The document discusses different methods of colonial administration in Africa. It describes how European powers initially ruled through chartered companies but found them incompetent and expensive. Countries then took direct control over colonies. Britain primarily used indirect rule, governing through local chiefs and political systems. This created tensions as chiefs were resented for being oppressive. Indirect rule also intensified ethnic divisions and tensions within colonies. Resistance arose against British-imposed rulers, such as the Nyangire Rebellion against Ganda chiefs in Bunyoro. Overall, the document assess that while aiming to be cost-effective, indirect rule had negative long-term political and social impacts within African colonies.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: BERLIN CONFERENCE. A presentation suitable for Paper 2, Scramble for Africa,. It contains: European competition for Africa, spheres of influence, Otto von Bismarck, Africa as a domain, the Congo free state, the results of colonisation, massacre in Congo, a demographic disaster.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: BERLIN CONFERENCE. A presentation suitable for Paper 2, Scramble for Africa,. It contains: European competition for Africa, spheres of influence, Otto von Bismarck, Africa as a domain, the Congo free state, the results of colonisation, massacre in Congo, a demographic disaster.
Imperialism is very similar to colonialism, with one major difference: colonial powers settle the countries of which they gain control, while imperial powers do not. The term “imperialism” does not seem to exist prior to the 1800s. Nineteenth-century imperialism was spurred in large part by the Industrial Revolution. The development of new industrial economies in the 1700s and 1800s necessitated the acquisition of raw materials and the desire to gain control of marketplaces; thus, by the mid-1800s, imperialistic actions of strong nations (most notably European nations) started to become policy.
1 Definition is from America: Pathways to the Present (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, p. 981).
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA. Paper 2, contains: partition for Africa, colonial imperialism, Berlin conference, the battle for Ethiopia, scramble for economic reasons, Africa the open market for trade, the need for raw materials, capital investment, imperialism vs. corporatism, scramble for geopolitical reasons, the rivalries, the strategic purpose, scramble for nationalistic reasons, scramble for liberal reasons, heart of darkness.
Imperialism is very similar to colonialism, with one major difference: colonial powers settle the countries of which they gain control, while imperial powers do not. The term “imperialism” does not seem to exist prior to the 1800s. Nineteenth-century imperialism was spurred in large part by the Industrial Revolution. The development of new industrial economies in the 1700s and 1800s necessitated the acquisition of raw materials and the desire to gain control of marketplaces; thus, by the mid-1800s, imperialistic actions of strong nations (most notably European nations) started to become policy.
1 Definition is from America: Pathways to the Present (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, p. 981).
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA. Paper 2, contains: partition for Africa, colonial imperialism, Berlin conference, the battle for Ethiopia, scramble for economic reasons, Africa the open market for trade, the need for raw materials, capital investment, imperialism vs. corporatism, scramble for geopolitical reasons, the rivalries, the strategic purpose, scramble for nationalistic reasons, scramble for liberal reasons, heart of darkness.
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Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les FrançaisIpsos France
Ipsos, l’une des principales sociétés mondiales d’études de marché dévoile les résultats de son étude Ipsos Global Advisor “Pride 2024”. De ses débuts aux Etats-Unis et désormais dans de très nombreux pays, le mois de juin est traditionnellement consacré aux « Marches des Fiertés » et à des événements festifs autour du concept de Pride. A cette occasion, Ipsos a réalisé une enquête dans vingt-six pays dressant plusieurs constats. Les clivages des opinions entre générations s’accentuent tandis que le soutien à des mesures sociétales et d’inclusion en faveur des LGBT+ notamment transgenres continue de s’effriter.
Have you ever wondered about the lost city of Atlantis and its profound connection to our modern world? Ruth Elisabeth Hancock’s podcast, “Visions of Atlantis,” delves deep into this intriguing topic in a captivating conversation with Michael Le Flem, author of the enlightening book titled “Visions of Atlantis.” This podcast episode offers a thought-provoking blend of historical inquiry, esoteric wisdom, and contemporary reflections. Let’s embark on a journey of discovery as we unpack the mysteries of ancient civilizations and their relevance to our present existence.
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COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION.ppt
1. COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
Different countries used different methods of
administrations.
Britain used direct and indirect rule.
French used direct rule- Assimilation
Portugal used direct rule-Comprador.
German used direct rule
2. CHARTERED COMPANIES
Initially the European powers started to rule after partition
through the chartered companies e.g. Imperial British
East Africa Company- Kenya and Uganda, under William
Mackinnon.
Royal Niger Company in West Africa under Sir. George
Goldie.
De Beers Company in South Africa under Cecil Rhodes.
German East Africa Company in Tanganyika.
Companies were used to exploit African resources
Company officials were Brutal and corrupt pocketed the
money and made colonies bankrupt
3. Chartered companies
Never consulted the home governments,
Many were incompetent and unskilled.
Many colonial powers had underestimated the
costs of running the colonies. Hence companies
found it expensive .
To cut down on the costs the Countries moved in
to administer the colonies directly.
Early administrators were sons of rich men in their
various countries especially Britain many were
Oxbridge products (Oxford and Cambridge
graduates- full of themselves)
4. BRITISH RULE IN AFRICA
It differed in regions-Egypt & South Africa –direct rule.
Mostly they used indirect rule. Using the existing Political Institutions.
Case studies British used indirect rule in East Africa -Uganda
where the Buganda chiefs were used to rule the
Bunyoro, Acholi, Lango and the Karamoja people
.
British established rule in Acholi later in 1909
and so Acholi lagged behind in development e.g. in education.
and the area is today disturbed -lords resistance army of Alice Lakwena.
5. Structure of British indirect system
Colonial Office
Governor of the colony
Secretary of state
Provincial Commissioner.
District Commissioner.
District Officers.
Traditional /Warrant chiefs
Village headmen.
6. Administration.
British divided the territories into Provinces, Districts and locations.
Reasons for indirect rule.
1. Colonialism on the Cheap
2. Paternalistic nature- Believed Africans were not
capable of ruling themselves e.g. they were “half devils
half child” so had to be placed under tutelage.
3. Believed that the process of civilization had to be given in doses
to avoid African being detribalized and “swollen headed”
Africans not to be cut off from their roots hence created reserves where
ethnic groups were confined so they planted the seeds of tribalism.
7. Administration
British used chiefs to do their dirty work
Collect taxes which they overcharged since before
1914 they were not paid.
They maintained law and order.
Recruited people for communal labor and as
carrier corps during the World Wars.
Chiefs provided livestock and grain for the war
during the war to feed the troops.
Were used to pass unpopular policies e.g.
compulsory labor. So Chiefs were hated.
8. Administration
Type of rule was exploitative-Africa was mined very
quickly.
The rule was abusive. There was no technological transfer
in exchange of solid minerals and raw materials.
Thus Pax Britannica (pacification) was based on
“Westernization without Modernization”
Subsidies were given from London only to pay colonial
administrators.
Thus the Dual Mandate (develop colony and Metropole)
was a failure.
British rule intensified existing tensions and civil wars that
had prevailed in Africa.
9. Reaction to indirect rule.
Nyangire Rebellion
Took place in Bunyoro in Uganda
Nyoro people not happy with Ganda chiefs.
Rebellion broke out, the people refused the chiefs
due to:
Refused to pay taxes to the Ganda who
overcharged them and became rich at their
expense
Ganda took their land.
Hated use of Ganda language Ganda seen as sub-
imperialists.
Ganda chiefs were beaten and houses burnt
10. British rule in West Africa
They used the Sokoto Caliphate that had a centralized political
.system under a caliph and ruled with help of Emirs-governors.
Hence used them to rule the various parts
in Nigeria. Left the Emir use the Kadhi courts
However they started to erode the powers of the Caliph.
The Igbo refused to be ruled and posed a serious challenge it was
much later in 1940s that the Igbo were contained.
Indirect rule created the current problem in Nigeria and Sudan.
Sudan was ruled indirectly by the Egyptians who left rule to the Arabized North.
What is happening in Darfur is a political genocide clothed in ethnicity. While what happened in
Southern Sudan was a political and religious Genocide. Legacy of British Indirect rule