7. Conquered Land United all Germanic people Modern France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, most of Germany, Spain, Italy Main city - Aachen Carolingian Empire

8. Charlemagne Legacy Blended Roman past, Germanic life, and Christianity – Foundation for European society First Emperor in West since 476 Standardized minting of coins, writing style, Uniform religious practices and culture

9. Division of Charlemagne’s Empire

10. Medieval Europe

11. Political Developments Feudalism prevailed. Weak central authority meant that lords and vassals ruled locally through feudal obligations to the upper lords and king. The Catholic Church was single strongest unifying factor across Western Europe during this period. FEUDALISM

12. Economic Developments Serfdom and the manor system prevailed. Serfs were obligated to give a percentage of their crops to the lord in exchange for a plot of land and protection. Manors operated as self-sufficient communities and a lack of food surpluses resulted in most of the population being tied to agriculture . The lord of the manor determined what was to be raised and how much of it. Serfs were peasants who were bound to the land for life. They could not leave the manor without permission of the lord. MANORIALISM

15. Castles

17. Social Developments Nobility of birth determined one’s social status. In the upper classes, marriage was key to political power, Honor, loyalty, and duty were stressed under the knight’s code of chivalry. Religious and moral authority rested in the hands of the Catholic Church and the Pope. Rigid Social Structure Serfs

18. Social Structure

23. The Crusades

26. Crusades

32. The Black Death

33. Ring around the rosie R osary beads give you God's help or description of circular red rash on body Pocket full of posies Used to stop the odor of rotting bodies which was at one point thought to cause the plague, it was also used widely by doctors to protect them from the infected plague patients. Ashes, ashes (Achoo, achoo) T he church burned the dead when burying them became too laborious. We all fall down DEAD The death of family members left the children facing sorrow and pain at an early age. Exposure to public nudity, craziness, and (obviously) abundant death was premature. Parents even abandoned their children, leaving them to the streets instead of risking the babies giving them the dreaded "pestilence". Children were especially unlucky if they were female. Baby girls would be left to die because parents would favor male children that could carry on the family name. Ring Around the Rosie

37. How did the Black Death spread throughout Europe? How it was Transmitted

38. Just as Europe climbs out of the Dark Ages, a deadly plague spreads across the continent and kills over 25 million people. How did it start?

39. Plague started in Mongolia, traveled to the Gobi Desert in the 1320's and arrived in China in the mid 14th/c. From China, plague moved along trade routes to the West and to the gatekeepers of Western trade: the Italians. Genoese traders are generally thought to have brought plague to Europe and the Islamic world. How did the Black Death spread throughout Europe?

40. How did it spread?

41. "Many believed that the disease was transmitted upon the air, probably because the smell from the dead and dying was so awful. So, the living turned to scents to ward off the deadly vapors. People burned all manner of incense; Others had handkerchiefs dipped in aromatic oils, to cover their faces when going out. Towns rang church bells to drive the plague away, for the ringing of town bells was done in crises of all kinds. Other towns fired cannons, which was new and made a comfortingly loud ding. There were no ends to talismans, charms, and spells that could be purchased from the local wise woman or apothecary. Many people knew of someone's friend or cousin who had drank elderberry every day, or who had worn a jade necklace, and who had survived the dreaded disease." People were ignorant about its cause; they blamed the stars, God’s anger, and the Jews. What were three things that people used to ward off the plague? Why were they ineffective? Why couldn’t people stop the spread of the Black Death?

42. When doctors would treat people with the plague, many wore clothes that they mistakenly believed would protect them from the disease. If you were a patient, what would you think if you saw a doctor come through your door dressed in the clothes above? What or who do you think this is? Why couldn’t people stop the spread of the Black Death?

43. Role of Religion

44. Some believed that the plague was caused by God’s anger, so repentance for sins would end the plague. One group, the Flagellants, whipped themselves publicly with iron spikes to earn God’s forgiveness. They saw this as sacrificing themselves in order to earn forgiveness for the world’s sins, as Jesus did. Many Flagellants and their followers massacred Jews because they believed Jews had poisoned wells in order to spread the disease. In October 1349 the pope condemned them and ordered all authorities to suppress them. But flagellants reappeared in times of plague into the fifteenth century. The Flagellants

45. How did the Black Death change life in Europe? Giovanni Boccaccio How did the Black Death change life in Europe?

46. How did the Black Death change life in Europe? Giovanni Boccaccio How did the Black Death change life in Europe?

48. How did the Black Death change life in Europe? “ How many valiant men, how many fair ladies, breakfast with their families and the same night had dinner with their ancestors in the next world! The condition of the people was pitiable to behold. They sickened by the thousands daily, and died unattended and without help. Many died in the open street, others dying in their houses, made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies. Consecrated churchyards did not suffice for the burial of the vast multitude of bodies, which were heaped by the hundreds in vast trenches, like goods in a ships hold and covered with a little earth." Giovanni Boccaccio How did the Black Death change life in Europe?

49. “ Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. However, the disease remained, and soon death was every where. Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick, and monasteries and convents were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too. Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial." Unknown

51. Justinian’s Empire

52. Economic Developments Constantinople was center for Silk Road imports and exports. Cultural Developments Eastern Orthodox Church emerged. Pope and Patriarch mutually excommunicated each other in 1054. Eastern Orthodoxy later spread to Russia and the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. Byzantium by 814. Post-Classical Political Developments, 600-1450. Byzantine Empire, 4th century to 1453

53. Political Development Off-shoot of the Roman Empire. “Eastern Roman Empire.” Centralized State: Hereditary Monarchy. Emperor Justinian, r. 527-565. Justinian’s Law Code was based on the Roman 12 Tables. Attempted to permanently recapture the Western Roman empire but was unsuccessful. Replaced Latin with Greek as official language. Empire was divided into “themes” or districts in which military leaders ruled locally and free peasants were given land in exchange for military service. Military Civil Bureaucrats Clergy Halo Byzantium during Justinian’s reign. Byzantine Empire, 4th century to 1453 Post-Classical Political Developments, 600-1450.

54. The first church on the site was built by the Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius, son of Emperor Constantine, who had liberated the Christian faith from centuries of persecution. At first it was known as the Great Church because it was the largest at the time. Later it became known as Holy Wisdom, a name attributed to Christ by theologians of the 4th century. Hagia Sophia or Holy Wisdom is the mother church of all Eastern Christians of the Byzantine liturgical tradition both Orthodox and Greek Catholic. The Hagia Sophia

55. Architecturally the grand basilica represented a major revolution in church construction in that it featured a huge dome which necessitated the implementation of new ideas in order to support the weight of this dome, a feat which had not been attempted before. The dome which became universal in Byzantine church construction represented the vault of heaven thus constituting a feature quasi-liturgical in function. In the days when there was no steel used in construction, large roofs and domes had to be supported by massive pillars and walls. The Hagia Sophia

56. In 1204 AD, Roman Catholic crusaders of the Fourth Crusade attacked and sacked Constantinople and the Great Church, leaving behind a legacy of bitterness among Eastern Christians which continues to this day. For more that 1000 years, Holy Wisdom served as the cathedral church of the Patriarch of Constantinople as well as the church of the Byzantine court but that function came to an end in 1453 when the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror seized the Imperial City and converted the Great Church into his mosque. The Hagia Sophia Initially, the Turks preserved the frescoes and mosaic figures of Christian saints which decorated the walls. However, in the 16th century, these were completely covered by plaster, since the Islamic code forbids figural representation.

57. It remained a mosque until 1935 when Turkey converted it into a museum. Years later the plaster which had been applied by the Muslims to cover the icons was removed revealing for the first time to modern eyes the artwork covered by the Muslims in their effort to render the structure appropriate for their own purposes. After it became a mosque, an altar (mihrap) in the east was added, since the apse should be in the direction of Mecca and the minarets were added in keeping with traditional Islamic architecture The Hagia Sophia

58. The Hippodrome Gladiator Fights and Chariot races were featured here. Successful Charioteers were acclaimed as heroes and honored with public statues. The Hippodrome was the heart of Constantinople's political life, as two groups, the Greens and Blues, jousted for power. Emperors had to be aware of their demands and attitudes as many riots occurred.

59. Art is the mirror of a culture and its world view. There is no case to which this statement more directly applies than to the art of the Islamic world. Not only does its art reflect its cultural values, but even more importantly, the way in which its adherents, the Muslims, view the spiritual realm, the universe, life, and the relationship of the parts to the whole. Islamic Art

60. Because of the strict injunctions against such depictions of humans or animals which might result in idol-worship, Islamic art developed a unique character, utilizing a number of primary forms: geometric, arabesque, floral, and calligraphic, which are often interwoven. From early times, Muslim art has reflected this balanced, harmonious world-view. Islamic Art

61. How does the artwork express the religious values of it creators?

64. River Network Slavs and Scandinavian Traders develop trading system throughout river network City of Kiev forms along the Dnieper River – Leads to Black Sea and trade with Byzantine Empire

65. Vladimir I (980-1015) 855 – First Russian King was Rurik Monarchy forms with its center at the city of Kiev Russian King, Vladimir I, converts to Christianity but did not want to be under the control of the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope Kievan Russia declined in the 12 th century due to internal problems and Mongol invasions Why did Valdimir I convert to Christianity?

66. Cyril and Methodius Early Cyrillic Alphabet

67. Geography: Island configuration of Japan led to the development of isolated communities, Political Developments: Attempts at centralizing the Japanese state were relatively unsuccessful during the first millennium. The Japanese also attempted to fashion their bureaucracy in the image of the Chinese Confucian model. Emissaries and scholars were sent to China to study. The Rise of Feudalism: Eventually a system of feudalism developed in which a central figure, the Shogun , reigned as supreme military general and political authority over Japan. The power of the shogun was depended on the loyalties of the local daimyos and samurais . Japan 600-1000 Decentralized States

68. Cultural Developments: The traditional Japanese religion is Shintoism. Everything in nature possesses a spirit and natural forces govern the earth. Traditional Japanese customs combined with Buddhism produced Zen Buddhism. Contacts with China were halted during the Heian Period (794-1185) as the Japanese were encouraged to express traditional Japanese culture. Women dominated literature. The Tale of Genji was written by Lady Murasaki. Women enjoyed considerable legal and economic rights compared to later periods. Economic Development: Japan was a predominantly agrarian society with a local artisan class of weavers, carpenters, and iron workers. Most people worked on land that was owned by other people and had to pay an in-kind tax on their harvests on a yearly basis. Japan 600-1000 Decentralized States