Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Application of instrumentation in medical world
1. DR. B.C.ROY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DURGAPUR
TOPIC:-APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTATION IN
MEDICAL WORLD
PRESENTED BY:-
KANHAIYA JHA
SUBMITTED TO:-
ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
4. THE THERMOMETERS
Thermometers has always been one of the most important
medical equipment.
It is used to measure the body temperature of the patient.
Monitoring and control of the body temperature of a patient is
very important.
5. WORKING OF THE DIGITAL THERMOMETER
It is now common to measure
temperature with electronics. The most
common sensor is a thermoresistor.
This device changes its resistance with
changes in temperature. A computer or
other circuit measures the resistance and
converts it to a temperature, either to
display it or to make decisions about
turning something on or off.
6. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
It is a medical imaging
technique used in
radiology to image the
anatomy and the
physiological processes
of the body in both
health and disease.
7. HISTORY
DamIn march 1971 Raymond
Vahan adian, an American
physician gave the concept of
nuclear magnetic resonance
He suggested that these
differences could be used to
diagnose cancer
8. WORKING PROCEDURE
The person is positioned within an MRI scanner which forms
a strong magnetic field around the area to be imaged. In most
medical applications, protons (hydrogen atoms) in tissues
containing water molecules are used to create a signal that is
processed to form an image of the body. First, energy from
an oscillating magnetic field is temporarily applied to the
patient at the appropriate resonance frequency. The excited
hydrogen atoms emit a radio frequency signal which is
measured by a receiving coil. The radio signal can be made
to encode position information by varying the main magnetic
field using gradient coils. As these coils are rapidly switched
on and off they create the characteristic repetitive noise of an
MRI scan. The contrast between different tissues is
determined by the rate at which excited atoms return to the
equilibrium state.
9. MRI requires a
magnetic field that is
both strong and
uniform. The field
strength of the magnet is
measured in teslas – and
while the majority of
systems operate at 1.5T,
commercial systems are
available between 0.2T–
7T.
REQUIRED MAGNETIC STRENGTH
10. WHAT CAN BE DIAGNOSED BY AN
MRI SCAN?
Most ailments of the brain, including tumours
Sport injuries
Musculoskeletal problems
Most spinal conditions/injuries
Vascular abnormalities
Female pelvic problems
Prostate problems
Some gastrointestinal tract conditions
Certain ear, nose and throat (ENT) conditions
Soft tissue and bone pathology/conditions
11. How the image is made
The dye will reach different
tissues at different rates
Often, patients are injected
with a contrast dye during
the scan
The image being sent back
to the computer will have
different strengths
depending on the level of
contrast dye in the tissues
12. Advantages of MRI
1. No ionizing radiation & no short/long-term effects
demonstrated
2. Variable thickness, any plane
3. Better contrast resolution & tissue discrimination
4. Various sequences to play with to characterise the
abnormal tissue
5. Many details without I.V contrast
13. DISADVANTAGE OF MRI
Claustrophobia: Patients are in a very enclosed space.
Weight and size: There are limitations to how big a patient can be.
Noise: The scanner is very noisy.
Keeping still: Patients have to keep very still for extended periods
of time.
Cost: A scanner is very, very expensive, therefore scanning is also
costly.
Medical Contraindications: Pacemakers, metal objects in body
etc.
14. MRI V/S CT SCAN
MRI
No ionising radiation
► Greater details, hence more
sensitive and more specific
► Any plane scanning
► Contrast less allergic
► No beam hardening artefact
CT SCAN
► Faster
► Less expensive
► Less sensitive to patient
movements
► Easier in claustrophobics
► Calcification
► Bone details
15. Glucometer is a medical device for determining
approximate concentration of glucose in blood.
The key element of glucometer is that it can be
used in home.
GLUCOMETER DEFINATION:
16. Glucose is a mono-saccarhide with the formula C6-H12-O6
It is simply form during the process of photosynthesis in the presence of
sunlight ,carbon-dioxide, etc in plant
It is stored in the as starch in plant and glucogen in human body.
What is glucose?
17. Glucose is essential for the respiration purpose of
cell.
It also help in the photosynthesis process in
plant.
Glucose plays a vital role in the metabolic
function in living being.
NEED OF GLUCOSE
18. Types of Glucometer
Hospital type Glucometer:
Size: The average size is approximately about a palm size.
Test Strips: It contains the chemicals with which the blood
contaminate and give the result.
Volume of blood : Most of the glucometer requires 0.3 to 1
microliter.
Testing time: 30 to 60 sec is required
19. Continuous Glucose Monitor(CGM)
Continuous glucose monitor systems consist of a
disposable sensor placed under the skin, a transmitter
connected to the sensor and a reader that receives and
displays the measurements.
A device that provides “real-time” glucose readings and
data about trends in glucose levels
Reads the glucose levels under the skin every 1-5
minutes (10-15 minute delay)
Provides alarms for high and low glucose levels and
trend information
21. Wash hands to prevent infection
Decide from where you are taking the blood
(i) Finger
(ii) Fore arms
(iii) Less sensitive area
Fix the strip in the glucometer and when it is ready
pierce it in the finger tip and get drop of hanging
blood. The result is display
almost within 40 sec.
How To Use Glucometer
22. CONCLUSION
Biomedical instrumentation has proved itself to be a
boon to the society and in the medical field. It has made
possible the detection and cure of many vital diseases.
Biomedical instrumentation act like a bridge between
engineering world and medical world.
The department’s biosensors and biomedical
instrumentation research focuses on the development of
novel devices for monitoring the physiological and
biochemical state of the human body.
