This document provides an overview of crew resource management (CRM) training, including its history and evolution. It discusses how CRM training was developed in response to accident analyses that found ineffective communication, inadequate leadership, and poor group decision making were factors in 70% of accidents. The first CRM programs in the 1980s focused on skills like leadership and interpersonal skills, while later generations integrated CRM into technical training and addressed issues like automation and human factors. Current CRM training is meant to be integrated into regular procedures. The document also lists common CRM training topics like communication, leadership, teamwork, decision making, error management, and stress/fatigue.
Human Factors Training: There's nothing that can't go wrong. This simple insight forms the foundation of human factors training for pilots. In special courses, pilots are prepared for any possible emergency situation and action strategies. Crews learn to analyze and evaluate their own behavior and that of those around them more effectively. Training leads to more efficient work processes, a functioning error management culture, and increased safety. This is a general prsentation and human factors management in aviation training.
Human Factors Training: There's nothing that can't go wrong. This simple insight forms the foundation of human factors training for pilots. In special courses, pilots are prepared for any possible emergency situation and action strategies. Crews learn to analyze and evaluate their own behavior and that of those around them more effectively. Training leads to more efficient work processes, a functioning error management culture, and increased safety. This is a general prsentation and human factors management in aviation training.
We have all seen them! Those people standing in front of an airplane, making gestures to guide the aircraft into a stand.Who is allowed to do this and what do these hand signals mean?
FAA HUMAN FACTOR IN AVIATION MAINTENANCE HF MROAmnat Sk
This manual is in response to the industry’s requests for a simple and manageable list of actions to implement a Maintenance Human Factors (MHF) program. A panel of experts selected the following six topics for such a program to be successful:
Event Investigation
Documentation
Human Factors Training
Shift/Task Turnover
Fatigue Management
Sustaining & Justifying an HF Program
For each of the six topics that contribute to the success of any MHF program, this manual offers the following:
Why is the topic important?
How do you implement it?
How do you know it is working?
Key references
Like any good operator’s manual, this document tells you what to do without excessive description of why you should do it. This manual recognizes you already know the importance of Human Factors. For detailed information, see the “Key References” at the end of each topic.
The selected six topics are critical because they are based on operational data and practical experience from the US and other countries. Transport Canada (TC), United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA), and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations contributed to this manual. The steps are derived from a panel of ten industry and government contributors who have worked in aviation maintenance for an average of twenty-five years and in MHF for fifteen years. The contributors characterized these six topics and related steps as “information they wish they had known 15 years ago.”
These straightforward suggestions provide the key components for implementing a successful MHF program that will benefit your company, business partners, external customers, and the entire industry. Information is presented in summary bullets as follows:
These are six topics, from many, that a MHF program may consider.
Topics are not necessarily in order of importance, except that the data obtained from Event Investigation (Section 1) provide the foundation for many Human Factors activities.
You may implement any or all of the topics, however, they should be coordinated.
Your MHF activity should be based on the identified requirements and resources of your organization.
You are encouraged to supplement this Operator's Manual with additional references.
This document satisfies the industry request for a short and straightforward list of important actions.
This is from a webinar presented by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University-Worldwide called “General Aviation Security.” The presenter is Dr. Daniel Benny.
Insights from David Alexander ICAO AVSEC Pm and General Manager: AVSEC at Professional Aviation Security on current aviation security challenges including recent airport attacks and providing some possible practical solutions
This AGCS report focuses on safety developments in commercial aviation around the world. It identifies a number of insurance claims trends which are impacting the industry – including the top causes of financial losses – and highlights a number of risk trends and challenges that will impact the aviation sector and insurance landscape in future.
The findings have been produced with the assistance of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, the world’s largest fully-accredited university specializing in aviation and aerospace.
In 1994, the University of Texas Human Research Project and Delta Airline developed the Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) program. With time, the LOSA program evolved into what is now known as Threat and Error Management (TEM).
The TEM framework is an applied concept which emerged from the observations and surveys of actual flight operations. It considers the various issues that a flight crew may encounter as a result of internal and external factors.
This model explores the contributing factors of the threat to aviation safety and, in turn, allows for the unearthing of ways to mitigate them and maintain proper safety margins. Now recognized and adopted across continents, the TEM framework aims to educate flight personnel on managing threats and errors before they degenerate into serious incidents or accidents. It is important to note that TEM is also applicable to maintenance operations, cabin crew, and air traffic control.
FAA Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) and CRM for Military & .docxlmelaine
FAA Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) and CRM for Military & Single Seat Pilots: Applications in CRM
ASCI 516 Applications in CRM
Module 8 Presentation
Military History of CRM
Military interest in CRM to prevent errors increased when training suggested an enhancement of mission effectiveness was also shown
In the Air Force, CRM was first considered as a way to take advantage of developments in training to update existing training for aircrew coordination
1980’s training programs in the Air Force, Army and Navy were generally referred to as Aircrew Coordination Training (ACT)
2
CRM in the Military
In 1970, civil aviation took the lead in CRM, and the military began implementing this type of training in the early 1980’s
3
Air Carrier and Military Aviation
Commonalities
Navigation
Weather
Controlling aircraft in flight
4
Differences
Purpose of organization
Qualifications of crews
Rank distinctions
Responsibilities of the crews
Labor relations
Miscellaneous factors (ie. Training)
5
Differences - Task
Task environment
Mission tasks
Decision goals
Time elements
Mission Alterations
Equipment
6
Differences - People
Entry level experience of military vs. civilian pilots
Promotion in military often means accepting jobs not related to flying
Motivation
Study of pilots who were both commercial airline and military reserve pilots showed military offers more of the “fun flying” and camaraderie
7
Differences - Organization
Rank and position
Officer/enlisted relations possible inhibitor of assertiveness
Rank reversals considered likely to add tension to cockpit relations
Formality that exits in military cockpit (based on recognition of rank differences) may act as barrier to effective communications
8
Military aircrew are often given duties that may interfere with their flying
safety officer
logistics officer
legal officer
maintenance officer
EEO program oversight
Scheduling
ordering A/C parts
train
investigate accidents
lecture
hold inspections
sit on promotion boards
fill out fitness reports
keep records
counsel subordinates
report to superiors
9
Training
Airlines are in business of transporting people safely – training is make that possible
Military trains for accomplishment of mission
virtually all peacetime flying is training activity
10
Military ACT/CRM Programs
By 1989 the Air Force/Navy/Army had at least one CRM-type program
Most programs are generally stand-alone lecture/discussion sessions, lasting 1-3 days
Videotapes developed for the airlines are often incorporated directly into programs
11
CRM For General Aviation
The Single Pilot
CRM For General Aviation
“No man is an island” and no pilot flies in a protective bubble.
How we interact with every person we come into contact with before and during a flight can significantly affect the outcome of that flight
Learning how to handle yourself and those around you is one of the keys to being a safer pilot
Crew Resourc ...
We have all seen them! Those people standing in front of an airplane, making gestures to guide the aircraft into a stand.Who is allowed to do this and what do these hand signals mean?
FAA HUMAN FACTOR IN AVIATION MAINTENANCE HF MROAmnat Sk
This manual is in response to the industry’s requests for a simple and manageable list of actions to implement a Maintenance Human Factors (MHF) program. A panel of experts selected the following six topics for such a program to be successful:
Event Investigation
Documentation
Human Factors Training
Shift/Task Turnover
Fatigue Management
Sustaining & Justifying an HF Program
For each of the six topics that contribute to the success of any MHF program, this manual offers the following:
Why is the topic important?
How do you implement it?
How do you know it is working?
Key references
Like any good operator’s manual, this document tells you what to do without excessive description of why you should do it. This manual recognizes you already know the importance of Human Factors. For detailed information, see the “Key References” at the end of each topic.
The selected six topics are critical because they are based on operational data and practical experience from the US and other countries. Transport Canada (TC), United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA), and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations contributed to this manual. The steps are derived from a panel of ten industry and government contributors who have worked in aviation maintenance for an average of twenty-five years and in MHF for fifteen years. The contributors characterized these six topics and related steps as “information they wish they had known 15 years ago.”
These straightforward suggestions provide the key components for implementing a successful MHF program that will benefit your company, business partners, external customers, and the entire industry. Information is presented in summary bullets as follows:
These are six topics, from many, that a MHF program may consider.
Topics are not necessarily in order of importance, except that the data obtained from Event Investigation (Section 1) provide the foundation for many Human Factors activities.
You may implement any or all of the topics, however, they should be coordinated.
Your MHF activity should be based on the identified requirements and resources of your organization.
You are encouraged to supplement this Operator's Manual with additional references.
This document satisfies the industry request for a short and straightforward list of important actions.
This is from a webinar presented by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University-Worldwide called “General Aviation Security.” The presenter is Dr. Daniel Benny.
Insights from David Alexander ICAO AVSEC Pm and General Manager: AVSEC at Professional Aviation Security on current aviation security challenges including recent airport attacks and providing some possible practical solutions
This AGCS report focuses on safety developments in commercial aviation around the world. It identifies a number of insurance claims trends which are impacting the industry – including the top causes of financial losses – and highlights a number of risk trends and challenges that will impact the aviation sector and insurance landscape in future.
The findings have been produced with the assistance of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, the world’s largest fully-accredited university specializing in aviation and aerospace.
In 1994, the University of Texas Human Research Project and Delta Airline developed the Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) program. With time, the LOSA program evolved into what is now known as Threat and Error Management (TEM).
The TEM framework is an applied concept which emerged from the observations and surveys of actual flight operations. It considers the various issues that a flight crew may encounter as a result of internal and external factors.
This model explores the contributing factors of the threat to aviation safety and, in turn, allows for the unearthing of ways to mitigate them and maintain proper safety margins. Now recognized and adopted across continents, the TEM framework aims to educate flight personnel on managing threats and errors before they degenerate into serious incidents or accidents. It is important to note that TEM is also applicable to maintenance operations, cabin crew, and air traffic control.
FAA Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) and CRM for Military & .docxlmelaine
FAA Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) and CRM for Military & Single Seat Pilots: Applications in CRM
ASCI 516 Applications in CRM
Module 8 Presentation
Military History of CRM
Military interest in CRM to prevent errors increased when training suggested an enhancement of mission effectiveness was also shown
In the Air Force, CRM was first considered as a way to take advantage of developments in training to update existing training for aircrew coordination
1980’s training programs in the Air Force, Army and Navy were generally referred to as Aircrew Coordination Training (ACT)
2
CRM in the Military
In 1970, civil aviation took the lead in CRM, and the military began implementing this type of training in the early 1980’s
3
Air Carrier and Military Aviation
Commonalities
Navigation
Weather
Controlling aircraft in flight
4
Differences
Purpose of organization
Qualifications of crews
Rank distinctions
Responsibilities of the crews
Labor relations
Miscellaneous factors (ie. Training)
5
Differences - Task
Task environment
Mission tasks
Decision goals
Time elements
Mission Alterations
Equipment
6
Differences - People
Entry level experience of military vs. civilian pilots
Promotion in military often means accepting jobs not related to flying
Motivation
Study of pilots who were both commercial airline and military reserve pilots showed military offers more of the “fun flying” and camaraderie
7
Differences - Organization
Rank and position
Officer/enlisted relations possible inhibitor of assertiveness
Rank reversals considered likely to add tension to cockpit relations
Formality that exits in military cockpit (based on recognition of rank differences) may act as barrier to effective communications
8
Military aircrew are often given duties that may interfere with their flying
safety officer
logistics officer
legal officer
maintenance officer
EEO program oversight
Scheduling
ordering A/C parts
train
investigate accidents
lecture
hold inspections
sit on promotion boards
fill out fitness reports
keep records
counsel subordinates
report to superiors
9
Training
Airlines are in business of transporting people safely – training is make that possible
Military trains for accomplishment of mission
virtually all peacetime flying is training activity
10
Military ACT/CRM Programs
By 1989 the Air Force/Navy/Army had at least one CRM-type program
Most programs are generally stand-alone lecture/discussion sessions, lasting 1-3 days
Videotapes developed for the airlines are often incorporated directly into programs
11
CRM For General Aviation
The Single Pilot
CRM For General Aviation
“No man is an island” and no pilot flies in a protective bubble.
How we interact with every person we come into contact with before and during a flight can significantly affect the outcome of that flight
Learning how to handle yourself and those around you is one of the keys to being a safer pilot
Crew Resourc ...
FAA Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) and CRM for Military & .docxnealwaters20034
FAA Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) and CRM for Military & Single Seat Pilots: Applications in CRM
ASCI 516 Applications in CRM
Module 8 Presentation
Military History of CRM
Military interest in CRM to prevent errors increased when training suggested an enhancement of mission effectiveness was also shown
In the Air Force, CRM was first considered as a way to take advantage of developments in training to update existing training for aircrew coordination
1980’s training programs in the Air Force, Army and Navy were generally referred to as Aircrew Coordination Training (ACT)
2
CRM in the Military
In 1970, civil aviation took the lead in CRM, and the military began implementing this type of training in the early 1980’s
3
Air Carrier and Military Aviation
Commonalities
Navigation
Weather
Controlling aircraft in flight
4
Differences
Purpose of organization
Qualifications of crews
Rank distinctions
Responsibilities of the crews
Labor relations
Miscellaneous factors (ie. Training)
5
Differences - Task
Task environment
Mission tasks
Decision goals
Time elements
Mission Alterations
Equipment
6
Differences - People
Entry level experience of military vs. civilian pilots
Promotion in military often means accepting jobs not related to flying
Motivation
Study of pilots who were both commercial airline and military reserve pilots showed military offers more of the “fun flying” and camaraderie
7
Differences - Organization
Rank and position
Officer/enlisted relations possible inhibitor of assertiveness
Rank reversals considered likely to add tension to cockpit relations
Formality that exits in military cockpit (based on recognition of rank differences) may act as barrier to effective communications
8
Military aircrew are often given duties that may interfere with their flying
safety officer
logistics officer
legal officer
maintenance officer
EEO program oversight
Scheduling
ordering A/C parts
train
investigate accidents
lecture
hold inspections
sit on promotion boards
fill out fitness reports
keep records
counsel subordinates
report to superiors
9
Training
Airlines are in business of transporting people safely – training is make that possible
Military trains for accomplishment of mission
virtually all peacetime flying is training activity
10
Military ACT/CRM Programs
By 1989 the Air Force/Navy/Army had at least one CRM-type program
Most programs are generally stand-alone lecture/discussion sessions, lasting 1-3 days
Videotapes developed for the airlines are often incorporated directly into programs
11
CRM For General Aviation
The Single Pilot
CRM For General Aviation
“No man is an island” and no pilot flies in a protective bubble.
How we interact with every person we come into contact with before and during a flight can significantly affect the outcome of that flight
Learning how to handle yourself and those around you is one of the keys to being a safer pilot
Crew Resourc.
Apresentações e discussões sobre assuntos técnicos de interesse. Estimular discussões sobre tecnologias e proporcionar um maior aprofundamento e aprendizado técnico dos colaboradores. Além disso, estreitar os relacionamentos entre os colaboradores da Atech. Por meio de palestras, vídeos, tutoriais, apresentações e workshops, com temas técnicos.
AirMAXCrew resource management Flight Scheduler ,Reservation System has it all - scheduling, booking, reporting, customer management, and other functions, all operated from a secure, web-based application.
AirMAX Owing to supreme innovation into the digital field, the airline and travel industries have managed to get their share of such vast electronic sophistication and hence there are developed scores of applications which are aimed at a range of modules of typical airline industry. For instance, the efficient and creative programming artists have developed applications pertaining to airline reservation system, crew resource management,aircraft charter quotes,APIS automation,APIS transmitting flexible reservations and inventory management, passenger reservation and so on. Besides, the thoughtful but extremely efficient application designers always keep their systems simple and easy to use even for a person with limited knowledge of internet and software. As a matter of interesting fact, modern application developers also align agent control modules so that the authorized travel agents of the leading airlines will have the access and control over the centralized systems and so a wide range of information could easily be manipulated and updated at times for the common benefit but without affecting the integrity and security of the centralized data repository. for more visit http://www.airmaxsystem.com
Name________________PowerPoint Test Instructions1. Start.docxhallettfaustina
Name________________
PowerPoint Test Instructions
1. Start PowerPoint and open the file Test 1 and save it to your desktop as Your Name PowerPointTest 1.
2. Format the slides using the Facet design theme with a blue varient.
3. Go to slide 3 and change the layout to Two Content.
4. Insert an appropriate graphic relating to computers.
5. Create a 3 pt. picture border around the graphic that is any color that matches the chosen picture.
6. Move and size the graphic to fit on the slide without covering any of the text (you may place it anywhere you like)
7. Insert a slide after slide 3. The title will be Advertising. Insert the following information
Social Media (main bullet)
Facebook (sub-bullet)
Twitter (sub-bullet)
Radio Commercials (main bullet)
Newspapers (main bullet)
Dallas Morning News (sub-bullet)
Local college papers (sub-bullet)
8. At the end of the presentation insert a new slide. The title of the slide will be User Cost
9. Create a table that is 2 columns by 3 rows
10. Add the following information to the table
Basic
Premium
Pay per download
Unlimited downloads
$3.99 each
$19.99
11. Center the text in the top row of the table.
12. Format the table using the table design Light Style 2-Accent 1.
13. On slide 2 create a banner from shapes that includes the words “#1 Provider”. Change the font to Algerian 24 pt.
14. Change the color of the banner to any green color you want.
15. On slide 4 convert the text to SmartArt using Converging Radial style found in the Relationships section. Change the color to Colorful Range- Accent Colors 2 to 3. Change the SmartArt Style to 3-D Cartoon.
16. Go to slide 2 and insert the following in the speaker note area: “List all the areas where we are the number one provider.”
17. Set a random bars transition for all slides.
18. Using the slide master, change the heading on all slides to Castellar 36 pt.
19. On slide 2, 3, and 4 animate the bullets to by flying in from the left side.
20. Add your name as a footer to the slides.
21. Set the timings for each slide to 5 seconds
22. Check your spelling and save the presentation.
23. Save the presentation.
24. Set up the PowerPoint to print the presentation as handouts so it prints 6 slides per sheet. Do a screen shot of the backstage print preview. You can use the Snipping Tool or the PRNTSCRN button. Save the screen shot as Test 1 Print Preview. Submit the files Your Name PowerPoint Test 1 and Test 1 Print Preview in eCampus. Close out of PowerPoint.
Running Head: HUMAN ERROR MANAGEMENT
1
HUMAN ERROR MANAGEMENT
2
Research Manuscript
Course
Professor
Date
Abstract
Commercial aviation has evolved in terms of training to include crew resource management(CRM) – a shift from cockpit training. As such, CRM can be evaluated and validated, its limitations, such as inefficient cross-cultural outlook, are highlighted. An inclusive framework that focuses on human error management to enhance its acceptance in the commercia.
CRM Training and Simulation Programs ASCI 516Module 7 Presen.docxmydrynan
CRM Training and Simulation Programs
ASCI 516
Module 7 Presentation
CRM Training Goals
Increased safety
Increased effectiveness
Increase efficiency of operations
Axioms Regarding Effective CRM Implementation
To be accepted, CRM concepts must be accorded the same status as adherence to technical standards that are continually measured and reinforced
If the concepts of CRM cannot be reinforced, there is no point in committing resources to the training. CRM will not be treated with the same seriousness as technical issues
Instructors and evaluators must be trained and skilled in assessment and reinforcement of human factors
Company Policies
Laws, Rules
Security/Hazardous Materials
Air Traffic Control
Weather
Aircraft Operations
Emergency
Abnormal
Flight Maneuvers
Communications
System Operation
Visual
Interpretation of Hazards
System Control
Aircraft Control
MOTOR
ACTIVITIES
SKILLS
PROCEDURAL
ACTIVITIES
SKILLS
INFORMATION
BASE
KNOWLEDGE
TECHNICAL/ FLIGHT CONTROL SKILLS
Review
Leadership
Concern for Operations
Interpersonal climate
Group climate
Automation Management
Briefings / Debriefings
Inquiry/Assertion
Crew Self-Critique
Conflict Resolution
Communications
Decisions
Preparation
Planning
Vigilance
Workload Distribution
Distraction Avoidance
COMMUNICATION
PROCESSES AND
DECISION MAKING
TEAM BUILDING
AND
MAINTENANCE
WORKLOAD
MANAGEMENT
AND SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
Review
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SKILLS
5
Review of
Differences
1.Mission
2. Crew
3. Type of Aircraft
4. Equipment
5. Financial Resources
6. Developers of Course
7. Culture
Review of Principles Fundamental
to a CRM Program
Interpersonal skills.
Effective Team coordination.
Crew members Attitudes & Behaviors.
Involves the Entire flight crew.
Active participation of all crew members.
Buy-in from the entire organization structure.
Tailored to the flight program and integrated into the Total training curriculum.
CRM Training Components
Initial Indoctrination/Awareness
Classroom presentations focus on Communications, Decision making, Interpersonal relations, Crew coordination, Leadership, SOPs, & others
Recurrent Practice and Feedback
LOFT - Line orientated flight training
Continuing Reinforcement
Embedded into entire organization culture
Implementation
Research programs and airline operational experience suggest the greatest benefits are achieved by adhering to the following practices:
Assess the status of the organization before implementation
How widely are CRM concepts understood and practiced?
Survey crewmembers, management, training and standards personnel
Observe crews in line operations
Analysis of incident / accident reports
Implementation
Get commitment from all management, especially senior managers
Commitment for resources
Flight ops and training manuals should include CRM concepts by providing crews with necessary policy and procedures guidance
Foster and support open communications (e.g. appropriate questioning, no r.
What can executives learn from flight captains? - Training programmeEva Best
This unique training programme seeks to transfer flight captains’ decision-making, leadership and communication skills to senior managers. Participants learn how to apply proven techniques from the flight deck for complex decisions in a fast changing evnrionment (VUCA). Realistic scenarios in our flight simulations are a challenge even for the toughest manager.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
4. ICAO RESOLUTION 1986
To improve safety in aviation
by making States more aware
and responsive to the importance of
Human factors in civil aviation operations
through the provision of practical
human factors material and measures
developed on the basis of experience
in States
8. CRM TRAINING: CONCEPT
First generation
Initiated by United Airlines in 1981
Focus was on
Psychological Testing
Leadership
Inter Personal Skills
Also recognised that the Training was not a single
event and needed periodic recurrent training
Reluctance amongst Pilots to accept the training
programme
9. CRM TRAINING: CONCEPT
Second generation (1986)
Airlines had gained experience in CRM
NASA conducted Workshop
Points that emerged
• CRM would get embedded in the Basic Training
• Crew -> Cockpit Resource management
• Additional concepts of Briefing Strategies,
Situational Awareness, Stress Management,
Team Building etc emerged
Acceptance by aircrew improved
10. CRM TRAINING: CONCEPT
Third generation (1990)
• CRM Training integrated with Technical
Training
• CRM issues addressed Flight Deck Automation
• Human Factors
• Extended to other crew/personnel
• Joint Cabin/Cockpit CRM training
• Advanced CRM Training concepts
11. CRM TRAINING: CONCEPT
Fourth Generation
• Integrate CRM in regular procedures
• Concept of Advanced Qualification Programme
• Integrate CRM and LOFT Training to Technical
Training
• Airlines could voluntarily adapt AQP
• Integrate CRM into Checklists
• Effectiveness Evaluation Procedure
12. Director General of Civil Aviation
Advisory Circular 8 of 2009
For Air Operators
Lays down the procedures for conduct of
CRM Training
14. COMMUNICATION
One definition of communication is “any act
by which one person gives to or receives
from another person information about that
person's needs, desires, perceptions,
knowledge, or affective states.
Communication may be intentional or
unintentional, may involve conventional or
unconventional signals, may take linguistic
or non-linguistic forms, and may occur
through spoken or other modes.