The document discusses the process of winemaking from growing grapes to bottling wine, examines European wine regulations which control production levels and ensure quality, and explores aspects of European wine culture including traditional and shifting consumption habits and the social and economic influences on wine consumption.

1. Drinking for the Sake of Education
Brian Bohannon, Killian Mollner, Pamela Moore,
Tyler Motley, Craig Wainner

2. We will cover:
 the Wine‐Making Process
 Wine Health Effects
 European Wine Regulations
 European Wine Culture
 Wine Tasting & Pairing

3. ‐ Pamela Moore

4. Wine is global
Wine is made on all the continents except Antarctica.

5. Grape Varieties
over 5000 varieties of
wine grapes
2 families of grapes
‐ Vitis Vinifera
‐ Vitis Labrusca

6. Growing Grapes
Process Overview =
Stress the vine
1) Pruning during the
winter
2) Flowering in the
spring
3) Ripening during
midsummer
‐ sugar, water, flavor
‐ monitoring
4) harvest
‐ Brix scale

7. Wine Making
1) harvest grapes
2) clean grapes
3) crush/press
grapes
4) cold stabilization
5) fermentation
6) aging
7) wine is bottled
‐ sparkling wines
‐ rosé wines

8. ‐ Killian Mollner

9. Wine and Nutrition
 Alcohol has 7 kcals/g
 Fat has 9 kcals/g
 Protein and Carbohydrates
have 4 kcals/g
 According to the Center for
Disease Control, a standard
drink is equal to 0.6 oz (14 g)
of ethanol
 5 oz glass of wine
http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/media/medical/hw/alcohol.jpg

10. European Diet and Wine
 French Paradox – the French diet is laden with rich
foods high in saturated fat, yet they have low rates of
Coronary Heart Disease
 Sparked research into the possible health benefits of
wine because of how much wine the French consume
 Mediterranean Diet – the Mediterranean diet does not
contain as many high saturated fat foods, they do
consume wine in moderation
 There is also a low rate of Coronary Heart Disease in
Mediterranean countries
 The Mediterranean Diet is a heart healthy model

11. Health Benefits from Wine
 In moderation, red wine has been shown to have health
benefits
 According to the CDC, moderate drinking is 1 standard drink
a day for women and 2 standard drinks for men
 Health Benefits
 Raises HDL – good cholesterol ‐ which takes cholesterol from
the bloodstream to the liver to be broken down
 Lowers LDL – bad cholesterol – which can oxidize into plaque
in arteries
 Reduces risks of blood clots
 Dry red wines, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, have more
flavonoids than sweet

12. ‐ Tyler Motley

13. Need For Regulation in Europe
 The need for regulation arose out of three factors
 Overproduction of Wine
 Technological innovation after WWII increased yields in grape
production which resulted in more wine being made. Demand
remained constant and then dropped beginning in the 1970’s. This
forced prices to drop.
 Desire for Higher Quality
 Further regulation was needed because with the decrease of demand
in the 70’s, consumers’ tastes began to change for higher quality
wines.
 Competition with the United States
 The previous two factors made Europe less able to compete with the
US.

14. European Wine Regulations
 Addressing Overproduction
 Cannot plant new vines without planting rights
 EU regulation stipulates that each country must regulate the amount
of grapes harvested each year. Vineyards have to apply with their
national governments to receive planting rights. Requirements vary
by country. Rights are valid for a certain amount of time, usually 5‐10
years. Vineyards must reapply when their rights expire.
 Control on the amount the can be harvested per unit area
 This helps to regulate amount of grapes harvested and increase
quality.
 For example, vineyards in Switzerland can harvest 1.1kg per m2.

15. European Wine Regulations
 Quality
 Requirements for Classification and Labeling
 Table Wines (TW)
 According to EU regulations, the table wine classification denotes
a wine made with an alcoholic content between 8.5% and 14%.
The bottle of this wine must indicate it is a table wine and cannot
list a specific region of origin.
 Quality Wine Produced in a Specific Region (QWspr)
 QWspr’s are similar to table wines, but come from a very specific
region of a country. The specifics of this classification are
determined by each country. QWspr labels must indicate that
they are a QWspr and can list the specific area of origin.

16. European Wine Regulation
 Winemaking Process
 Definition of Wine in EU Regulation
 “the product obtained exclusively from the total or partial alcoholic
fermentation of fresh grapes, whether or not crushed, or of grape
must”
 Classification determines further characteristics
 Alcohol Content
 Acidity
 Ripeness of Grape at Harvest
 Chaptalisation
 Chaptalisation addition of sugars to wine for sweetness or to be
further fermented into alcohol.
 Sweetness
 Presence of SO2
 SO2 helps to prevent excessive oxidation to vinegar.

17. Italian Appellation
 Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC)
 Classification
 Vino da Tavola (VDT)
 Fits in to the table wine classification in EU regulation
 Only includes red, white, and rosé wines.
 51% of the grapes used in the wine must come from Italy
 Label can indicate varieties used but not location of origin
 Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT)
 Lowest quality QWspr of Italy
 Label most include variety of grapes used, name of winery, and
address of the winery.

18. Italian Appellation
 Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC)
 Middle quality of QWspr wine in Italy
 Has the same requirements as an IGT appellation plus
 There is a maximum number of vines that can be grown in that appellation
region that can be used to make the wine
 No irrigation system can be used on the grapes
 There is a maximum amount of the wine that can be produced a year
 Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG)
 Highest quality of Qwspr wine in Italy
 Has the same requirements as a DOC appellation plus
 Comes with a governmental guarantee of quality
 Must be chemically tested and professionally tasted to ensure the wines
quality
 Must be bottled within the appellation region

19. ‐ Craig Wainner

20. Cultural Overview
 Three main areas of consumption
 Traditions and Habits
 Their shifting contemporary nature
 Macro influence
 Social issues
 Economics

21. Areas of Consumption
 57% of world consumption
 Private
 Familial
 Social
 Public Social
 Professional

22. Age Limits
 France
 18
 Raised from 16 in 2006
 Consumption in private
residence is legal
 Italy
 16
 Germany
 16 for beer and wine
 18 for spirits
 Britain

23. Old Traditions
 French and Italian – wine with meals
 Italy: glass w/ breakfast, bottle for lunch
 French: wine for dinner
 Older demographic
 Trend is shifting
 Anglo‐Saxon eating habits
 Non‐meal drinking

24. New Habits
 “Lack” of youth culture/Globalization
 Homogenization of alcohol ‘belts’
 Britain and Germany rising
 Marketing targeting youth
 Introduction of ‘Alco‐pop’
 Social differences
 Location of consumption
 Increase in binge habits
 Affordability gap
 Education discontinuity

25. Social Implications
 Shifting due to modern marketing
 Primarily advertise everything but wine
 Predominant image of drinking
 Increased risk of death
 3rd leading cause
 1 in 4 deaths among young men
 1 in 3 road traffic fatalities
 European Millennials mimic Anglo‐Saxon peers
 Americans and British are consuming more wine
 French and German youth are expected to follow
 Drastically expanded global market

26. ‐ Brian Bohannon

27. Sight
 Clarity: Clear or Hazy
 Color
 White: lemon‐green, lemon, golden, amber
 Rosé: pink, salmon, orange
 Red: purple, ruby, garnet, tawny
 Fluidity: Legs/Tears

28. Nose
 Condition: clean, unclean
 Intensity: light, medium, pronounced
 Aroma Characteristics: fruits, flowers, spices,
vegetables, oak aromas, other

29. Palate
 Sweetness: dry, off‐dry, sweet
 Acidity: low, medium, high
 Tannins: low, medium, high
 Alcohol: low, medium, high
 Body: low, medium, full
 Flavor Characteristics

30. Time for the Wine Tasting
 Now on to the part you all
have been waiting for…

31. Wine Tasting – Step 1
 Tilt the glass over a white surface and look at the color
nearest the top of the glass.
 This is the true color of the wine, so you can determine
how aged the wine is.

32. Wine Tasting ‐
Step 2
 Smell the wine while
it is still and take note
of the aromas.
 Subjective – no right
or wrong answers

33. Wine Tasting – Step 3
 Swirl the wine around the glass.
 The swirling process mixes oxygen through the wine,
expands the surface area, and allows the aromas to
open up.

34. Wine Tasting – Step 4
 Take note of the smells again – should be stronger.
 The aroma of the wine is considered to be the average
of the two.

35. Wine Tasting – Step 5
 Take a sip of the wine & cover the entire area of your
tongue.
 Try to discover & identify all the flavors in the wine,
however strong or weak they appear.
 Top of tongue: sweetness
 Sides of tongue: acidity
 Back of tongue: bitterness

36. Wine Tasting – Step 7
 Enjoy!

37. Wine Tasting – Step 6
 After swallowing, take note of the
“finish” and “length.”
 A pleasing finish and a long length are
desired.
 The longer the length, the higher the
alcohol concentration of the wine. At
least ten seconds is best.

38. Wine Tasting ‐ Overview
 Remember the 5 S’s
 See
 Sniff
 Swirl
 Sniff
 Sip

39. Wine Pairing
“Wine is made for food.”
Acidity Salt
Wine tastes fruitier and Wine tastes fruitier and
sweeter, but less acidic richer
Sweetness Umami
Wine tastes more bitter Wine tastes more bitter
and less sweet unless it is and astringent and less
sweeter than the food fruity

40. We got most of our information
from:
 Gialdi‐Brivio Winery tour: a winery in Mendrisio, Switzerland
‐ http://shop.gialdi‐brivio.ch/Welcome.do;jsessionid=4E7C68DD5C44790871BAA10BC4D3E70D
 Château de Crémat Winery tour: a winery in Nice, France
‐ http://www.chateau‐cremat.com
 Tuscany Wine School “Wine Express” Class: Florence, Italy
‐ http://www.tuscanwineschool.com/wine_express_tasting_Florence.htm
 Expovina Primavera wine festival: Zurich, Switzerland
‐ http://www.expovina.ch/neu/index.php?page=willkommen‐primavera
 Daniela Doninelli, Managing Director of CESA
‐ Center for European Studies and Architecture

41. Additional Sources:
 Wine‐Making Process:
 http://www.cookeryonline.com/mealexperience/Grapes/index.html
 http://www.rackwine.com/WineGrapes/
 http://winemakermag.com/guide/grapesguide
 http://geocurrents.info/wp‐
content/uploads/2012/02/world_wine_producer_map_1.jpg
 http://www.environmental‐
expert.com/Files%5C5302%5Carticles%5C9828%5CTheroleofsoilchemis
tryinwine.pdf
 http://www.winepros.org/wine101/viniculture.htm
 http://www.kathrynkennedywinery.com/indepth/viticulture.html
 http://www.wineintro.com/
 http://www.oceanbridge.cc/system/images/BAhbBlsHOgZmIjQyMDEy
LzAzLzI3LzAxXzUxXzI1XzUyOV93aW5lX21ha2luZ19wcm9jZXNzLmpw
Zw/wine‐making‐process.jpg

42. Additional Sources:
 Health:
 "Alcohol and Public Health." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 28 Oct. 2011. Web. 23 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm>.
 Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Mediterranean Diet." Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical
Education and Research, 19 June 2010. Web. 23 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mediterranean‐
diet/CL00011/NSECTIONGROUP=2>.
 "Alcohol." BBC News. BBC. Web. 25 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/treatments/healthy_living/nutrition/healthy_alcohol
.shtml>.
 "A Glass of Red Wine a Day Keeps the Doctor Away." Red Wine. Yale‐New Haven
Hospital. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://www.ynhh.org/about‐us/red_wine.aspx>.
 de Lorimier, Alfred A. Alcohol, wine, and health. The American journal of surgery
180.5 01 Jan 2000: 357‐361. Paul B. Hoeber. 29 Apr 2012.
 Wine Regulations:
 COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 479/2008
 COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 607/2009

43. Additional Sources:
 Wine Culture:
 http://www.euractiv.com/consumers/policymakers‐mull‐eu‐alcohol‐marketing‐law‐
news‐505905
 http://ec.europa.eu/health‐eu/news_alcoholineurope_en.htm – Summary report
 http://www.eurocare.org/resources/factsheets/alcohol_in_europe/alcohol_in_europ
e_key_facts
 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp‐dyn/articles/A35079‐2004Dec29.html
 http://www.euro.who.int/en/what‐we‐do/health‐topics/disease‐prevention/alcohol‐
use
 http://www.economist.com/node/15868581
 http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets/wine/index_en.htm
 http://ec.europa.eu/health‐eu/my_lifestyle/alcohol/index_en.htm#tab_eu_activities
 http://apps.who.int/ghodata/?theme=GISAH&region=euro
 http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/07/alcohol‐drinking‐countries‐forbeslife‐drink08‐
cx_vr_0807europe.html
 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/8612239/Why‐the‐French‐have‐
fallen‐out‐of‐love‐with‐wine.html
 http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/Young‐France‐Isnt‐Drinking‐
Wine_4162

44. Additional Sources:
 Wine Tasting:
 http://blog.wineenthusiast.com/2009/06/04/wine‐
wisdoms‐33‐the‐5‐ss‐of‐wine‐tasting/