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Prosocial Behaviour

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James Neill
James Neill

The aim of this lecture is to introduce and discuss the social psychology of prosocial behaviour and altruism.

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1 of 110
Social Psychology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Questions ,[object Object],[object Object]
What is prosocial behaviour? ,[object Object],[object Object]
What is prosocial behaviour? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is prosocial behaviour? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is prosocial behaviour? Example: Barn raising ,[object Object]
What is prosocial behaviour? Example: Wikipedia ,[object Object],[object Object]
What is prosocial behaviour? Example: Philanthropy ,[object Object],[object Object]
Why is prosocial behaviour important? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is antisocial behaviour? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is antisocial behaviour? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reasons why people engage in prosocial behaviour ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Donating blood
What is altruism? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Is altruism possible? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reciprocity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fairness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fairness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fairness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fairness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reciprocity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Social norms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rule of law ,[object Object],[object Object]
Learning theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tragedy of the commons ,[object Object],[object Object]
Game Theory
Cooperation ,[object Object],[object Object]
Hoarding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Obedience ,[object Object],Leader
Obedience ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Milgram's study of obedience ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Milgram’s Study
Programmed responses of Mr. Wallace ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 8-1, p. 266
Programmed responses of the experimenter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Milgram’s study of obedience ,[object Object],[object Object]
Reducing Obedience
Milgram’s study of obedience ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Obedience ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Obedience ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conformity ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Asch's line study
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Asch's line study
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Asch's line study
Conformity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conformity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conformity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Evolutionary perspectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of victims, helpers, and need ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 High (parents, siblings, children) Tendency to Help 2.0 Degree of Relatedness Mod. (grand-parents) Low (first cousins) None (acquaintances) For everyday help , people tended to help close relatives more than non-relatives
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 High (parents, siblings, children) Tendency to Help 2.0 Degree of Relatedness Mod. (grand-parents) Low (first cousins) The difference became even more pronounced in life-or-death situations None (acquaintances)
[object Object],[object Object]
Motivations for helping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Motivations for helping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Volunteer Process Model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Volunteerism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Volunteer Functions Inventory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
De Ropp’s Games Awakening Master Game Salvation Religion Game Knowledge Science Game Beauty Art Game Raise family Householder Game Glory or Victory Moloch Game Fame Cock on Dunghill Wealth Hog in the trough Trophy Game
Forgiveness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Forgiveness ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 1991) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Can we distinguish between egoistic & altruistic motives? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Empathy-altruism hypothesis ,[object Object]
Empathy-altruism hypothesis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Negative state relief theory ,[object Object]
Batson's approach Distress Empathy Egoistic Motivation Altruistic Motivation Act to reduce Own distress (help or escape) Help to reduce Other’s distress Other’s Distress
Personal determinants of helping ,[object Object],[object Object]
Personal determinants of helping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Belief in a just world ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Belief in a just world ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Emotion and helping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mood ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mood ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mood ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Interpersonal determinants of helping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Interpersonal determinants of helping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Gender ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Attraction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Attraction ,[object Object],[object Object]
Attractiveness Study Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Jessica Lynch (2003 rescue) “ Her Iraqi guards had long fled, she was being well cared for - and doctors had already tried to free her.”
Bystander effect ,[object Object]
 
Kitty Genovese ,[object Object]
Interpretation study ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diffusion of responsibility ,[object Object],[object Object]
Diffusion of responsibility ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps to helping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps to helping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Latane & Darley’s cognitive model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Parable of the Good Samaritan
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Time pressure: Good Samaritan Study
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Time pressure: Good Samaritan Study
Time pressure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The decision process in Latane & Darley’s cognitive model + + + Attend to what is happening Define event as emergency Assume responsibility Decide what can be done Give help
Empirical evidence in support of Latane & Darley’s model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What processes underlie bystander apathy? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bystander-calculus model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bystander-calculus model ,[object Object],[object Object]
Bystander-calculus model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How can we increase helping? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How can we increase helping? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Increasing helping behaviour ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Summary & conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
References ,[object Object]

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Prosocial Behaviour

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  • 53. 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 High (parents, siblings, children) Tendency to Help 2.0 Degree of Relatedness Mod. (grand-parents) Low (first cousins) None (acquaintances) For everyday help , people tended to help close relatives more than non-relatives
  • 54.
  • 55. 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 High (parents, siblings, children) Tendency to Help 2.0 Degree of Relatedness Mod. (grand-parents) Low (first cousins) The difference became even more pronounced in life-or-death situations None (acquaintances)
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  • 62. De Ropp’s Games Awakening Master Game Salvation Religion Game Knowledge Science Game Beauty Art Game Raise family Householder Game Glory or Victory Moloch Game Fame Cock on Dunghill Wealth Hog in the trough Trophy Game
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  • 71. Batson's approach Distress Empathy Egoistic Motivation Altruistic Motivation Act to reduce Own distress (help or escape) Help to reduce Other’s distress Other’s Distress
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  • 86. Jessica Lynch (2003 rescue) “ Her Iraqi guards had long fled, she was being well cared for - and doctors had already tried to free her.”
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  • 96. Parable of the Good Samaritan
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  • 100. The decision process in Latane & Darley’s cognitive model + + + Attend to what is happening Define event as emergency Assume responsibility Decide what can be done Give help
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Editor's Notes

  1. The aim of this lecture is to introduce and discuss the social psychology of prosocial behaviour and altruism. Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Lowering_rescue_basket_cropped.jpg License: GFDL 1.2