CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSES, EFFECTS, REGIONAL AND WORLD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

1. CLIMATE CHANGE, CAUSES, EFFTEE
REGION MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGIES
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
By:
M. Hussain Mehwish Zahid
Haris Ahmed Farwa Shamsheer
Presented To: Dr. Sajjad Ahmad
Environmental Sciences Department
CU Islamabad - Vehari Campus

2. Global waste Industry
• 4 billion tonnes total waste produced 2012
• Of which 1,9 billion tonnes household
• 6,5 billion customers
• US$ 420 billion turnover
• 40 million employees –half informal
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3. What type of waste ?
 Organics – in developing countries 70%+
 Packaging
 Industrial
 E-Waste
 Medical
 Slaughter house waste
 Construction
 Plastics everywhere
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4. What do we do with the waste ?
• 70 % landfilled or open dumps
• 10 % incinerated
• 20 % recycled including composting
• This produces circa 1 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents
(methane) rising to 3 billion tonnes in 2030 mainly from
landfills.
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5. Consequences
 Public and urban health, epidemics
 Loss of resources
 Emissions
 Missed employment opportunities
 Destruction of natural resources and urban habitats
 Eco dumping
 Illegal trade
 Ocean litter
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6. Many worlds, worlds apart
Let’s look at the advanced economies waste management
Scandinavia
Austria
Germany
Holland
Japan
Korea
USA in parts
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7. Top level waste management
systems
• 100 % collection coverage
• No open or illegal dumping
• Recycling + composting above 50% of MSW
• Waste to Energy more than 10%- no public opposition
• Incentives for renewable energy
• Taxes on disposal
• EPR schemes in place for many streams
• Informal sector zero o illegal
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8. Second World Countries, struggling to
catch up
 Southern Italy
 Greece
 Turkey
 Brazil
 South Africa
 North Africa
 Chile ?
 Pakistan ?????
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9. Immature waste management systems
• Collection systems not 100%
• Recycling levels below 20%
• Landfill use above 80%, some illegal dumping
• No or low incineration- strong public opposition
• No or low incentives to renewable energy
• No or few EPR schemes
• No or very low disposal taxes
• Informal sector recycling present
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10. Waste Management -The Problem is Money
The question is essentially one of
MONEY
How do we finance a mature waste
management system ?
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11. WB solid waste loans & grants
– solid waste system upgrades often
bundled with other initiatives
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Most solid waste projects
have been bundled with
Other infrastructure upgrade
Very few loan/ grants are
100 % focused on SWM

12. Let’s focus on organics
Organics are….. Everywhere
Sewage sludges
Food production waste
Agricultural waste
Industrial organics (bioetanolo waste)
Forestry
Organics are 53% of your MSW !
10/04/1812

13. Organics…are bad or good for you
 Rot / Smell
 Contaminate other
waste streams
 Produce leachate
 Produce methane
(think Greenhouse
Gasses)
 Burn producing
dioxins and soot
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They decompose and
can produce
• Methane captured for
energy
• Soil fertilisers when
composted
• Biopolymers
• Food stuffs for animals

14. How to make this happen ?
 Strategic forward planning
 Regulatory framework
 Economics
 Technologies
 Collection systems
 Behavioral change, e.g; hongcong school
teacher compgain
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15. Biowaste Contextual remarks:
More than just waste management
 Major contributor to GHGs from inappropriate management of
MSW (4 to 11% of total GHGs come from landfills)
 Proper management often driven by strategies to reduce impacts
of disposal
 Extended benefits: soils, farmlands, the environment
– Climate Change (UNFCCC)
– Desertification (UNCCD)
– Biodiversity, fertility, resilience, prevention of floods,
erosion control. 10/04/1815

16. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
ANY QUESTION ?
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