4 3.3 comparison of energy resources

1. IB Syllabus: 3.3.1-3.3.3
Video – A Crude Awakening
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2. http://1bog.org/blog/what-if-solar-power- had-fossil-fuel-like-subsidies-infographic/
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3. 3.3.1: Outline the range of energy resources available to a society
3.3.2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of two contrasting energy sources
3.3.3: Discuss the factors that effect the choice of energy sources adopted by different societies
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4. Greenhouse gases
Renewable natural capital
Non renewable natural capital
Pollution
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5. Fossil fuels  coal, oil, natural gas
Nuclear  fission, fusion
Solar  passive, active
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Wind
The relative use of different forms depends on the particular area, its needs and its own available resources
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6. World
Nuclear power
6%
Hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind 7%
Natural Gas 12%
Biomass
11%
Oil
32%
Coal 21%
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7. United States
Nuclear power 8%
Hydropower
geothermal
solar, wind
4%
Biomass
4%
Natural Gas 23%
Oil
39%
Coal
22%
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8. 60
50
30
20
10
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
40
2020
History
Projections
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear
Nonhydro
renewable
Renewable hydro
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9. Year
2100
2025
1950
1875
1800
0
20
40
60
80
100
Contribution to total energy
consumption (percent)
Wood
Coal
Oil
Nuclear
Hydrogen Solar
Natural gas
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10. Future of nonrenewable resources depends on
1.Actual or Potential supply
2.Rate of consumption
Economic depletion – costs too much to use
Depletion time – time to use 80% of resource
Traditional measure of availability is reserve to production ratio – change is based on new sources and new processes
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11. Present
Depletion
time A
Depletion time B
Depletion time C
Time
Production
C
B
A
Recycle, reuse, reduce
consumption; increase
reserves by improved
mining technology,
higher prices, and
new discoveries
Recycle; increase reserves by improved mining technology, higher prices, and new discoveries
Mine, use, throw away; no new discoveries; rising prices
Depletion
Curves
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12. Resources are unequally distributed on the earth by geologic processes
In free market economy high supply should = lower price, while scarcity = increased price
Theory may no longer apply because of governmental control of resources & prices
Government Subsidies, Lower taxes, & increased purchasing power all benefit mining companies
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13. Most power generation regardless of the type is based on heating water to create
Steam to turn a turbine and run a dynamo to create the electricity
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14. Low land use
Easily transported within and between countries
High net energy yield
Low cost (with
huge subsidies)
Ample supply for
42–93 years
Advantages
Moderate water
pollution
Releases CO2 when burned
Air pollution
when burned
Artificially low price encourages waste and discourages search for alternatives
Need to find substitute within 50 years
Disadvantages
Efficient distribu-
tion system
Oil
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16. Advantages
Disadvantages
Moderate existing
supplies
Large potential supplies
High costs
Low net energy yield
Large amount of water needed to process
Severe land
disruption from
surface mining
Water pollution
from mining
residues
Air pollution when burned
CO2 emissions
when burned
Easily transported within and between countries
Efficient
distribution
system in place
Coal
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17. Low risk of accidents because of multiple safety systems (except in 35 poorly designed and run reactors in former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe)
Moderate land use
Moderate land disruption and water pollution (without accidents)
Emits 1/6 as
much CO2 as coal
Low environmental impact (without accidents)
Large fuel supply
Spreads
knowledge and
technology for
building nuclear
weapons
No acceptable
solution for
long-term storage
of radioactive
wastes and
decommissioning
worn-out plants
Catastrophic accidents can happen (Chernobyl)
High
environmental
impact (with major
accidents)
Low net energy yield
High cost (even
with large
subsidies)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nuclear Power
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19. Advantages
Disadvantages
Fairly high net energy Work on cloudy days Quick installation Easily expanded or moved No CO2 emissions Low environmental impact Last 20-40 years Low land use (if on roof or built into walls or windows) Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Need access
to sun
Low efficiency
Need electricity
storage system
or backup
High land use
(solar cell power
plants) could
disrupt desert
areas
High costs
(but should be
competitive in
5-15 years)
DC current must
be converted
to AC
Solar Power
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21. Improve Energy Efficiency
Increase fuel-efficiency
standards for vehicles,
buildings, and appliances
Mandate government purchases of efficient vehicles and other devices
Provide large tax credits for buying efficient cars, houses, and appliances
Offer large tax credits for
investments in efficiency
Reward utilities for
reducing demand
Encourage independent power producers
Greatly increase efficiency
research and development
More Renewable Energy
Increase renewable energy to
20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050
Provide large subsidies and tax credits for renewable energy
Use full-cost accounting and least-cost analysis for com- paring all energy alternatives
Encourage government
purchase of renewable energy
devices
Greatly increase renewable
energy research and
development
Reduce Pollution and Health Risk
Cut coal use 50% by 2020
Phase out coal subsidies
Levy taxes on coal and oil use
Phase out nuclear power or put it on hold until 2020
Phase out nuclear power subsidies
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22. Iceland uses geothermal energy because of their location and its low environmental impacts
China, US, Russia use coal because they have a lot of it available and it’s cheap economically
US dependence on oil is cultural because of our insistence on cars, suburbs, bigger, more, better
EU more nuclear power use because of environmental benefits and they have the technology to do it
LDCs use wood, dung other biofuels that are easily collected
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23. With impending effects of climate change the use of carbon dioxide producing energy sources is being questioned around the world
Our dependence is deep  how will we change something that is so deeply ingrained in our way of life?
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