Positive Technologies

POSITIVE TECHNOLOGY V0.2 Andrea Gaggioli, Ph.D www.positivetechnology.info

Outline
Living in digital ecosystem
Why Positive Technology?
Challenges and opportunities

#1 LIVING IN DIGITAL ECOSYSTEMS

Eras of Computing One computer for many users One computer for each user Many computers for each user Thousands computers for each user 1960: Mainframe Era 1980: Personal Computer Era 2000: Mobility Era 2020+: Ubiquity Era Source: Abigail Sellen, Yvonne Rogers, Richard Harper, Tom Rodden: Reflecting human values in the digital age . Commun. ACM 52(3): 58-66 (2009)

responsive disappearing ubiquitous intelligent Digital Ecosystems

DISAPPEARING

RESPONSIVE

INTELLIGENT

UBIQUITOUS

VIRTUAL REALITY

AUGMENTED REALITY

WEARABLE DISPLAYS

SMART CLOTHING

SMART JEWERLY

LIFE LOGGING

HOME ROBOTICS

SOCIAL COMPUTING

INTERNET OF THINGS

does technology make us happy?

LA TECNOLOGIA POSITIVA

TECHNODEPENDENCY

TECNODIPENDENZA IPERCONNECTIVITY

TECNODIPENDENZA TECHNOSTRESS

TECNODIPENDENZA SUSTAINABILITY

TECNODIPENDENZA ETHICS

TECNODIPENDENZA SECURITY & PRIVACY

#2 WHY POSITIVE TECHNOLOGY?

How can technology contribute to wellbeing?
Technology as a tool that can release us from burden and extend our capabilities (Human-Computer Interaction)
Technology as a medium to happiness (Positive Technology)
Our goal: to design technologies that promote wellbeing and empowerment at individual, group, and social levels

Positive Psychology: the “Science of Wellbeing”

The goal of Positive Psychology The goal of Psychology
Understanding what makes people:
Happy
Enjoy life
Content
Satisfied and fulfilled
Emotionally stable
Mentally healthy
Functional
Able to cope
Successful
Strong
Understanding what makes people:
Suffer
Stressed
Anxious
Depressed
Unhappy
Angry
Aggressive
Violent
Strange
Mentally ill

“ I think with technology , entertainment and design, we can actually increase the amount of tonnage of human happiness on the planet . And if technology can in the next decade or two increase the pleasant life , the good life and the meaningful life, it will be good enough” Martin Seligman Pioneer of Positive Psychology

HEDONISTIC EUDAIMONISTIC EPICURUS ARISTOTLE PERSPECTIVES ON WELLBEING Enjoy pleasures and avoid pain (the “pleasant life”) Realize personal potential (the “good life”)

(1) TECHNOLOGY AND THE “PLEASANT LIFE”

The PLEASANT LIFE: the role of positive emotions 1/2
Provide the organism with nonspecific action tendencies that can lead to adaptive behavior
Positive emotions broaden Thought-Action Repertoires (Fredrickson, 2001)
Joy > PLAY
Interest > EXPLORE
Contentment > SAVOR AND INTEGRATE
Love > ALL OF THE ABOVE

The PLEASANT LIFE: the role of positive emotions 2/2
Positive emotions build durable personal resources
Physical resources
Social resources
Intellectual resources
Psychological resources

FROM ERGONOMICS TO HEDONOMICS Playfulness Emotional design Enchantment Aesthetics & pleasureness “ ..in the same realm of human-technology interaction, hedonomics is primarily concerned with the promotion of pleasure.” (Hancock et al., 2005)

CAN WE USE TECHNOLOGY TO INDUCE POSITIVE EMOTIONS? YES… A. Grassi, A. Gaggioli, G. Riva (2009) The green valley: the use of mobile narratives for reducing stress in commuters. Cyberpsychol Behav 12: 2. 155-161 Rosa María Baños, Gemma García-Soriano, Cristina Botella, Elia Oliver, Ernestina Etchemendy, Juana María Bretón (2009) Positive mood induction and well-being, in Proceedings of IEEE HSI2009, Special Session on Positive Technology Riva G, Mantovani F, Capideville CS, Preziosa A, Morganti F, Villani D, Gaggioli A, Botella C, Alcañiz M. (2007) Affective interactions using virtual reality: the link between presence and emotions. Cyberpsychol Behav. Feb;10(1):45-56.

APPLICATIONS?
Technology-based intervention strategies that foster positive emotions may be suited for preventing and treating problems rooted in negative emotions, such as aggression, anxiety , depression , and stress -related health problems

(2) TECHNOLOGY AND THE “GOOD LIFE”

“ I can get totally into the music and not get self-conscious about dancing. I know that when I first start or if there is some distraction, or I’m conscious of the way I’m dancing, I don’t dance as well as when I’m really totally into the music….it’s something that just comes out in my body, ’cause I don’t usually think about the steps I’m going to do consciously.” FLOW Quote from a dancer, M. Csikszentmihalyi, 1975, p. 105

Anxiety, Boredom and Flow (Csikszentmihalyi 1990 - Dots and text added: van Gorp 2006) Level of Physiological Arousal

Key characteristics of Flow Experience Positive emotions Total concentration on the task at hand Clear goals and clear feedback Autothelic experience (intrinsic motivation) High challenges matched by high skills Effortless action Reduced self-awareness

Can technologies provide Flow? Certain technologies become successful at least in part because they provide flow and thus motivate people to use them (Csikszentmihalyi et al. 2005)

Virtual activities associated with Flow
Online exploratory behaviour (Ghani & Despande, 1994)
Online consumer behaviour (Hoffman & Novak, 1996)
Online learning (Chan & Ahem, 1999)
Online gaming (Chen, 2007)
Hacking behaviour (Luthiger & Jungwirth, 2007)

Virtual Reality as a source of Flow (Gaggioli et al., 2004; 2005)
Opportunities for action
Task complexity
Multimodal feedback
High control

Transformation of Flow Riva & Gaggioli, 2009

APPLICATIONS: Transformation of Flow in rehabilitation (1/3)
The “Virtual Reality Play Intervention Program “(Miller & Reid, 2003)
19 participants aged 8-13 who had a diagnosis of cerebral palsy
Participants experienced a sense of control and mastery over the virtual environment and were provided a safe way to explore and challenge their abilities
Participants perceived experiencing flow and reported perceived physical changes and increased social acceptance from both peers and family

Transformation of Flow in rehabilitation (2/3)
VR and emerging technologies have the potential to provide disabled persons with greater control over events in their environment, thereby enhancing a sense of competence and satisfaction with life
VIDEO

APPLICATIONS: Transformation of Flow in rehabilitation (3/3) “Rehabilitation Gaming System”

Gaming VR systems for rehabilitation: Nintendo Wii http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofm-dyjOu1s

Future of Flow in Rehabilitation: Microsoft Natal

#3 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

The goal of PT: to design technologies that promote wellbeing and empowerment at individual, group, and social levels

EXPERIENCE ECONOMY Pine & Gilmore, 1999 TIME

ABSORPTION IMMERSION ACTIVE PARTICIPATION PASSIVE PARTICIPATION ENTERTAINMENT EDUCATIONAL ESCAPIST ESTHETIC EXPERIENCE ECONOMY - Pine & Gilmore, 1999

“ fostering power in people for use in their own lives, their communities and in their society” EMPOWERMENT

COGNITIVE EMPOWERMENT
goal: to develop and enhance cognitive abilities

AFFECTIVE EMPOWERMENT
goal: help individuals manage their emotions and reduce psychological stress

MOTIVATIONAL EMPOWERMENT
goal: help people to choose healthy lifestyles and reduce addictive behaviours

PSYCHOSOCIAL EMPOWERMENT
goal: help people to get involved with other people and with their communities

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT
goal: foster social and environmental change by promoting participatory approaches

SELF-IMPROVEMENT MARKET (US) Source: Marketdata

www.positivetechnology.info

AND THEY LIVED HAPPILY EVER AFTER (WITH TECHNOLOGY)

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Positive Technologies

by andrea gaggioli on Feb 04, 2010

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