3.
3.3.1: Outline the range of energy resources
available to a society
3.3.2: Evaluate the advantages and
disadvantages of two contrasting energy
sources
3.3.3: Discuss the factors that effect the
choice of energy sources adopted by different
societies
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5.
Fossil fuels coal, oil, natural gas
Nuclear fission, fusion
Solar passive, active
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Wind
The relative use of different forms depends on
the particular area, its needs and its own
available resources
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9. 100
Contribution to total energy
consumption (percent)
Wood
80
Coal
Natural gas
60
Oil
40
Hydrogen
Solar
20
Nuclear
0
1800
1875
1950
Year
2025
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2100
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10.
Future of nonrenewable resources depends on
1. Actual or Potential supply
2. Rate of consumption
Economic depletion – costs too much to use
Depletion time – time to use 80% of resource
Traditional measure of availability is reserve to
production ratio – change is based on new
sources and new processes
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11. A
Mine, use, throw away;
no new discoveries;
rising prices
Recycle; increase reserves
by improved mining
technology, higher prices,
and new discoveries
Production
B
Recycle, reuse, reduce
consumption; increase
reserves by improved
mining technology,
higher prices, and
new discoveries
C
Present
Depletion
time A
Depletion
Curves
Depletion
time B
Time
Depletion
time C
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12.
Resources are unequally distributed on the earth
by geologic processes
In free market economy high supply should =
lower price, while scarcity = increased price
Theory may no longer apply because of
governmental control of resources & prices
Government Subsidies, Lower taxes, & increased
purchasing power all benefit mining companies
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13. Most power generation regardless of the type is based on heating water to create
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Steam to turn a turbine and run a dynamo to create theIBelectricity
14. Advantages
Ample supply for
42–93 years
Low cost (with
huge subsidies)
High net
energy yield
Easily transported
within and
between countries
Low land use
Efficient distribution system
Disadvantages
Need to find
substitute within
50 years
Artificially low
price encourages
waste and
discourages
search for
alternatives
Oil
Air pollution
when burned
Releases CO2
when burned
Moderate water
pollution
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16. Advantages
Moderate existing
supplies
Large potential
supplies
Easily transported
within and
between
countries
Efficient
distribution
system in place
Disadvantages
High costs
Low net energy
yield
Large amount of
water needed to
process
Coal
Severe land
disruption from
surface mining
Water pollution
from mining
residues
Air pollution
when burned
CO2 emissions
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17. Advantages
Large fuel
supply
Disadvantages
High cost (even
with large
subsidies)
Low
environmental
impact (without
accidents)
Low net
energy yield
Emits 1/6 as
much CO2 as coal
High
environmental
impact (with major
accidents)
Moderate land
disruption and
water pollution
(without
accidents)
Catastrophic
accidents can
happen
(Chernobyl)
Moderate land use
Low risk of
accidents because
of multiple safety
systems (except
in 35 poorly
designed and run
reactors in former
Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe)
Nuclear Power
No acceptable
solution for
long-term storage
of radioactive
wastes and
decommissioning
worn-out plants
Spreads
knowledge and
technology for
building nuclear
weapons
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19. Advantages
Disadvantages
Fairly high net
energy
Need access
to sun
Work on cloudy
days
Low efficiency
Quick installation
Need electricity
storage system
or backup
Easily expanded
or moved
No CO2 emissions
Low
environmental
impact
Last 20-40 years
Low land use
(if on roof or built
into walls or
windows)
Reduce
dependence on
fossil fuels
High land use
(solar cell power
plants) could
disrupt desert
areas
Solar Power
High costs
(but should be
competitive in
5-15 years)
DC current must
be converted
to AC
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21. More Renewable Energy
Improve Energy Efficiency
Increase renewable energy to
20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050
Increase fuel-efficiency
standards for vehicles,
buildings, and appliances
Mandate government
purchases of efficient
vehicles and other devices
Provide large subsidies and tax
credits for renewable energy
Use full-cost accounting and
least-cost analysis for comparing all energy alternatives
Encourage government
purchase of renewable energy
devices
Provide large tax credits for
buying efficient cars,
houses, and appliances
Greatly increase renewable
energy research and
development
Offer large tax credits for
investments in efficiency
Reduce Pollution and
Health Risk
Reward utilities for
reducing demand
Cut coal use 50% by 2020
Phase out coal subsidies
Encourage independent
power producers
Levy taxes on coal and oil use
Phase out nuclear power or put
it on hold until 2020
Greatly increase efficiency
research and development
Phase out nuclear power
subsidies
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22.
Iceland uses geothermal energy because of
their location and its low environmental
impacts
China, US, Russia use coal because they
have a lot of it available and it’s cheap
economically
US dependence on oil is cultural because of
our insistence on cars, suburbs, bigger,
more, better
EU more nuclear power use because of
environmental benefits and they have the
technology to do it
LDCs use wood, dung other biofuels that
are easily collected
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23.
With impending effects of climate change the
use of carbon dioxide producing energy
sources is being questioned around the world
Our dependence is deep how will we
change something that is so deeply ingrained
in our way of life?
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