1. REAL PERFORMANCE OF GREEN
BUILDINGS
Stephen Carpenter
Enermodal Engineering
October 24, 2007
2. Green on the Grand
Office Building
Winner of federal government C2000
design competition in 1996
Goal of 50% energy reduction and minimal
environmental impact
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
3. Airtight Well-Insulated Envelope
Double stud wall with cellulose insulation
50 to 75 mm EIFS exterior
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
4. High-Performance Windows
Triple-glazed with 2 low-e coatings and
argon gas fill
Insulating edge spacer and fibreglass
frames
Spectrally-selective
outer glazing
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
5. Daylighting & Indirect Lighting
Natural light
supplemented by
indirect lighting
Lighting power of
less than 10 W/m²
Occupancy and
daylighting sensors
throughout
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
6. Radiant Heating and Cooling
Radiant cooling
– First in N. America
– Better comfort, lower fan
energy and noise
Air is dehumidified in air
handling unit
– Displacement ventilation
New small scale gas-
fired chiller for cooling
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
7. Storm Water & Cooling Pond
Chiller heat
rejected to cooling
pond
Make-up water
provided by rain
water off roof
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
8. Initial Energy Performance
200
Natural Gas Electricity
180 DHW (Gas) Space Heating (Gas)
Lighting Plug Loads
Annual Energy Consumption [ekWh/m²]
160
Space Cooling Cooling Tower
140 Distribution Pumps Ventilation Fans High energy use
120
due primarily to
poor performing
100 gas chiller (avg.
COP 0.51)
80
60
40
20
0
Monitored, 1999 Monitored, 1999 Predicted 2006 Utility Estimated Calib
(Abs Chiller) (Elec Chiller Targets Baselin
Est.) Mo
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
9. Energy Performance after Chiller
Replacement
180 Natural Gas Electricity
DHW (Gas) Space Heating (Gas)
160
Lighting Plug Loads
Space Cooling Cooling Tower
Annual Energy Consumption [ekWh/m²]
140
Distribution Pumps Ventilation Fans
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2003 Utility 2004 Utility 2005 Utility 2006 Utility Calibrated Baseline
EE4 Model
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
10. How do we compare?
E nerg y Intens ity in ekWh/m2
700
600 E lectricity
Natural G as
500
400
300
200
100
0
C anadian O ffice O ffice & 10,000 - O ffice & C ons tructed G reen on the G rand
B uilding 49,999 s q. F t. 1990-1999
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
11. Summary
Actual monitored performance is 118
kWm2, very close to original predicted of
106 kWh/m2
Energy use is 70% lower than office
buildings constructed at the same time
Energy efficiency measures could reduce
usage to 78 kWh/m2
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
12. Vaughan / York Region Station 7-9
LEED® Canada Gold
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
13. Tale of Two Fire Stations
Station 79 was intended to be duplicate of 78
79 was greened up but floor plan unaltered
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
14. Site and Water Measures
Stormwater drains overland to TRCA land
White concrete
Naturalized landscaping including
wildflower ground cover
No irrigation system
56% water savings through waterless
urinals and low flow fixtures
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
15. Energy & Atmosphere Measures
Added
argon and warm edge spacers
Ventilation heat recovery
Condensing gas furnaces
Direct/indirect lighting on occupancy
sensors
Expected 30% savings over Station 78
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
16. Monitored Energy Use
Energy Consumption - Est 4 Month Totals (February to May 2007)
1800
Natural Gas
1600 Electricity
1400
1200
ekWh/day
1000
800
600
400
200
0
78 Utility Bills 79 Utility Bills 79 Final Sim
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
17. Material Measures
Recycled steel roof, white concrete (18% recycled)
75% construction waste diversion
51% FSC wood
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
18. Indoor Environmental Quality
Measures
Larger and operable windows, skylight added to
fitness room
CO2 control of ventilation
Low-emitting wood
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
19. Cost of LEED
Station #78 Station #79
Overall Construction $3,334,000 $3,607,000
Cost (tendered 2004) (tendered 2005)
Incremental Cost for 8.2% or
LEED $20/ft2
Incremental Cost for 2.5 to 5.5% or
LEED adjusted for $6 to $13/ft2
inflation
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
20. Project Summary
LEED Gold achieved at a cost of ~4%
Monitored performance is matching
predicted values
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
21. Sisters of St Joseph Residence
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
22. Naturalized Landscaping
Native landscaping
Green roof terrace
Grass-pave parking
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
23. Water Efficiency
Eliminated irrigation (Xeriscaping)
Use low-flow fixtures and dual
flush toilets
Collect and use rainwater for
Waste water conveyance and
irrigation hose bibs
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
24. Energy Features
Ground source heat pump throughout
Condensing boiler for back-up and
domestic water heating
In-suite HRVs for savings and better IAQ
All fluorescent lighting controlled by
occupancy sensors
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
25. Energy Savings
52% and $160,000/yr energy savings
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
26. Actual Performance:
August to mid-October
Actual usage 12% less than predicted
On-track to achieve over 50% energy savings
500000
400000
Energy (kWh)
300000 Electricity
Gas
200000
100000
0
Code Simulated Actual
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings
27. Conclusions
Green buildings can achieve expected
savings
Energy simulation coupled with
subsequent monitoring and data analysis
is key to ensuring savings
Creating energy and resource efficient buildings