Human factors is the study of how human capabilities and limitations impact safety and efficiency in the workplace, especially aircraft maintenance. Several air accidents have been caused by human error in maintenance. To improve safety, the aviation industry must understand how factors like personnel, equipment, procedures, and environment interact and optimize that relationship. This includes considering physiology, psychology, workplace design, and the interface between humans and machines. Understanding human factors can help reduce errors by improving training, procedures, tools, and inspections. About 70% of early aircraft accidents were due to human error, and maintenance deficiencies remain a major cause today due to issues like staff shortages, time pressures, and failures to follow approved procedures. Reducing human error requires recognizing risks and
Human Factors affecting performance in Aviation. Covers the factors which affect human performance, the causes and consequences, and how to combat factors. Also covers how factors propagate into accidents,
Human Factors Training: There's nothing that can't go wrong. This simple insight forms the foundation of human factors training for pilots. In special courses, pilots are prepared for any possible emergency situation and action strategies. Crews learn to analyze and evaluate their own behavior and that of those around them more effectively. Training leads to more efficient work processes, a functioning error management culture, and increased safety. This is a general prsentation and human factors management in aviation training.
FAA HUMAN FACTOR IN AVIATION MAINTENANCE HF MROAmnat Sk
This manual is in response to the industry’s requests for a simple and manageable list of actions to implement a Maintenance Human Factors (MHF) program. A panel of experts selected the following six topics for such a program to be successful:
Event Investigation
Documentation
Human Factors Training
Shift/Task Turnover
Fatigue Management
Sustaining & Justifying an HF Program
For each of the six topics that contribute to the success of any MHF program, this manual offers the following:
Why is the topic important?
How do you implement it?
How do you know it is working?
Key references
Like any good operator’s manual, this document tells you what to do without excessive description of why you should do it. This manual recognizes you already know the importance of Human Factors. For detailed information, see the “Key References” at the end of each topic.
The selected six topics are critical because they are based on operational data and practical experience from the US and other countries. Transport Canada (TC), United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA), and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations contributed to this manual. The steps are derived from a panel of ten industry and government contributors who have worked in aviation maintenance for an average of twenty-five years and in MHF for fifteen years. The contributors characterized these six topics and related steps as “information they wish they had known 15 years ago.”
These straightforward suggestions provide the key components for implementing a successful MHF program that will benefit your company, business partners, external customers, and the entire industry. Information is presented in summary bullets as follows:
These are six topics, from many, that a MHF program may consider.
Topics are not necessarily in order of importance, except that the data obtained from Event Investigation (Section 1) provide the foundation for many Human Factors activities.
You may implement any or all of the topics, however, they should be coordinated.
Your MHF activity should be based on the identified requirements and resources of your organization.
You are encouraged to supplement this Operator's Manual with additional references.
This document satisfies the industry request for a short and straightforward list of important actions.
Human factors in aviation (human performance and limitations)Dushan Wijesingha
The document discusses human performance limitations related to vision. It describes the basic functions of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and how they work together to focus light and form images. Vision can be affected by physical factors like short- or long-sightedness, age, or environmental factors such as lighting conditions. The consumption of substances like alcohol or drugs can also impair vision. Maintaining optimal visual performance requires understanding these capabilities and limitations.
1. The document discusses various human factors that can lead to accidents in aviation, such as distraction, time pressure, and misperceptions.
2. It analyzes data on 523 helicopter accidents between 2000 and 2006, finding that the majority occurred during the enroute phase of flight and most involved emergency medical services.
3. Maintaining situational awareness, effective crew resource management, and understanding human tendencies towards error are emphasized as important for safety.
The document introduces human factors and discusses the interaction between humans, tasks, equipment, and the environment. It covers the four key elements of human factors as liveware (the person), hardware (physical equipment), software (non-physical aspects like procedures), and environment. The document discusses how errors can occur at the interfaces between these elements when there is a mismatch. Specifically, it examines safety incidents from failures in liveware-liveware and liveware-hardware interactions.
Human_Factors_in_Aviation__PowerPoint_.pptx.pptxEndris Mohammed
This chapter examines human factors and incidents in terms of human error. It discusses Murphy's Law and how even experienced individuals can make errors. Approximately 70% of aircraft accidents are attributable to human performance. The Aloha Flight 243 incident in 1988 involved structural failure due to undetected cracks, highlighting issues with aircraft inspections. The BA 5390 incident in 1990 involved a windscreen blow out due to incorrect replacement bolts, with contributing human factors including poor lighting and failure to wear glasses. Subsequent chapters will discuss human performance limitations and identify areas of vulnerability to help prevent errors.
This document discusses human factors and their importance in the aviation industry. It examines the relationship between human factors and incidents caused by human error, looking at perceptual, physical, and mental human capabilities and how they interact with an individual's job and environment. The document also discusses how equipment and system design, as well as organizational characteristics, can influence safety-related behavior at work. It notes that human factors researchers study system performance, how maintenance personnel interact with equipment, procedures and rules followed, and environmental conditions to optimize the relationship between people and systems and improve safety, efficiency and well-being. The SHEL model is also referenced as a way to understand these interactions.
Human Factors affecting performance in Aviation. Covers the factors which affect human performance, the causes and consequences, and how to combat factors. Also covers how factors propagate into accidents,
Human Factors Training: There's nothing that can't go wrong. This simple insight forms the foundation of human factors training for pilots. In special courses, pilots are prepared for any possible emergency situation and action strategies. Crews learn to analyze and evaluate their own behavior and that of those around them more effectively. Training leads to more efficient work processes, a functioning error management culture, and increased safety. This is a general prsentation and human factors management in aviation training.
FAA HUMAN FACTOR IN AVIATION MAINTENANCE HF MROAmnat Sk
This manual is in response to the industry’s requests for a simple and manageable list of actions to implement a Maintenance Human Factors (MHF) program. A panel of experts selected the following six topics for such a program to be successful:
Event Investigation
Documentation
Human Factors Training
Shift/Task Turnover
Fatigue Management
Sustaining & Justifying an HF Program
For each of the six topics that contribute to the success of any MHF program, this manual offers the following:
Why is the topic important?
How do you implement it?
How do you know it is working?
Key references
Like any good operator’s manual, this document tells you what to do without excessive description of why you should do it. This manual recognizes you already know the importance of Human Factors. For detailed information, see the “Key References” at the end of each topic.
The selected six topics are critical because they are based on operational data and practical experience from the US and other countries. Transport Canada (TC), United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA), and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations contributed to this manual. The steps are derived from a panel of ten industry and government contributors who have worked in aviation maintenance for an average of twenty-five years and in MHF for fifteen years. The contributors characterized these six topics and related steps as “information they wish they had known 15 years ago.”
These straightforward suggestions provide the key components for implementing a successful MHF program that will benefit your company, business partners, external customers, and the entire industry. Information is presented in summary bullets as follows:
These are six topics, from many, that a MHF program may consider.
Topics are not necessarily in order of importance, except that the data obtained from Event Investigation (Section 1) provide the foundation for many Human Factors activities.
You may implement any or all of the topics, however, they should be coordinated.
Your MHF activity should be based on the identified requirements and resources of your organization.
You are encouraged to supplement this Operator's Manual with additional references.
This document satisfies the industry request for a short and straightforward list of important actions.
Human factors in aviation (human performance and limitations)Dushan Wijesingha
The document discusses human performance limitations related to vision. It describes the basic functions of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and how they work together to focus light and form images. Vision can be affected by physical factors like short- or long-sightedness, age, or environmental factors such as lighting conditions. The consumption of substances like alcohol or drugs can also impair vision. Maintaining optimal visual performance requires understanding these capabilities and limitations.
1. The document discusses various human factors that can lead to accidents in aviation, such as distraction, time pressure, and misperceptions.
2. It analyzes data on 523 helicopter accidents between 2000 and 2006, finding that the majority occurred during the enroute phase of flight and most involved emergency medical services.
3. Maintaining situational awareness, effective crew resource management, and understanding human tendencies towards error are emphasized as important for safety.
The document introduces human factors and discusses the interaction between humans, tasks, equipment, and the environment. It covers the four key elements of human factors as liveware (the person), hardware (physical equipment), software (non-physical aspects like procedures), and environment. The document discusses how errors can occur at the interfaces between these elements when there is a mismatch. Specifically, it examines safety incidents from failures in liveware-liveware and liveware-hardware interactions.
Human_Factors_in_Aviation__PowerPoint_.pptx.pptxEndris Mohammed
This chapter examines human factors and incidents in terms of human error. It discusses Murphy's Law and how even experienced individuals can make errors. Approximately 70% of aircraft accidents are attributable to human performance. The Aloha Flight 243 incident in 1988 involved structural failure due to undetected cracks, highlighting issues with aircraft inspections. The BA 5390 incident in 1990 involved a windscreen blow out due to incorrect replacement bolts, with contributing human factors including poor lighting and failure to wear glasses. Subsequent chapters will discuss human performance limitations and identify areas of vulnerability to help prevent errors.
This document discusses human factors and their importance in the aviation industry. It examines the relationship between human factors and incidents caused by human error, looking at perceptual, physical, and mental human capabilities and how they interact with an individual's job and environment. The document also discusses how equipment and system design, as well as organizational characteristics, can influence safety-related behavior at work. It notes that human factors researchers study system performance, how maintenance personnel interact with equipment, procedures and rules followed, and environmental conditions to optimize the relationship between people and systems and improve safety, efficiency and well-being. The SHEL model is also referenced as a way to understand these interactions.
Human error is the leading cause of aviation accidents and incidents, contributing to 60-80% of cases. Maintenance errors can have serious consequences, from hydraulic leaks that cause warning lights to engine damage from forgotten tools. Proper training programs in human factors and maintenance resource management can help address underlying causes like fatigue, distraction, and organizational pressures to reduce human errors and improve aviation safety.
The document discusses concepts related to Crew Resource Management (CRM), which aims to enhance safety in aircraft operations through effective teamwork and management. It covers basic CRM concepts, training components, risk factors, accident causation models, and strategies for managing risk and situational awareness. CRM principles should be applied to entire operations from pilots to ground crews and management to improve safety culture.
This document provides a summary of key topics related to human factors in aircraft maintenance, including general human performance and limitations, social psychology factors, physical environment, tasks, communication, and human error. The goal is to raise awareness of how human behavior and errors can impact safety, and how following proper procedures can help minimize risks. Understanding human limitations and applying concepts from areas like social psychology, ergonomics, and communication can help reduce accidents caused by human factors.
The document defines preventive maintenance and outlines who is authorized to perform it according to FAA regulations. It specifies that holders of pilot certificates can perform preventive maintenance on aircraft they own or operate, including private pilots. The document lists the specific preventive maintenance tasks allowed by FAA regulations and provides guidance on maintenance records, required performance standards, and additional FAA resources.
The document provides an overview of human factors in aviation maintenance. It discusses:
- The history of human factors emerging as aircraft became more complex and exceeded human capabilities. Understanding the human role in maintenance is essential.
- Maintenance personnel must be carefully selected, trained, and have equipment that matches their capabilities and limitations.
- Numerous studies have found that 30-70% of accidents are attributable to human error or human factors issues in maintenance and inspection. This highlights the importance of considering human factors.
- Regulations and standards have increasingly focused on embedding human factors concepts and training to help maintenance personnel avoid unintended errors.
The ICAO SHELL model is a conceptual framework that views human factors through the interaction of liveware (humans), software, hardware, and environment. It represents these components as building blocks and focuses on the interfaces between them, particularly liveware-liveware (interactions between people), liveware-software, liveware-hardware, and liveware-environment. The goal is to understand and minimize stress or breakdown in the system by properly accounting for these interactive dimensions.
Introduction to Human Factors Training for Safety Critical Organisations. Human Factors training was originally developed in the aviation industry to enhance safety and reliability in complex environments.
Aircraft Maintenance Manuals for Engineer's by Engr. Malay Kanti BalaMalay Kanti Bala
Aircraft Maintenance Manual is an important document for the Aircraft Maintenance Personnel. For the airworthiness of any flight, we do an inspection, servicing, repair, removal, installation, etc activities by following the approved documents which in manual or AMM. Here the presentation will disclose and familiarise with different manuals
This document provides an overview of human performance characteristics relevant to aircraft maintenance engineers, including vision, hearing, information processing, and decision making. It discusses the basic structure and function of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, rods and cones. Factors that can affect vision such as visual acuity, lighting, age, and eye defects are also examined. The role of the engineer as part of the overall aircraft maintenance system is discussed.
This document discusses human factors and crew resource management (CRM) training. It aims to (1) demonstrate human factors concepts, (2) increase safety awareness, (3) ability to detect hazards, (4) effective communication, (5) decision making, and (6) identify human error factors. Past aviation accidents are reviewed that revealed human errors including distraction, fatigue, and failure to communicate effectively. Threats, errors, and their management are defined to optimize human performance and safety.
This document discusses the history and evolution of Crew Resource Management (CRM) training in the airline industry. It began in 1979 when NASA discovered many aviation accidents were caused by issues like poor communication and decision making among flight crews. United Airlines first adopted CRM in 1981, and it has since expanded to include other crew members. CRM training teaches skills like leadership, situation awareness, and decision making to improve safety. Studies found CRM has reduced errors and helped lower accident rates by around 70%. The crash of United Flight 232 in 1989 demonstrated how effective CRM can be when properly applied by a crew.
504314483-Fuel-Tank-Safety-Level-I-Presentation.pdfmram r
The document discusses efforts by the FAA and EASA to harmonize their fuel tank safety programs. It provides:
1) An overview of lessons learned from SFAR 88 reviews which revealed unexpected ignition sources and the difficulty of eliminating all risks, leading both agencies to adopt a balanced approach of continued ignition prevention efforts alongside reducing tank flammability.
2) Details on the status of ignition prevention reviews and corrective actions being implemented, as well as progress harmonizing flammability reduction standards and a plan to work towards agreement on retrofit requirements.
3) A summary that the combined ignition prevention and flammability reduction strategies should virtually eliminate the risk of future fuel tank explosions, and that FAA and E
The document outlines the aircraft design process from initial requirements definition through detailed design, testing, and certification. It discusses establishing basic and general requirements, conducting feasibility studies, specifying detailed requirements, conceptual and preliminary design phases involving configuration selection, performance modeling, and optimization. Later phases include detailed design, ground and flight testing, and certification to clear the aircraft for intended operations. The process is iterative with frequent trade-offs and refinement of requirements and design.
The document discusses aircraft maintenance documentation requirements according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Proper documentation is important for safety. Regulations require maintenance records to include a description of work done, completion date, and signature of the approving inspector. Common documentation errors that can lead to accidents include no records, inadequate work descriptions, and citing the wrong reference documents. Shift turnover between maintenance teams is also critical for safety and requires formal procedures.
This slide is prepared by me for the students studying in 1st Semester of Aircraft Maintenance Engineering. This is only the the introduction of Maintenance Practices involved in Aircraft Maintenance. Reference is taken from various aviation books and websites. Suggestions are welcome. Pls leave a like
PS- after downloading please don't change the name of author as you will be disregarding all the hard work done by me.
This document provides an overview of crew resource management (CRM) training, including its history and evolution. It discusses how CRM training was developed in response to accident analyses that found ineffective communication, inadequate leadership, and poor group decision making were factors in 70% of accidents. The first CRM programs in the 1980s focused on skills like leadership and interpersonal skills, while later generations integrated CRM into technical training and addressed issues like automation and human factors. Current CRM training is meant to be integrated into regular procedures. The document also lists common CRM training topics like communication, leadership, teamwork, decision making, error management, and stress/fatigue.
The document provides guidance for maintenance technicians and inspection authorization holders on performing aircraft inspections. It discusses the importance of inspections, building relationships with aircraft owners, explaining inspection requirements to owners, and ensuring discrepancies found are properly addressed. It also reviews sample inspection requirements for specific aircraft, including reviewing registration, manuals, records, the type certificate data sheet, and completing a full inspection to verify airworthiness.
This presenation details on various Bird Strike avoidance methods and clarifies some of the common myths we have about Bird Strikes and Avoidance in context to the Aviation Industry
The human body contains many important organs that work together to keep us alive. The three most important organs are the brain, heart, and lungs. The brain controls the entire body and allows us to think. The heart pumps blood throughout the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs. The lungs breathe in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood to support the body's needs. Other vital organs include the liver, kidneys, stomach, and intestines, each of which has critical roles in digestion, waste removal, and maintaining healthy bodily functions.
The document discusses human population growth and dynamics. It provides information on key population concepts like crude birth rate, crude death rate, exponential growth, population pyramids, and factors that affect fertility and mortality rates. Population pyramids are presented as a way to visualize age structures and assess population growth patterns. Developing countries typically have youthful population pyramids indicating high growth, while developed countries have top-heavy pyramids with slower or negative growth.
Human error is the leading cause of aviation accidents and incidents, contributing to 60-80% of cases. Maintenance errors can have serious consequences, from hydraulic leaks that cause warning lights to engine damage from forgotten tools. Proper training programs in human factors and maintenance resource management can help address underlying causes like fatigue, distraction, and organizational pressures to reduce human errors and improve aviation safety.
The document discusses concepts related to Crew Resource Management (CRM), which aims to enhance safety in aircraft operations through effective teamwork and management. It covers basic CRM concepts, training components, risk factors, accident causation models, and strategies for managing risk and situational awareness. CRM principles should be applied to entire operations from pilots to ground crews and management to improve safety culture.
This document provides a summary of key topics related to human factors in aircraft maintenance, including general human performance and limitations, social psychology factors, physical environment, tasks, communication, and human error. The goal is to raise awareness of how human behavior and errors can impact safety, and how following proper procedures can help minimize risks. Understanding human limitations and applying concepts from areas like social psychology, ergonomics, and communication can help reduce accidents caused by human factors.
The document defines preventive maintenance and outlines who is authorized to perform it according to FAA regulations. It specifies that holders of pilot certificates can perform preventive maintenance on aircraft they own or operate, including private pilots. The document lists the specific preventive maintenance tasks allowed by FAA regulations and provides guidance on maintenance records, required performance standards, and additional FAA resources.
The document provides an overview of human factors in aviation maintenance. It discusses:
- The history of human factors emerging as aircraft became more complex and exceeded human capabilities. Understanding the human role in maintenance is essential.
- Maintenance personnel must be carefully selected, trained, and have equipment that matches their capabilities and limitations.
- Numerous studies have found that 30-70% of accidents are attributable to human error or human factors issues in maintenance and inspection. This highlights the importance of considering human factors.
- Regulations and standards have increasingly focused on embedding human factors concepts and training to help maintenance personnel avoid unintended errors.
The ICAO SHELL model is a conceptual framework that views human factors through the interaction of liveware (humans), software, hardware, and environment. It represents these components as building blocks and focuses on the interfaces between them, particularly liveware-liveware (interactions between people), liveware-software, liveware-hardware, and liveware-environment. The goal is to understand and minimize stress or breakdown in the system by properly accounting for these interactive dimensions.
Introduction to Human Factors Training for Safety Critical Organisations. Human Factors training was originally developed in the aviation industry to enhance safety and reliability in complex environments.
Aircraft Maintenance Manuals for Engineer's by Engr. Malay Kanti BalaMalay Kanti Bala
Aircraft Maintenance Manual is an important document for the Aircraft Maintenance Personnel. For the airworthiness of any flight, we do an inspection, servicing, repair, removal, installation, etc activities by following the approved documents which in manual or AMM. Here the presentation will disclose and familiarise with different manuals
This document provides an overview of human performance characteristics relevant to aircraft maintenance engineers, including vision, hearing, information processing, and decision making. It discusses the basic structure and function of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, rods and cones. Factors that can affect vision such as visual acuity, lighting, age, and eye defects are also examined. The role of the engineer as part of the overall aircraft maintenance system is discussed.
This document discusses human factors and crew resource management (CRM) training. It aims to (1) demonstrate human factors concepts, (2) increase safety awareness, (3) ability to detect hazards, (4) effective communication, (5) decision making, and (6) identify human error factors. Past aviation accidents are reviewed that revealed human errors including distraction, fatigue, and failure to communicate effectively. Threats, errors, and their management are defined to optimize human performance and safety.
This document discusses the history and evolution of Crew Resource Management (CRM) training in the airline industry. It began in 1979 when NASA discovered many aviation accidents were caused by issues like poor communication and decision making among flight crews. United Airlines first adopted CRM in 1981, and it has since expanded to include other crew members. CRM training teaches skills like leadership, situation awareness, and decision making to improve safety. Studies found CRM has reduced errors and helped lower accident rates by around 70%. The crash of United Flight 232 in 1989 demonstrated how effective CRM can be when properly applied by a crew.
504314483-Fuel-Tank-Safety-Level-I-Presentation.pdfmram r
The document discusses efforts by the FAA and EASA to harmonize their fuel tank safety programs. It provides:
1) An overview of lessons learned from SFAR 88 reviews which revealed unexpected ignition sources and the difficulty of eliminating all risks, leading both agencies to adopt a balanced approach of continued ignition prevention efforts alongside reducing tank flammability.
2) Details on the status of ignition prevention reviews and corrective actions being implemented, as well as progress harmonizing flammability reduction standards and a plan to work towards agreement on retrofit requirements.
3) A summary that the combined ignition prevention and flammability reduction strategies should virtually eliminate the risk of future fuel tank explosions, and that FAA and E
The document outlines the aircraft design process from initial requirements definition through detailed design, testing, and certification. It discusses establishing basic and general requirements, conducting feasibility studies, specifying detailed requirements, conceptual and preliminary design phases involving configuration selection, performance modeling, and optimization. Later phases include detailed design, ground and flight testing, and certification to clear the aircraft for intended operations. The process is iterative with frequent trade-offs and refinement of requirements and design.
The document discusses aircraft maintenance documentation requirements according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Proper documentation is important for safety. Regulations require maintenance records to include a description of work done, completion date, and signature of the approving inspector. Common documentation errors that can lead to accidents include no records, inadequate work descriptions, and citing the wrong reference documents. Shift turnover between maintenance teams is also critical for safety and requires formal procedures.
This slide is prepared by me for the students studying in 1st Semester of Aircraft Maintenance Engineering. This is only the the introduction of Maintenance Practices involved in Aircraft Maintenance. Reference is taken from various aviation books and websites. Suggestions are welcome. Pls leave a like
PS- after downloading please don't change the name of author as you will be disregarding all the hard work done by me.
This document provides an overview of crew resource management (CRM) training, including its history and evolution. It discusses how CRM training was developed in response to accident analyses that found ineffective communication, inadequate leadership, and poor group decision making were factors in 70% of accidents. The first CRM programs in the 1980s focused on skills like leadership and interpersonal skills, while later generations integrated CRM into technical training and addressed issues like automation and human factors. Current CRM training is meant to be integrated into regular procedures. The document also lists common CRM training topics like communication, leadership, teamwork, decision making, error management, and stress/fatigue.
The document provides guidance for maintenance technicians and inspection authorization holders on performing aircraft inspections. It discusses the importance of inspections, building relationships with aircraft owners, explaining inspection requirements to owners, and ensuring discrepancies found are properly addressed. It also reviews sample inspection requirements for specific aircraft, including reviewing registration, manuals, records, the type certificate data sheet, and completing a full inspection to verify airworthiness.
This presenation details on various Bird Strike avoidance methods and clarifies some of the common myths we have about Bird Strikes and Avoidance in context to the Aviation Industry
The human body contains many important organs that work together to keep us alive. The three most important organs are the brain, heart, and lungs. The brain controls the entire body and allows us to think. The heart pumps blood throughout the body to provide oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs. The lungs breathe in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood to support the body's needs. Other vital organs include the liver, kidneys, stomach, and intestines, each of which has critical roles in digestion, waste removal, and maintaining healthy bodily functions.
The document discusses human population growth and dynamics. It provides information on key population concepts like crude birth rate, crude death rate, exponential growth, population pyramids, and factors that affect fertility and mortality rates. Population pyramids are presented as a way to visualize age structures and assess population growth patterns. Developing countries typically have youthful population pyramids indicating high growth, while developed countries have top-heavy pyramids with slower or negative growth.
This chapter introduces human resource management and its role in organizations. It discusses how HR helps companies achieve their strategic goals by engaging employees and influencing their behaviors. The chapter outlines the responsibilities of line managers, who oversee employees, and staff (HR) managers, who assist and advise line managers. It also describes metrics and measurements that are important for evaluating HR's contribution to organizational outcomes.
This document discusses strategic human resource management and the HR Scorecard. It begins by outlining the strategic management process and defining key terms like vision, mission, strategy, and strategic plan. It then explains the importance of aligning HR with organizational strategy through a strategy-oriented HR system. The HR Scorecard is introduced as a 7-step approach to creating HR systems that support strategic goals. It involves defining strategy, identifying required outcomes, competencies, policies, and measures to monitor performance.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in human resource management from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Human Resource Management" by Gary Dessler. It defines human resource management and discusses the responsibilities of line managers and HR staff managers. It also outlines high-performance work system practices that engage employees to achieve strategic goals, the importance of metrics in HR, certifications for HR professionals, and managing HR legally and ethically. The purpose is to introduce students to the core topics and principles of HRM.
This document discusses two perspectives on the relationship between human rights and state sovereignty in international relations: the communitarian/statist perspective and the cosmopolitan/universal perspective. It also examines how international human rights conventions and declarations have expanded the domain of international law and eroded state sovereignty by establishing rights that individuals possess as humans rather than citizens. The document explores debates around humanitarian intervention and when it may be justified to interfere in a state's domestic affairs to protect human rights.
Human factors relates to CRM by studying the human-machine interface to reduce error and maximize safety and productivity. Some key points:
- Human error has been found to contribute to over 70% of commercial airplane accidents.
- The objectives of aviation human factors include identifying technical efforts to address significant human issues, understanding the human aspects to recognize mental/physical issues, and maintaining awareness of flight physiology.
- The SHELL model examines the interactions between software, hardware, environment, and liveware (humans) and how mismatches can lead to errors. It is used to analyze human factors in complex systems like aviation.
This document provides an introduction to human factors and its importance in aviation. It discusses how human factors relates to incidents and accidents, many of which are attributable to human error. Specific examples of aviation accidents are described, such as Aloha Flight 243 and British Airways Flight 5390, which involved significant human factors issues. The document emphasizes that human factors has been a contributing factor in about 70% of aviation accidents historically.
This document discusses human performance issues in aircraft maintenance. It provides an overview of human factors that can influence task performance and safety in the maintenance environment. The document includes case studies of reported maintenance events to highlight why errors occurred and how to prevent recurrences. One case study describes an event where emergency door actuators failed to operate during testing due to the percussion mechanisms not being correctly positioned and locked during maintenance. The key recommendations are to follow maintenance manual procedures closely, including illustrations, to properly reassemble components.
Human Performance And Commercial Aircraft AccidentsKendra Cote
Human factors have been identified as a major contributor to more than 70% of commercial aircraft accidents. While errors are often connected to flight procedures, they have also become a concern in maintenance practices and air traffic management. Human factors specialists work to understand the interface between human performance and aircraft to help operators develop safety and efficiency. Maintenance errors are also largely due to human factors, around 80% according to the FAA. While human factors training is not required in the US, many operators provide it to prepare for future regulations and improve safety culture. Understanding human conditions like fatigue, complacency and distraction is important, as they often underlie maintenance incidents.
This document discusses the history and evolution of human factors analysis and just culture in aviation incident investigation. It provides details on:
- The shift from solely focusing on human-machine interfaces to recognizing broader organizational and cultural causes of human error.
- Advances in understanding why errors occur rather than just classifying them, driven partly by reduced hardware errors with technological changes.
- Types of errors (active vs. latent) and Reason's Swiss cheese model of defenses with holes that must align for accidents to occur.
- Challenges investigating errors but importance of reports, including near misses, for understanding underlying causes even if reconstructed versus objective.
- Just culture aims to balance accountability with open reporting by focusing
Automation has been introduced in aviation to help address issues related to human performance and reduce accidents. While automation helped dramatically reduce the accident rate starting in the 1950s, new types of accidents emerged in later decades related to improper interaction between pilots and machines. This document discusses the history of automation in aviation and accidents over time, including how early automation helped address issues like loss of control but newer accidents involved pilots losing situational awareness. It also defines levels of automation and functions that can be automated, such as information acquisition, analysis, decision-making and action implementation.
Human factors like fatigue, stress, and complacency directly contribute to many aviation maintenance errors and accidents. It is estimated that 80% of maintenance mistakes involve human factors. This chapter discusses how human factors uniquely affect aviation maintenance technicians (AMTs) and can lead to errors. It emphasizes that understanding human limitations and applying disciplines like clinical psychology, anthropometrics, and safety engineering can help address human factors issues, improve safety, and mitigate risks of accidents occurring due to maintenance errors.
The document discusses the Federal Aviation Administration's use of human factors analysis in air traffic management systems. It addresses how human factors research focuses on human performance, safety analysis, and system optimization. The FAA integrates human factors throughout the system development life cycle from research and requirements definition to post-implementation monitoring to improve safety and performance. Challenges include fully integrating human factors programs, but the FAA addresses this through standards, education, and communication across lines of business.
2006 IChemE Manchester Branch - Human factors & risk managementAndy Brazier
This document provides an introduction to Andy Brazier and his expertise in human factors and risk management in industries such as oil, chemical and gas. It discusses the importance of human factors in controlling major hazards and preventing accidents. The Health and Safety Executive views human factors as a high priority and is looking for evidence that organizations understand human factors principles and apply them to areas such as task analysis, competence assurance, fatigue management and design.
Communication is essential for safe and effective maintenance operations. Poor communication and dissemination of information have contributed to past accidents. The "Dirty Dozen" identifies the top 12 human factors that commonly lead to human error in maintenance if not properly addressed. They include lack of communication, complacency, lack of knowledge, and poor teamwork. Effective communication, dissemination of procedures, and addressing human factors can help reduce errors to improve safety.
1) The Kegworth air disaster of 1989 was caused by the pilots shutting down the wrong engine after a fan blade broke in the left engine, causing smoke and vibrations. They incorrectly assumed the problem was with the right engine.
2) The "new view" of human error sees errors as symptoms of deeper problems in systems, rather than individual failings, and emphasizes understanding human actions and reliability over modeling errors.
3) Crew resource management (CRM) techniques promote effective communication, situational awareness, decision-making, and teamwork to improve reliability and reduce errors through cooperative work.
CAV_2323_CHAPTER_1_INTRODUCTION_TO_HUMAN.pptxEndris Mohammed
This chapter introduces human factors and its importance in aviation. It defines human factors as involving the performance and behavior of individuals as well as their interaction with technology, other people, and the operating environment. It explains that human factors play a major role in both safe and unsafe aircraft operations, leading to incidents and accidents. The chapter examines models for understanding human factors, like the SHELL model, and discusses how minimizing human error through good design, training, and working conditions can improve safety. It provides examples of past aviation accidents and incidents where human factors played a role, like the 1988 Aloha Airlines Flight 243 accident caused by missed cracks during maintenance inspections.
Human factors refer to the scientific study of interactions between humans and other elements of a system, and the application of principles to optimize human well-being and performance. In railways, human factors consider all people-related issues that impact safety and effectiveness. The goal is to create a working environment that contributes to healthy, safe operations. Some key human factor considerations in railways include individual characteristics, team dynamics, and organizational policies that can influence behavior and safety. Understanding the causes of human failures through models like the Swiss cheese model can help design control measures to prevent accidents.
This document discusses human factors in major hazard safety and outlines the top ten human factor issues according to a UK regulator. It begins with the author's biography and defines human factors. It then lists and briefly explains the top ten human factor topics, such as managing human failures, procedures, training and competence, and fatigue. It describes how organizations can use the top ten list to assess their capabilities and improve performance. An example is given of how addressing human factors led to a reduction in errors. The document concludes by providing references for further reading on applying human factors in industries like oil and gas.
This study analyzed human errors among 100 manual railway workers in Australia with over 1 year of experience. 80% of workers reported musculoskeletal disorders in at least one body region in the previous 12 months. The study aims to quantify the prevalence of human errors and how they can cause injuries, mortality and functional limitations among manual railway workers. Risk factors like repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, prolonged awkward postures and vibrations were found to increase the likelihood of musculoskeletal disorders and reduce work efficiency.
Human Centered Automation: a philosophy for automation in aviationPaula Azevedo Macedo
1) Human-centered automation is a philosophy where automation is designed to work cooperatively with human operators to achieve objectives, with the human retaining ultimate responsibility. It focuses on assisting and augmenting human capabilities.
2) Key principles of human-centered automation include keeping the human operator informed and in command of automated systems through predictability and mutual monitoring between human and automation.
3) The purpose of automation should be to make aviation systems more error-resistant and tolerant by fostering the best aspects of human-machine interaction.
CHC Safety & Quality Summit 2016 - Risk Culture in Commercial Air TransportCranfield University
This presentation was given at the 2016 CHC Safety & Quality Summit in Vancouver. The aim was to present an argument to introduce 'Risk Culture' as a new component of 'Safety Culture. This is an academic research which aims to explore what/how operational risk decisions are made by pilots and engineers and if such decisions are also acceptable at different levels including senior management.
Media Object File Flt Ops Hum Per Seq07syed viquar
This document discusses human error management in flight operations. It defines types of human errors like slips, lapses, mistakes and violations. Errors occur at different performance levels from skill-based to rule-based to knowledge-based. The consequences of errors depend on other operational factors. While training can help reduce some mistakes, errors cannot be completely prevented. Successful error management requires understanding error causation and implementing systemic solutions to make errors less likely and their impact less severe.
The document discusses contingency and emergency plans from the perspective of the International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations (IFATCA). It covers several key points:
1. IFATCA is the worldwide federation of air traffic controllers with members from over 13 countries, and its goals include promoting aviation safety.
2. The document discusses the importance of common contingency and emergency plans as well as coordination at the industry level. It also discusses guidelines for air traffic controller training in handling unusual and emergency situations.
3. Human factors like situational awareness, stress management, and decision making are important considerations for emergency planning. Maintaining situational awareness is a key human factors issue for the human-technology interface.
Similar to Human factors topic 1 introduction (20)
2. The need to take Human Factors into account
"Human factors" is the study of human capabilities and limitations in the workplace.
In aviation maintenance, the aim is towards improving personnel well-being, safety
and efficiency.
There is no question that human error in aircraft maintenance has been a major
cause of several air carrier accidents. 2
3. The need to take Human Factors into account
Human Factors researchers study system performance. That is, they study the
interaction of maintenance personnel, the equipment they use, the written and verbal
procedures and rules they follow, and the environmental conditions of any system.
The aim of human factors is to optimise the relationship between maintenance
personnel and systems with a view to improving safety, efficiency and well-being.
It is also beyond question that unless the aviation industry learns from these
occurrences, maintenance-related safety breakdowns will continue to occur.
3
4. The need to take Human Factors into account
Human factors include such attributes as:
Physiology - the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living
organisms
Psychology - including perception, cognition, memory, social interaction, error
Work place design
Environmental conditions
Human - machine interface
Anthropometrics - the scientific study of measurements of the human body
4
5. Issues associated with Human Factors
The SHEL model can be used as an aid to understanding human factors.
S - software
H - hardware
E - environment
L - liveware
Human factors concentrates on the interfaces between the human (the ‘L’ at the centre
of the model) and the other elements of the SHEL model.
5
6. Issues associated with Human Factors
“Liveware” (human being) , can perform a wide range of activities.
Even though modern aircraft are now designed with the latest self-test and diagnostic
routines that modern computing power can provide, one aspect of aviation
maintenance has not changed: maintenance tasks are still being done by human
beings.
6
7. Issues associated with Human Factors
With modern technology, aircraft are becoming more and more reliable.
However, it is not possible to re-design the human being.
To overcome humans being unreliable it is important to provide:
Good Training;
Procedures;
Tools and;
Duplicate Inspections.
And we can improve aircraft design. For example, making it impossible to reconnect
something the wrong way.
7
8. Human Error
In 1940, it was calculated that approximately 70% of all aircraft accidents were
attributable to human error.
In 1975 IATA reviewed the situation and there had been no reduction in human error.
8
9. Human Error
In 1986 a study was carried looking at significant accident causes in 93 aircraft
accidents. These causes were as follows:
Pilot deviated from basic operational procedures - 33%
Inadequate cross-check by second crew member - 26%
Design faults -13%
Maintenance and inspection deficiencies - 12%
Absence of approach guidance - 10%
As can be seen from the list, maintenance and inspection deficiencies are a major
contributing factor to accidents.
9
10. Human Error
Aircraft maintenance and inspection duty can
be very complex and varied in an
environment where opportunities for error
abound.
Maintenance personnel frequently work
under considerable time pressures.
Personnel at the maintenance base and at
the flight line stations realize the importance
of meeting scheduled departure times.
Operators have increased aircraft utilization
in order to counteract the economic problems
that plague the industry.
10
11. Human Error contributing factors
Aircraft maintenance related incidents are characterised by:
Staff shortages
Time pressures
Shift or Task handovers
An element of a “can do” attitude
Errors occurred at night
Interruptions occurred
Some failure to use approved data or company procedures
Confusion using technical manuals
Inadequate pre-planning, equipment or spares
11
12. A breakdown in Human Factors
All accidents or incidents are avoidable if any of the number of steps could have been
done differently.
Incidents and accidents can be prevented.
By breaking any one of the links in the Error Chain.
12
13. Murphy’s Law
“Murphy’s Law” can be regarded as the
notion: “If something can go wrong, it will.”
There is a tendency amongst human beings
towards complacency.
It is a belief that an accident will never
happen to me or my company.
It is important to convince individuals and
organisations of the importance of human
factor issues and how to:
Recognise risks and;
Implement Improvements
13
14. Human Performance
Just as certain mechanical components
used in aircraft have limitations,
engineers themselves have certain
capabilities and limitations.
Failures by aircraft maintenance
engineers can also be to the detriment of
aircraft safety.
14
Editor's Notes
"Human factors" refers to the study of human capabilities and limitations in the workplace. Human factors researchers study system performance. That is, they study the interaction of maintenance personnel, the equipment they use, the written and verbal procedures and rules they follow, and the environmental conditions of any system. The aim of human factors is to optimise the relationship between maintenance personnel and systems with a view to improving safety, efficiency and well-being”. It is also beyond question that unless the aviation industry learns from these occurrences, maintenance-related safety breakdowns will continue to occur.
S - software (e.g. maintenance procedures, maintenance manuals, checklist layout etc.); H - hardware (e.g. tools, test equipment, the physical structure of aircraft, design of flight decks, the positioning and operating sense of controls and instruments etc.); E - environment (e.g. physical environment such as conditions in the hangar, conditions on the line etc. and work environment such as work patterns, management structures, public perception of the industry etc.) L - liveware (i.e. the people or person at the centre of the model, including maintenance engineers, supervisors, planners, managers etc.)
Since Liveware is at the centre of the model, all other aspects (Software, Hardware and Environment) must be designed or adapted to assist his performance and respect his limitations . If these two aspects are ignored, the human - in this case the maintenance engineer - will not perform to the best of his abilities, may make errors, and may jeopardise safety.
In 1940, it was calculated that approximately 70% of all aircraft accidents were attributable to man’s performance (human error), not machine malfunction. When IATA reviewed the situation in 1975, there had been no reduction in human error component of maintenance statistics. A simple definition of human factors is ‘fitting the job to the man and the man to the job’. Read and work through the case studies in CAP 715 Chapter 1 pages 5 and 6.
Aircraft maintenance and inspection duty can be very complex and varied in an environment where opportunities for error abound. Maintenance personnel frequently work under considerable time pressures. Personnel at the maintenance base and at the flight line stations realize the importance of meeting scheduled departure times. Operators have increased aircraft utilization in order to counteract the economic problems that plague the industry. Aircraft maintenance technicians are also maintaining a fleet that is increasing in age. It is not uncommon to find 20 to 25 year old aircraft in many airline fleets,
The UK Civil Aviation Authority has stressed in Airworthiness Notice No. 71 (Issue 1, 20 March 2000) that it “seeks to provide an environment in which errors may be openly investigated in order that the contributing factors and root causes of maintenance errors can be addressed” .
Discuss the various links in the chain and how they can be broken. An accident or incident are preventable and can be avoided if any one of a number of things is done differently. In some cases a number of individuals are involved and the outcome can be modified if any one of them reacts or queries a particular action.
Picture above: The MD11 was doing an engine run. The only people in the cockpit of the MD11 were maintenance engineers. About five of them. They had the wheels chocked and the brakes on. They ran all three engines at full power as part of their engine run!!! None of them noticed the aircraft, with brakes on and wheels chocked, sliding across the tarmac - leaving heavy skid marks were visible for months after!! The wing of the Airbus rode over the top of the MD11 cockpit, where it split and spilt several tonnes of fuel into the interior of the MD11.