South Africa's most successful and popular prime minister was James Barry Hertzog. He was elected prime minister in 1924 and remained in office for 15 years, the longest serving prime minister. During his time as prime minister, he introduced policies promoting both English and Afrikaans as official languages and gave women the right to vote. Hertzog was also a prominent leader during the Anglo-Boer War, rising to the rank of general and helping develop guerrilla tactics against the British.
The Second Boer War Revision Notes, this is a powerpoint of notes that helped me memorize things about the Second Boer War 1899-1901. It outlines the specific battles and events such as Black Week. I printed these power points off and used them as flashcards. I hope it helps.
The Second Boer War Revision Notes, this is a powerpoint of notes that helped me memorize things about the Second Boer War 1899-1901. It outlines the specific battles and events such as Black Week. I printed these power points off and used them as flashcards. I hope it helps.
There are some intriguing similarities between the history of the United States of America and that of South Africa.
Shortly after Portuguese explorer Bartholomew Diaz first landed on the shores of South Africa in 1488, the Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492.
From the 1600s onwards both America and South Africa were settled by pilgrims from Holland, France, England, Scotland and Germany seeking religious freedom.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALL ABOUT THE BOER WARS. It contains: origins of the Boer Wars, the Great Trek, Transvaal and Orange Free State, the Confederation of South African States, the First Boer War, the Second Boer War.
The British ChallengedThe end of Zulu sovereignty came at the hand.docxmehek4
The British Challenged
The end of Zulu sovereignty came at the hands of the British, but not without a significant cost the British. The invincible British military, proved vulnerable and experienced one of the deadliest and humiliating defeats in British history. By 1870, the British had adopted a forward policy in Southern Africa. The intent of the policy was to bring all people in together under the control of them.
Included in this policy was the vision to implement economic development in the region, specifically to facilitate the excavation of goods for the boughs of the earth and to transport such goods efficiently and effectively to Western cultures in trade. Sir Heny Bartle Frere saw the sovereign, economically viable Zulu kingdom as a direct threat to his success.
Frere viewed the British military as the greatest in the world and therefore could not conceive of a scenario under which the ill-armed Zulu's would be a threat. In December 1878, Frere picked a fight with the Zulu king Cetshwayo kaMpande. Before the war the Tugela River formed the boundary between Zulu territory and Natal, British territory. When Cetshwayo became king he refused to to submit British hegemony. A army of 40 - 60,000 men was called and prepared for battle. In December 1878, Cetshwayo was given an ultimatum - disband the Zulu army and pay reparations for insults against the British people and crown or suffer the consequences.
Cetshwayo refused to respond, which promoted the British under Lord Chelmsford, to attack. Arrogant, the British invaders advanced into Zululand without using advance scouts or sentries. The Zulu army attacked and annihilated the central British column at Isandhlwana, killing 1300 British soldiers and their African allies, taking nearly 1,000 rifles, with ammunition, as they fled (Source: The Zulu War 1878-1879). When the news reach British shores of the devastating defeat at Isandhlwana, there was an uproar.
Sporadic battles broke-out over the opening months of 1879 while Lord Chelmsford reorganized his troops and waited for reinforcements from Britain, most which saw the Zulu as victors. Favor began to shift to the British when they repelled a Zulu attack on their camp on March 29, 1879. As fresh British troops arrived in Southern Africa, the stage was set for the final invasion of Zululand, battles which lasted from May through July 1879. King Cetshwayo conceded defeat and requested terms of surrender, which the British refused demanding an unconditional surrender.
In many respects, the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 was merely the first act in the protracted destruction of the Zulu kingdom. British policy was to destroy the unity of the nation by undermining the influence of the Zulu Royal House, and to prevent the Zulus posing a further threat to British settler interests in the region. Their systematic policy to break up the institutions of the old Zulu sate led to deep divisions within the country, to civil war and ultimately to the dispo ...
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
3. Hero of the
Anglo Boer War
& South Africa’s
most Successful
& Popular
Prime Minister
4. Judge James Barry Hertzog
was
an outstanding academic
who became famous
for his daring and
resourceful leadership
of the Boer forces during
the Anglo Boer War.
5. In 1924, he was elected Prime Minister
of the Union of South Africa
and remained in office for a record, 15 years.
6. Born, 3 April 1866, in Groenberg, near Wellington in the Cape,
the 7th child in a family of 13 children,
he was named James Barry after his godfather,
James Barry
7. who had been delivered through
caesarean section by the famous
English Doctor James Barry
Doctor James Barry
– real name Margaret Buckley
8. (who pioneered the first successful caesarean section, where both
mother and child survived. Dr James Barry was later discovered to be a
woman who had posed as a man throughout her life, as women were
not allowed, at that time, to be doctors).
9. Dr James Barry with John, a servant, and his
dog, Psyche.
11. He was brought up in a God-fearing home where Biblical principles were
taught to apply to every area of life.
Christian Upbringing
12. Financial hardships forced his family to move from the Cape to
Kimberley, when he was 6-years old, and he was exposed to the rough,
drunken brawling of the prospectors and miners in an urban area.
13. When he was 12-years old, his family moved to Jagersfontein, where his
father prospered with a butchery and bakery.
14. Barry Hertzog, as he came to be known, thoroughly enjoyed reading
and was fascinated with history.
Love for History
15. He found inspiration in the Scottish wars against the English,
which inspired his Afrikaans patriotism further.
16. Barry Hertzog became increasingly disillusioned by the treatment of
Afrikaners by the British government and attempted to challenge this
injustice through the study of Law.
17. Like three of his brothers, Barry Hertzog studied at Stellenbosch
University.
Judge Hertzog
18. He graduated with a BA in Law
in 1889, and travelled to Holland,
where he obtained his
Doctorate in Law by 1892.
19. As an Advocate in Pretoria, Hertzog enjoyed such success that, within
three years after his return from Europe, he was appointed Judge in
Bloemfontein to the Orange Free State High Court.
20. At age 29, he was the youngest judge in the country.
21. Four years later, as the Anglo Boer War erupted, he requested President
Steyn to relieve him of his judicial duties, that he might fight for his
Fatherland.
Anglo Boer War
22. Hertzog was first requested
to school
the Boer Commandos
in International Law
and the Rules of Warfare.
23. In the early days of the Anglo Boer War, there was much use of the flag
of truce and frequently Boers and Brits agreed to cease fire on Sundays.
Sunday Ceasefires
24. They enjoyed concerts, meals,
dances and church services
together during cease fires on
Sundays, such as during the
siege of Mafeking.
25. Hertzog noted that the Afrikaans farmers, accustomed to working on
their own, were often poor team members and worse when formed into
large commandos.
Independent Spirit
26. Many were unwilling to co-operate, or obey orders. Having studied the
tactics of Frederick the Great, and Scottish freedom fighters,
27. Hertzog persuaded the Orange Free State leadership to divide the Boer
Army into mobile Commandos and to dispense with the electing of
officers, as that seemed to promote the popular and easy-going, who
generally failed to enforce discipline.
29. In November 1899, Hertzog was part of the force that seized Barkly
West, where he proclaimed Griqualand West as Republican territory.
30. Hertzog organised
supply lines and
played an important
role in the Battle of
Modderrivier.
His bold and
decisive actions on
the battlefield
deeply impressed
his men.
31. As one observed: "When his eyes flash then it is time to make yourself
scarce, for he will not be intimidated – not by a show of force, not by
curses, not by muscle, or by a bellicose attitude.
32. The biggest burger, who might be a foot taller than he, trembles when
the judge is angry. Many a Free Stater who has neglected his duty, has
felt the tense power of this lean man. But all agree that he is a first class
fellow."
33. Hertzog succeeded in instilling a high level of discipline into his
commandos, which greatly enhanced their fighting abilities.
Discipline Demanded
34. He told the half-hearted to return home, rather than continue
unwillingly on Commando. "He would brook no slackness and
demanded, and got, complete obedience from his burgers."
35. As Judge Hertzog played a more and more decisive role in the war,
the War Council appointed him to General in June 1900.
Taking the War to the Enemy
36. Hertzog biographer, Justice Van der Heever, claims that General Hertzog
was the originator of the guerrilla tactics which characterised the
second phase of the war.
37. Hertzog spearheaded the drive into the Cape, where he penetrated as
far as Lamberts Bay and exchanged shots with a startled British ship –
the only naval action of the war.
38. His men also occupied the large British railway centre at Touws Rivier,
barely 200km from Cape Town.
39. When his horse was sick, Hertzog travelled on foot, beside his horse, all
the way across the Karoo to Calvinia, which he seized, 10 January 1901.
Persevering on Foot
40. Towards the end of the war, General Hertzog was appointed Second in
Command of Orange Free State forces under Commander in Chief,
General Christian De Wet.
42. “Take a community of Dutchmen of the type of those who defended
themselves for fifty years against all the power of Spain
43. at a time when Spain was the greatest power in the world.
44. Intermix with them a strain of those inflexible French Huguenots
who gave up home and fortune and left their country for ever
at the time of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
45. The product must obviously be one of the most rugged, virile,
unconquerable races ever seen upon earth.
46. Take this formidable
people and train them
for seven generations
in constant warfare
against savage men
and ferocious beasts,
in circumstances
under which no
weakling could
survive,
47. place them so that they acquire exceptional skill with weapons and in
horsemanship, give them a country which is eminently suited to the
tactics of the huntsman, the marksman, and the rider.
48. Then, finally, put a finer temper upon their military qualities
by a dour fatalistic Old Testament religion
and an ardent and consuming patriotism .
49. Combine all these qualities and all these impulses in one individual,
and you have the modern Boer – the most formidable antagonist
who ever crossed the path of Imperial Britain.
50. Our military history has largely consisted in our conflicts with France,
but Napoleon and all his veterans have never treated us so roughly as
these hard-bitten farmers with their Calvinist Theology and their
inconveniently modern rifles.”
51. General Hertzog took a strong stand at the Vereeniging Peace Talks and
firmly maintained, that unless the British conceded the need
Resolute in Negotiations
52. for compensation for the destruction of their farms and accepted that
Dutch be taught in public schools, there would be no peace.
53. After the war, Hertzog played a major role in rebuilding the
ruined country.
54. In 1907, as the Orange River Colony gained self-government, Judge
Hertzog joined the cabinet as Attorney General and Director of
Education.
Rebuilding the Country
55. His insistence that Dutch be taught alongside English in the schools,
met bitter opposition. He was appointed Minister of Justice
in the Union of South Africa, from 1910-1912.
56. In 1913, his opposition to the pro-British Imperialism policies of Prime
Minister Louis Botha, led him to resign from the South African Party and
form the National Party.
From Opposition to Government
57. He led the opposition to the governments of Louis Botha and Jan Smuts.
Hertzog championed the Afrikaner cause. During the First World War
Judge Hertzog advocated neutrality.
58. In the General Election
of 1924,
his National Party
defeated
the South African Party
of Jan Smuts
and led the country
for the next 10 years.
65. He was responsible for
implementing the policy
of bilingualism in South Africa,
where equal recognition
would be given
to both English and Afrikaans.
66.
67. In 1934, the National Party and South African Party merged to form the
United Party with Hertzog as Prime Minister and leader of the new
United Party. This was in response to the economic depression.
68. On principle,
Prime Minister Hertzog
opposed South Africa's
involvement in
the Second World War
and was deposed by the
United Party Caucus in favour
of Jan Smuts, in order to lead
South Africa into war.
70. A statue of
Prime Minister Hertzog
was erected in 1977
on the front lawns
of the Union Buildings.
Memorial
Removed
71. A figure of former Prime Minister James Barry Hertzog
Union Buildings, Pretoria
72. In 2013, this 4m statue was removed to make way
for a 9m high statue of Nelson Mandela.
73.
74.
75. At the funeral of
James Barry Hertzog in 1942,
Justice F.P. Van den Heever
declared:
"The world is poorer
by the passing of a staunch,
indomitable fighter,
but also a fine character
and loving personality and an
unforgettable national hero."
Steadfast Patriot