no public
opposition
• Incentives for renewable energy
• Taxes on disposal
• EPR schemes in place for many streams
• Informal sector zero o illegal
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10. 10

11. Japan, Incinerator at Morinomya
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12. Second World Countries, struggling to
catch up

Southern Italy

Greece

Turkey

Brazil

South Africa

North Africa

Chile ?????
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13. Definition of immature waste management systems
• Collection systems not 100%
• Recycling levels below 20%
• Landfill use above 80%, some illegal dumping
• No or low incineration- strong public
opposition
• No or low incentives to renewable energy
• No or few EPR schemes
• No or very low disposal taxes
• Informal sector recycling present
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14. Athens Landfill
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15. Sao Paolo Landfill
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16. The question is essentially one of
MONEY
How do we finance a mature waste
management system ?
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17. WB solid waste loans & grants – solid waste system
upgrades often bundled with other initiatives
Very few loans/grants
are 100% focused on
solid waste operations
Most solid waste projects
have been bundled with
other infrastructure upgrades
Loans
Grants
Overview of the World Bank Group
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18. Taking out Chinese cities because of central government rules, to date it
appears as if 263 of the world’s 500 largest cities have virtually NO access
to private capital
Credit Worthiness – A new financing priority
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19. Let’s focus on organics
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20. MSW composition in CILE
Organics are 53% of your MSW !
www.compost.it

21. Organics are…..
Everywhere

Sewage sludges

Food production waste

Agricultural waste

Industrial organics (bioetanolo waste)

Forestry

22. Organics ….
are bad for you

Rot

Smell

Contaminate other waste streams

Produce leachate

Produce methane (think Greenhouse Gasses)

Burn producing dioxins and soot

23. Organics….
are good for you
They decompose and can produce

methane captured for energy

soil fertilisers when composted

biopolymers

food stuffs for animals

24. How to make this happen ?

Strategic forward planning

Regulatory framework

Economics

Technologies

Collection systems

25. Biowaste Contextual remarks:
More than just waste management

Biodegradables represent the vast majority of MSW (above
all in S and SE Europe)

Major contributor to GHGs from inappropriate management of MSW (4 to
11% of total GHGs come from landfills)

Proper management often driven by strategies to reduce impacts of
disposal
– Landfill diversion targets (EU Landfill Directive)

Extended benefits: soils, farmlands, the environment
– Climate Change (UNFCCC)
– Desertification (UNCCD)
– Biodiversity, fertility, resilience, prevention of floods, erosion (EU Soil Thematic Strategy)

26. “About 75% of the soils in the Mediterranean Area
has a low content of organic matter
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27. Current status for biowaste collection
in Europe
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Source: European Compost Network, updated by authors

28. Main legislative drivers: the European
Regulatory Framework
European WFD (2008/98/EC) requires Member States to:
– take measures to encourage separate collection of biowaste for
composting and AD.
– by 2020 recycle 50% of all waste from households
European Landfill Directive (99/31/EC) requires Member states to:
– Pre-treat all waste before landfilling (disposal)
– by 2016 divert 65% of biowaste from landfill
Italian WFL (DLGS 252/06) requires Municipalities/District-Areas
to:
– by 2012 reduce disposal to 35% of total MSW (total sep. coll. min 65%)
– SS Biowaste with reusable bins and/or compostable bags;
– Increases landfill-cost by 20€/ton for district not complying to recycling
target
www.compost.it

29. Composting sector growth linked to separate
collection of biowaste
www.compost.it

30. Separate collection of MSW- Italy 2011, 30 mln tons
www.compost.it

31. Separate collection of biowaste in Italy 2011
4.2 million tons in 2010, 4.5+ in 2011, 5.0 in 2012
www.compost.it

32. Biowaste production and collection: key-data Italy
Foodwaste (FW)

Yard and Gardenwaste
(GW)
20-30% of MSW
Bulk density: 0,6-0,8 kg/liter

High moisture
SSO: 70 – 130 kg/inhab/yr.
2-4kg/m2/yr.

Bulk density: 0,15 – 0,35 kg/l



Medium to low moisture

Seasonality (weather, rain)
SSO: 20– 70 kg/inhab/yr.
(preventable by homecomposting)
www.compost.it

33. Best practise approach – Italy/Spain/UK

Foodwaste collected separately from garden waste
–
–
–
–
–
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Cooked food and meat&fish allowed
High frequency (2 to 4 times/week)
Clean and comfortable (bags&caddies)
FW bins taylored to HH size (from bin to wheely-bin)
Vehicles (open lorries)
Gardenwaste at
– Municipal Collection Centers
– Door to Door at low frequency (1/month; on demand; seasonality)
– Homecomposting

Residual waste: collected with low FW content
– Low frequency (1/week up to 1 /month)
– PAYT fees
www.compost.it

34. Intensive Source Separation of Biowaste:

Buildings up to 6 households
Compostable bags

vented kitchen-caddy 35 liter HDPE bucket
Buildings with Flats/apartments
www.compost.it

35. Biobags are a key-factor for success:
Paper, MaterBi, etc
IF compostable according to
OK for sep. collection
of
foodwaste
“About 75% of the EN 13432 in the Mediterranean Area has
soils standard
Plastic-bags (PE)
NO use for sep. collection of
a low content of are non-compostable
organic matter
foodwaste
Oxo-degradable
plastics
Not suitable for composting
processes
NO use for sep. collection
foodwaste

Enhance citizens in managing wet, putrescible FW

Biobags must comply with EU Standard (EN13432)

Bags must be certified
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of

36. Source Separation of Biowaste: size bins correctly
www.compost.it

37. Quality of Source Separation Foodwaste: quota of
non-compostables delivered at gate
45,00
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
82%
35%
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00
Source: CIC – Consorzio Italiano Compostatori/ Italian Composting Association
www.compost.it

38. Source Separation of Foodwaste: purity vs use
of compostable bags
Materiale NC rilevato da analisi merceologica in funzione della % di sacchetti biodegradabili
20,0
MNC verso Totale%
SacchettiPlastica
18,0
Non-compostables (%)
merceologi
16,0
Bio Appositi
14,0
BIO Shopper
12,0
10,0
Espo. (MNC verso
Totale%
SacchettiPlastica)
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
y = 8,5766e-0,0201x
R2 = 0,5343
0,0
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
% compostable bags
www.compost.it

39. What does all this cost ?

Source separate collection of biowaste costs c. € 50/ton

Treatment of biowaste in composting plant costs c. € 70/ton

Overall waste and urban cleaning in Italy costs € 170/capita

Landfill now costs €80 - €100 / ton and climbing

Real cost of landfill is reflected in emissions over 30 year
period and end of life closure and maintenance

Sydney landfill, with $10/ton carbon tax costs $340/ton !!
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40. Results from Italy

Composting from 0 to 5 million tons 1993-2013

Composting plants 10 to 280 1993-2013

Biogas plants by 2013 – 20

Compost produced 1,400,000 tons

40 million Italians source separate organic waste

41. Conclusion

It is vital to establish the long term strategy, EU

Involve stakeholders

Plan to make it pay through taxes

Feed in tariffs for energy

Allow technologies to develop

Develop collection schemes to ensure quality

Create market for products

42. Gracias

newman@compost.it

newman@iswa.org

www.compost.it

www.iswa.org
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