This document provides an overview of literature and various genres of literature such as poetry, drama, and short stories. It defines literature and discusses why it is studied. It describes the key elements and structures of different genres, including characters, plot, conflict, theme, and more. It also discusses analyzing and understanding literature at a deeper level through examining elements like imagery, symbolism, and tone.
This document defines and describes the key elements of drama, including setting, characters, plot, theme, style, and types of drama. Setting identifies the time and place events occur. Characters are described through their physical, social, psychological, and moral aspects. Plot lays out the series of events and can be natural or episodic. Theme is the unifying idea of the play. Style refers to the mode of expression. Types of drama discussed include tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy, farce, and melodrama.
The document provides an overview of drama and its history and elements. It discusses how drama originated in ancient Greece as a way to honor Dionysus and evolved from dithyrambs performed by choruses. It describes the key elements of drama including plot, characters, setting, dialogue, conflict and how plays are typically structured in 3 or 5 acts. The document also provides a brief history of early Philippine drama forms like duplo and karagatan during the Spanish era and some of the popular plays that emerged then like Cenakulo.
A short story is a brief work of fiction that focuses on a single incident or conflict. It emphasizes human nature and values through limited characters and events occurring over a short period of time. Key elements include a plot involving a conflict, characters that may undergo some change, and the use of symbols, themes and point of view to convey emotion and meaning in a concise manner.
The document discusses the key elements of drama, including:
1. Literary elements such as script, plot (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution), characters (flat/round, static/dynamic, protagonist/antagonist/confidante), settings (sociological, physical, psychological), dialogue, monologue, conflict, and theme.
2. Technical elements and performance elements are also elements of drama but not described.
3. The objectives are to identify drama elements, answer activity questions about them, and write a one-act play applying the elements. Learning competencies include exploring different staging modalities.
This document defines and provides examples of different literary genres, including fiction and non-fiction. It discusses sub-genres such as biographies, autobiographies, historical fiction, realistic fiction, science fiction, mystery, fantasy, fairy tales, fables, myths, and modern fantasy. Examples are provided for each genre and sub-genre to illustrate the types of stories that fall into each category. Readers are prompted to consider which genres describe their favorite stories.
I. The document outlines the key elements of fiction including plot, setting, characters, point of view, and theme. It defines each element and provides details on types and techniques used. Plot follows Freytag's pyramid with exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Point of view can be first person or third person.
II. Characterization methods include physical description, names, what others say, and thoughts revealed. Characters can be major/minor, round/flat, dynamic/static, and protagonist/antagonist.
III. Theme conveys insights into human nature. Other techniques like irony, symbolism, and foreshadowing are used to develop the story.
A drama is a story enacted onstage that originated from ancient Greek theater. Tragedies typically deal with serious themes and end unhappily, while comedies focus on romantic conflicts and end happily. The elements of drama that can be analyzed include literary elements like plot, character, and theme as well as technical elements of scenery, costumes, lighting, and sound and performance elements of acting, character analysis, and nonverbal expression.
Creative writing differs from technical writing in several key ways. Creative writing is fictional in nature, such as poetry, novels and short stories, and allows for more personal expression and imagination. It does not need to adhere to strict guidelines. Technical writing conveys factual information to a specific audience for a specific purpose in an objective manner according to guidelines. Creative writing aims to entertain through techniques like character development and vivid descriptions that engage the senses, while technical writing focuses on informing through specialized vocabulary and facts.
This document defines and describes the key elements of drama, including setting, characters, plot, theme, style, and types of drama. Setting identifies the time and place events occur. Characters are described through their physical, social, psychological, and moral aspects. Plot lays out the series of events and can be natural or episodic. Theme is the unifying idea of the play. Style refers to the mode of expression. Types of drama discussed include tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy, farce, and melodrama.
The document provides an overview of drama and its history and elements. It discusses how drama originated in ancient Greece as a way to honor Dionysus and evolved from dithyrambs performed by choruses. It describes the key elements of drama including plot, characters, setting, dialogue, conflict and how plays are typically structured in 3 or 5 acts. The document also provides a brief history of early Philippine drama forms like duplo and karagatan during the Spanish era and some of the popular plays that emerged then like Cenakulo.
A short story is a brief work of fiction that focuses on a single incident or conflict. It emphasizes human nature and values through limited characters and events occurring over a short period of time. Key elements include a plot involving a conflict, characters that may undergo some change, and the use of symbols, themes and point of view to convey emotion and meaning in a concise manner.
The document discusses the key elements of drama, including:
1. Literary elements such as script, plot (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution), characters (flat/round, static/dynamic, protagonist/antagonist/confidante), settings (sociological, physical, psychological), dialogue, monologue, conflict, and theme.
2. Technical elements and performance elements are also elements of drama but not described.
3. The objectives are to identify drama elements, answer activity questions about them, and write a one-act play applying the elements. Learning competencies include exploring different staging modalities.
This document defines and provides examples of different literary genres, including fiction and non-fiction. It discusses sub-genres such as biographies, autobiographies, historical fiction, realistic fiction, science fiction, mystery, fantasy, fairy tales, fables, myths, and modern fantasy. Examples are provided for each genre and sub-genre to illustrate the types of stories that fall into each category. Readers are prompted to consider which genres describe their favorite stories.
I. The document outlines the key elements of fiction including plot, setting, characters, point of view, and theme. It defines each element and provides details on types and techniques used. Plot follows Freytag's pyramid with exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Point of view can be first person or third person.
II. Characterization methods include physical description, names, what others say, and thoughts revealed. Characters can be major/minor, round/flat, dynamic/static, and protagonist/antagonist.
III. Theme conveys insights into human nature. Other techniques like irony, symbolism, and foreshadowing are used to develop the story.
A drama is a story enacted onstage that originated from ancient Greek theater. Tragedies typically deal with serious themes and end unhappily, while comedies focus on romantic conflicts and end happily. The elements of drama that can be analyzed include literary elements like plot, character, and theme as well as technical elements of scenery, costumes, lighting, and sound and performance elements of acting, character analysis, and nonverbal expression.
Creative writing differs from technical writing in several key ways. Creative writing is fictional in nature, such as poetry, novels and short stories, and allows for more personal expression and imagination. It does not need to adhere to strict guidelines. Technical writing conveys factual information to a specific audience for a specific purpose in an objective manner according to guidelines. Creative writing aims to entertain through techniques like character development and vivid descriptions that engage the senses, while technical writing focuses on informing through specialized vocabulary and facts.
Drama is a story enacted on stage for a live audience. The earliest known plays date back to ancient Greece in the 5th century BC and were produced to honor the god Dionysus. A play tells a story through characters who face a central conflict that builds to a climax and is ultimately resolved. Comedies typically have happy endings while tragedies often deal with serious themes and end unhappily. Modern plays focus on ordinary people and personal issues. When performing a play, theater artists bring it to life through acting, directing, sets, costumes, lighting, and other elements to share the experience with an audience.
This document discusses different literary genres used to categorize books. It divides genres into three major categories: fiction, nonfiction, and other. Under fiction genres it lists fantasy, historical fiction, horror, humor, mystery/suspense, realistic fiction, science fiction, short story, and traditional literature. Nonfiction genres include essay, informational, and literary nonfiction. Other genres are drama and poetry. Examples are provided for each genre to help explain the definitions.
This document provides information and guidance about key elements of fiction writing, including characters, setting, plot, narrative structure, and conflict. It defines these elements and provides examples from literature to illustrate different types within each element. For characters, it discusses main characters, anti-heroes, and minor characters. It identifies different types of narrative structures like linear, nonlinear, parallel frames and circular stories. It also categorizes six common types of conflict: character vs. character, character vs. nature, character vs. society, character vs. technology, character vs. supernatural, and character vs. self. Tips are provided for how to effectively incorporate each element and type of conflict into fiction writing.
Drama is a story meant to be performed on stage rather than read. It contains literary elements like plot, theme, characters, and dialogue; technical elements like scenery, costumes, and lighting; and performance elements like acting, vocal delivery, and facial expressions. Aristotle was the first to identify key elements of drama over 2000 years ago, including plot, theme, characters, thought, music/rhythm, and spectacle. While some elements have evolved, like replacing music/rhythm with conventions and adding genre and audience, Aristotle's analysis remains influential in understanding drama.
This document discusses the five key elements of drama: plot, conflict, setting, character, and theme. It provides definitions and examples of each element. For plot, it explains the typical sequence of events in a drama from exposition to climax to resolution. It also discusses internal and external conflict. For setting, it notes that the time and place where the drama occurs can provide insights. Characterization is explored through physical traits, actions, perspectives and opinions. The roles of protagonist and antagonist are also introduced. Finally, theme is defined as the central idea or message of the drama.
The document provides information about creative writing, specifically focusing on intertextuality and drama. It defines intertextuality as the interconnections between related works of literature that influence a reader's interpretation. It also defines drama as a literary form designed to be performed on stage using dialogue and action to portray life or tell a story. The document then discusses elements of a one-act play, including that they are typically 10-40 pages and focus on a single plot, location, and time period with 4 or fewer characters.
The document defines and explains the key elements of drama. It discusses that drama is a story enacted on stage for a live audience. It originated from ancient Greek plays written to honor Dionysus, the god of wine. A drama uses elements like plot, characters, conflict, and resolution to tell a story. It also relies on literary elements like script, dialogue, and setting, technical elements like scenery and costumes, and performance elements like acting and expression. The two basic types of ancient Greek plays were tragedies, which ended unhappily, and comedies, which ended happily.
This document provides an overview of prose as a literary form. It defines prose as ordinary written or spoken language without a metrical structure. The document then discusses the main types of prose, including fiction and non-fiction. It also examines key elements of prose like narrative, plot, character, setting, point of view, and theme. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like characterization, setting, and how point of view is employed in literary works.
This document provides an overview of the key elements and types of poetry. It begins with an example poem titled "Invitation" by Jack Prelusky. It then defines poetry and discusses its uses of imagery, emotion, figurative language, rhyme, and meter. The document outlines common poetic forms like couplets, triplets, and quatrains. It also covers point of view, figures of speech, sound devices including rhythm, meter, rhyme, refrain and alliteration. Finally, it lists and describes different types of poetry such as narrative, lyric, and lullabies.
Literature can be categorized into genres based on certain stylistic criteria. The three main genres of literature are poetry, prose, and drama. Poetry uses aesthetic and rhythmic language and includes lyric, narrative, and descriptive forms. Prose is written without meter and includes fiction like realistic and fantastic stories, as well as non-fiction genres such as biography and essays. Drama is literature intended for performance and includes genres like comedy, tragedy, and musicals.
This document provides guidance on using sensory imagery to improve reading skills. It discusses using the five senses of taste, smell, touch, sight, and hearing to visualize and understand texts. Students are encouraged to role play characters and use descriptive language that appeals to senses. Exercises are provided where students visualize passages and discuss or draw what they envision to strengthen comprehension. Feedback and reinforcement activities ensure students learn to effectively employ sensory imagery.
The poem "Annabel Lee" by Edgar Allan Poe describes the narrator's love for Annabel Lee which began in their childhood in a kingdom by the sea. Their love was so intense that the angels became envious and caused a wind to kill Annabel Lee. Even after her death, the narrator believes their souls remain eternally bound together, as evidenced by his dreams of her and seeing her eyes in the stars each night. He sleeps each night beside her in her tomb by the sea, immortalizing their unearthly love that could not be realized in life.
Definition, elements, genres, and types of fictionRabiatul Hamidah
The document discusses various elements and genres of fiction. It begins by defining fiction as stories created from the imagination rather than presented as facts. It then covers specific elements such as characters, setting, point of view, plot, theme, symbols, and tone. Several genres of fiction are also outlined, including novels, short stories, fables, folk tales, myths, legends, fairy tales, and genres like mystery, science fiction, fantasy, historical fiction, and realistic fiction. Key examples are provided to illustrate different elements and genres.
This document categorizes and defines different genres of literature including fiction, non-fiction, and poetry. Fiction genres include fantasy, historical fiction, mystery, realistic fiction, science fiction, adventure, and folktales. Non-fiction genres include biography, autobiography, essays, encyclopedias, textbooks, how-to guides, magazines, research reports, almanacs, newspapers, atlases, memoirs, brochures, editorials, and advertisements. Poetry genres include free verse, structured poems like couplets, haiku, cinquain, diamante, acrostic, and biopoem.
This document discusses the key elements of drama, including setting, characters, plot, theme, and style. It also covers elements of drama in theatre, such as scenery, costumes, props, lights, and sounds. Additionally, it lists different forms of theatre space like the proscenium stage, thrust stage, booth stage, arena stage, and created stage. The purpose of theatre is to promote social awareness, entertain audiences, and allow for free expression of opinions. Common Philippine play forms include komedya, cenakulo, playlets, sarswela, and drama.
This document provides an introduction to creative nonfiction, including definitions and examples. It explains that creative nonfiction tells true stories using techniques from fiction like character development and narrative structure. It discusses key elements like setting, plot, characters, point of view, and the different forms creative nonfiction can take such as memoirs and personal essays. Common techniques are also outlined, including using narration, observation, braiding multiple narratives, and drawing insights from personal experiences.
This document provides information about different types of imagery and how to identify them. It includes a chart matching four types of imagery (visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory) with the senses they appeal to (sight, touch, hearing, smell). Students are asked to complete this chart by matching the imagery types with their corresponding senses. The document also discusses how authors use imagery and other techniques to create vivid descriptions and set the scene for readers.
The document discusses how writers carefully craft setting to provide background context and affect the story. Setting includes specifics of location, time period, weather, and customs. Details of setting can reveal characteristics of characters and create mood or tone, influencing how readers feel about the story and characters. The passage example creates a mysterious and peaceful tone through descriptions of the setting.
The document discusses elements of plot structure in prose fiction. It defines plot as the arrangement of causally and thematically connected events in a story. Common plot structures include linear, episodic, parallel, and flashback structures. A good plot involves rising action, conflict or crisis points, and resolution. Key phases in conventional plots include equilibrium, inciting events, rising action, climax, falling action, and conclusion/resolution. The ideal short story structure has a beginning that introduces characters and conflict, a middle with rising complications leading to a crisis point, and an end that resolves the complication.
There are several major literary genres: fiction, non-fiction, and poetry. Fiction includes subgenres like realistic fiction, fable, folk tale, tall tale, myth/legend, and fairy tales. Each genre has distinguishing characteristics, such as realistic fiction depicting real-world problems through realistic settings and characters, while fables use simpler characters to teach moral lessons. Poetry uses techniques like rhyme and stanzas to create vivid imagery for readers.
Drama is a story enacted on stage for a live audience. The earliest known plays date back to ancient Greece in the 5th century BC and were produced to honor the god Dionysus. A play tells a story through characters who face a central conflict that builds to a climax and is ultimately resolved. Comedies typically have happy endings while tragedies often deal with serious themes and end unhappily. Modern plays focus on ordinary people and personal issues. When performing a play, theater artists bring it to life through acting, directing, sets, costumes, lighting, and other elements to share the experience with an audience.
This document discusses different literary genres used to categorize books. It divides genres into three major categories: fiction, nonfiction, and other. Under fiction genres it lists fantasy, historical fiction, horror, humor, mystery/suspense, realistic fiction, science fiction, short story, and traditional literature. Nonfiction genres include essay, informational, and literary nonfiction. Other genres are drama and poetry. Examples are provided for each genre to help explain the definitions.
This document provides information and guidance about key elements of fiction writing, including characters, setting, plot, narrative structure, and conflict. It defines these elements and provides examples from literature to illustrate different types within each element. For characters, it discusses main characters, anti-heroes, and minor characters. It identifies different types of narrative structures like linear, nonlinear, parallel frames and circular stories. It also categorizes six common types of conflict: character vs. character, character vs. nature, character vs. society, character vs. technology, character vs. supernatural, and character vs. self. Tips are provided for how to effectively incorporate each element and type of conflict into fiction writing.
Drama is a story meant to be performed on stage rather than read. It contains literary elements like plot, theme, characters, and dialogue; technical elements like scenery, costumes, and lighting; and performance elements like acting, vocal delivery, and facial expressions. Aristotle was the first to identify key elements of drama over 2000 years ago, including plot, theme, characters, thought, music/rhythm, and spectacle. While some elements have evolved, like replacing music/rhythm with conventions and adding genre and audience, Aristotle's analysis remains influential in understanding drama.
This document discusses the five key elements of drama: plot, conflict, setting, character, and theme. It provides definitions and examples of each element. For plot, it explains the typical sequence of events in a drama from exposition to climax to resolution. It also discusses internal and external conflict. For setting, it notes that the time and place where the drama occurs can provide insights. Characterization is explored through physical traits, actions, perspectives and opinions. The roles of protagonist and antagonist are also introduced. Finally, theme is defined as the central idea or message of the drama.
The document provides information about creative writing, specifically focusing on intertextuality and drama. It defines intertextuality as the interconnections between related works of literature that influence a reader's interpretation. It also defines drama as a literary form designed to be performed on stage using dialogue and action to portray life or tell a story. The document then discusses elements of a one-act play, including that they are typically 10-40 pages and focus on a single plot, location, and time period with 4 or fewer characters.
The document defines and explains the key elements of drama. It discusses that drama is a story enacted on stage for a live audience. It originated from ancient Greek plays written to honor Dionysus, the god of wine. A drama uses elements like plot, characters, conflict, and resolution to tell a story. It also relies on literary elements like script, dialogue, and setting, technical elements like scenery and costumes, and performance elements like acting and expression. The two basic types of ancient Greek plays were tragedies, which ended unhappily, and comedies, which ended happily.
This document provides an overview of prose as a literary form. It defines prose as ordinary written or spoken language without a metrical structure. The document then discusses the main types of prose, including fiction and non-fiction. It also examines key elements of prose like narrative, plot, character, setting, point of view, and theme. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like characterization, setting, and how point of view is employed in literary works.
This document provides an overview of the key elements and types of poetry. It begins with an example poem titled "Invitation" by Jack Prelusky. It then defines poetry and discusses its uses of imagery, emotion, figurative language, rhyme, and meter. The document outlines common poetic forms like couplets, triplets, and quatrains. It also covers point of view, figures of speech, sound devices including rhythm, meter, rhyme, refrain and alliteration. Finally, it lists and describes different types of poetry such as narrative, lyric, and lullabies.
Literature can be categorized into genres based on certain stylistic criteria. The three main genres of literature are poetry, prose, and drama. Poetry uses aesthetic and rhythmic language and includes lyric, narrative, and descriptive forms. Prose is written without meter and includes fiction like realistic and fantastic stories, as well as non-fiction genres such as biography and essays. Drama is literature intended for performance and includes genres like comedy, tragedy, and musicals.
This document provides guidance on using sensory imagery to improve reading skills. It discusses using the five senses of taste, smell, touch, sight, and hearing to visualize and understand texts. Students are encouraged to role play characters and use descriptive language that appeals to senses. Exercises are provided where students visualize passages and discuss or draw what they envision to strengthen comprehension. Feedback and reinforcement activities ensure students learn to effectively employ sensory imagery.
The poem "Annabel Lee" by Edgar Allan Poe describes the narrator's love for Annabel Lee which began in their childhood in a kingdom by the sea. Their love was so intense that the angels became envious and caused a wind to kill Annabel Lee. Even after her death, the narrator believes their souls remain eternally bound together, as evidenced by his dreams of her and seeing her eyes in the stars each night. He sleeps each night beside her in her tomb by the sea, immortalizing their unearthly love that could not be realized in life.
Definition, elements, genres, and types of fictionRabiatul Hamidah
The document discusses various elements and genres of fiction. It begins by defining fiction as stories created from the imagination rather than presented as facts. It then covers specific elements such as characters, setting, point of view, plot, theme, symbols, and tone. Several genres of fiction are also outlined, including novels, short stories, fables, folk tales, myths, legends, fairy tales, and genres like mystery, science fiction, fantasy, historical fiction, and realistic fiction. Key examples are provided to illustrate different elements and genres.
This document categorizes and defines different genres of literature including fiction, non-fiction, and poetry. Fiction genres include fantasy, historical fiction, mystery, realistic fiction, science fiction, adventure, and folktales. Non-fiction genres include biography, autobiography, essays, encyclopedias, textbooks, how-to guides, magazines, research reports, almanacs, newspapers, atlases, memoirs, brochures, editorials, and advertisements. Poetry genres include free verse, structured poems like couplets, haiku, cinquain, diamante, acrostic, and biopoem.
This document discusses the key elements of drama, including setting, characters, plot, theme, and style. It also covers elements of drama in theatre, such as scenery, costumes, props, lights, and sounds. Additionally, it lists different forms of theatre space like the proscenium stage, thrust stage, booth stage, arena stage, and created stage. The purpose of theatre is to promote social awareness, entertain audiences, and allow for free expression of opinions. Common Philippine play forms include komedya, cenakulo, playlets, sarswela, and drama.
This document provides an introduction to creative nonfiction, including definitions and examples. It explains that creative nonfiction tells true stories using techniques from fiction like character development and narrative structure. It discusses key elements like setting, plot, characters, point of view, and the different forms creative nonfiction can take such as memoirs and personal essays. Common techniques are also outlined, including using narration, observation, braiding multiple narratives, and drawing insights from personal experiences.
This document provides information about different types of imagery and how to identify them. It includes a chart matching four types of imagery (visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory) with the senses they appeal to (sight, touch, hearing, smell). Students are asked to complete this chart by matching the imagery types with their corresponding senses. The document also discusses how authors use imagery and other techniques to create vivid descriptions and set the scene for readers.
The document discusses how writers carefully craft setting to provide background context and affect the story. Setting includes specifics of location, time period, weather, and customs. Details of setting can reveal characteristics of characters and create mood or tone, influencing how readers feel about the story and characters. The passage example creates a mysterious and peaceful tone through descriptions of the setting.
The document discusses elements of plot structure in prose fiction. It defines plot as the arrangement of causally and thematically connected events in a story. Common plot structures include linear, episodic, parallel, and flashback structures. A good plot involves rising action, conflict or crisis points, and resolution. Key phases in conventional plots include equilibrium, inciting events, rising action, climax, falling action, and conclusion/resolution. The ideal short story structure has a beginning that introduces characters and conflict, a middle with rising complications leading to a crisis point, and an end that resolves the complication.
There are several major literary genres: fiction, non-fiction, and poetry. Fiction includes subgenres like realistic fiction, fable, folk tale, tall tale, myth/legend, and fairy tales. Each genre has distinguishing characteristics, such as realistic fiction depicting real-world problems through realistic settings and characters, while fables use simpler characters to teach moral lessons. Poetry uses techniques like rhyme and stanzas to create vivid imagery for readers.
The document discusses literary journalism, which combines elements of traditional journalism and literature. Literary journalism goes beyond just reporting the facts of what happened by using literary techniques like developing characters, plot, setting, conflict and themes. It takes more time than traditional journalism to conduct interviews, observe, research and write a story. But it provides both factual reporting and revealing deeper truths about human experiences. The example story is about a librarian named Mas Eko whose small community library helped transform people's lives, including helping one woman get pregnant through magazines she borrowed.
This document provides instructions and questions for a literary genre quiz. It tests the user's ability to identify different genres, including fiction genres like fantasy, poetry, and fables, as well as nonfiction. The quiz provides feedback and explanations for each question to help the user learn.
This document discusses different types of religions and belief systems. It defines divine religions as those originating from God, such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which regard their scriptures as divine revelations. Non-divine religions are human-made and not based on revelation, with Buddhism given as an example. The characteristics of divine religions include belief in God as central, concepts of prophecy and miracles, divine scriptures, rituals based on obedience to God, and beliefs in judgment and the afterlife. Non-divine religions lack beliefs in supernatural beings or communications with them, and do not have fixed moral codes or concepts of judgment. Other topics covered include monotheism, polytheism, dualism, naturalism
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the study of religion, including:
1) Belief systems, community, stories, practices, and aesthetics are some of the main characteristics of religions.
2) Religions are concerned with understanding ultimate reality or the sacred. Theism, atheism, and non-theism describe different views on the existence of God or gods.
3) Religious experiences can be social, sensory, or interior experiences that take place in the mind. Rudolf Otto and Sigmund Freud provided influential theories on the nature of religious experience.
This document provides descriptions of different literary genres of fiction including mystery, science fiction, legends and myths, fantasy, folklore, and historical fiction. Each genre is described in one to three sentences. For example, mysteries are described as stories that keep the reader guessing, science fiction often involves space or the future, and folklore includes stories passed down between generations. The document also includes brief examples to illustrate each genre.
This document provides an introduction to world religions, beginning with an overview of major religions to be covered which include Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Shinto, early African religions, Judaism, Confucianism, and Taoism. It then discusses various definitions of religion before providing more details on the origins and beliefs of Hinduism, including its concepts of Brahman, Atman, karma, samsara, and the paths of moksha. The summary concludes with some common questions and answers about Hindu beliefs and practices.
This document provides an introduction to world religions, comparing and contrasting aspects of Shintoism and Buddhism. It begins with objectives and vocabulary for exploring religious beliefs. Early forms of religion included animism and shamanism. Modern religions developed concepts of gods and the first had customs and practices centered around understanding gods. Many early civilizations had religion integrated with government. The document then compares Shintoism, the indigenous religion of Japan, and Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, focusing on their origins and histories, beliefs about gods and the human situation, practices, afterlives, and important texts.
The document defines and describes various elements and concepts in fiction, including setting, characters, plot, point of view, theme, and more. It discusses how setting establishes the time and place of events and how characters are represented. It also outlines different types of plots, points of view, characters, and conflicts that are commonly used in fictional works. The document provides a high-level overview of key literary devices and concepts for analyzing fiction.
This document introduces various literary genres including fiction, non-fiction, drama, folktale, and poetry. It defines each genre and discusses their key elements and conventions. Fiction is defined as an imagined story told through prose or poetry. Elements of fiction include characters, conflict, setting, point of view, and plot. Drama is a story enacted through performance with elements like plot, setting, characters, dialogue, theme, and scenery. Folktale characters are often flat and the plot and setting are simple. Poetry relies on imagery, rhythm, sound, and density of language over traditional rules. Non-fiction deals with real people and facts through narrative. The document also lists various subgenres and provides evaluation questions.
The document summarizes five major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. It provides background on their origins and founding figures such as Abraham, Jesus, Muhammad, and Buddha. It explains key beliefs and practices of each religion such as their views on God, sacred texts, places of worship, and impact on society with billions of global followers. All five religions originated in different parts of Asia and the Middle East over the past few thousand years and have significantly shaped modern culture and civilization.
This document provides an overview of creative nonfiction as a genre of creative writing. It defines creative nonfiction as prose that is factually true, using techniques like imagery, voice, characters and setting to tell true stories in an engaging way. The document discusses different types of creative nonfiction like personal essays and memoirs. It also provides examples of topics and forms that creative nonfiction can take, such as narrative, description, and how-to guides. Finally, it prompts the reader to choose a topic from a brainstorming activity and write a 2-3 page personal essay or how-to guide in the style of creative nonfiction.
The document defines and describes various literary genres including drama, fable, fairy tale, fantasy, fiction, folklore, horror, satire, legend, mystery, mythology, poetry, biography, nonfiction, and speech. It provides characteristics for each genre such as drama involving dialogue and action, fables using animals to teach moral lessons, and fairy tales featuring fantasy elements like magic.
This document summarizes several different literary genres including fiction, non-fiction, poetry, drama, epic poems, fables, folk tales, myths, legends, and fairy tales. It provides examples for each genre, such as novels like From the Earth to the Moon for fiction, biographies for non-fiction, poems like the Epic of Gilgamesh for poetry. Morality plays, realistic stories, and tall tales are also defined and exemplified.
This document defines and provides examples of different literary genres including fiction and non-fiction. Non-fiction contains factual information about topics like sports, history, and science. Biographies are non-fiction accounts of people's lives. Fiction includes realistic stories, science fiction, historical fiction, mysteries, and fantasy. Within fiction there are also subgenres like realistic fiction, which could really happen, and fantasy with magical elements. The document asks readers to name non-fiction books they've read and fictional stories they enjoy.
The document discusses different genres of literature including realistic fiction, historical fiction, folklore, fantasy, mystery, science fiction, poetry, informational writing, and biography. It provides examples of works that fall under each genre. For realistic fiction, examples given are Because of Winn Dixie, Crash, and Owl Moon. Historical fiction examples include A Boy at War and Across Five Aprils. Folklore examples provided are Aesop's Fables, Beauty and the Beast, and The Tortoise and the Hare.
The document provides an overview of the key elements of personal narratives, including character, setting, conflict, plot, theme, point of view, change, and reflection. It discusses how each element should be included in a personal narrative and the goals for writing each element. Character is developed through behaviors and motivations. Setting creates mood and context. Conflict introduces problems for characters to overcome. Plot shows how characters address conflicts. Theme conveys life lessons. Narratives are usually first person and show change and reflection on meaning.
The document discusses different categories of literary genres within fiction and nonfiction. It identifies the main genres of fiction as realistic fiction, mystery, adventure, historical fiction, fantasy, and science fiction. The main genres of nonfiction are traditional literature, informational texts, and biographies/autobiographies. For each genre, it provides a brief description of common elements and themes. The purpose is to help students understand how an author's purpose fits within different genres of fiction and nonfiction.
This document provides an overview of key elements of fiction, including classification of commercial and literary fiction, plot structure, characterization, point of view, theme, and conflict. It discusses commercial fiction as intended for entertainment, while literary fiction aims to broaden awareness of life. Plot is described as the order of events, including components like exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution. Conflict can be between characters, character vs nature/society/self. Protagonists are the main characters, while antagonists oppose them.
This document provides an overview of the different elements of fiction as a literary genre. It defines fiction as an imaginative recreation of life that includes short stories and novels. It then describes 10 key elements of fiction - characters, setting, conflict, plot, point of view, mood, tone, symbolism, images, and theme. For each element, the document provides details on their definition and purpose within a work of fiction. It also includes examples and exercises for students to practice analyzing works of fiction using these elements.
The document discusses the key elements of short stories, including characterization, conflict, setting, point of view, theme, and structure. It notes that short stories are shorter fictional works that typically focus on one important event involving a small number of central characters. The structure usually includes exposition, complication, climax, and resolution, with the climax being the dramatic moment when the main conflict comes to a head. Characterization, conflict, setting, point of view, and theme are some of the most important elements to consider.
What is literature ?
Literature is a term use to describe written or spoken material. The term is most commonly used to refer to words of the creative imagination including works of poetry, drama, fiction and non-fiction. Literature is the art of written works. It is the body of written works of a language period or culture. Literature is published in written works in a particular style or particular subject. Literature is the mirror of life. Our life and all the subject are related to our life is the subject matter or element of literature. So we can get the touch of our life trough literature.Etymologically, literature has to do with letters,the written as opposed to the spoken word, though not everything that is written down is literature.
What is the function of literature ?
As based conception, Aristoteles in “poetic’ that the function of literature is called “catharsis the primary functions of literature are to delight the reader, and heighten his awareness of life. The subsidiary functions are ‘propaganda’, ‘release’ and ‘escape’; but they are subordinated to the primary creative functions of literature.Propaganda literature’ must be distinguished from mere propaganda in which there is nothing creative. The writer of mere propaganda is simply concerned to popularize facts, ideas, and emotions with which he is familiar. But propaganda that is literature is a creative influence irradiating and transforming the writer’s experience.‘Release literature’ is that in which the dominant motive of the writer is simply the assuagement of starved needs, the release of pent-up forces in the personality. Romances, detective stories, thrillers, poems etc.
Literature also provides ‘escape’ from the grim realities of life, and many people read to escape boredom. The higher type of literature helps the reader to escape from trivial reality into significant reality.
Element of Narrative
Conceptual elements ( surface facts )
Actions – events and the sequence ( plot )
Character ‘ agent of motivation
setting – point of reference
Mode of narration ( expressive devices )
Point of view - focus of the narrator knowledge and values
Style - focus of the author’s atittudes and values
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on literature. The objectives include understanding genres of literature like poetry, drama, novels and prose, as well as literary devices. It defines literature and discusses genres and common elements found in literature like setting, characters, plot, point of view, symbolism, style and theme. Genres like short stories, poetry, drama and novels are described. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and topics to be covered in the course.
The document provides an overview of how to analyze different genres of literature including poetry, novels, drama, and prose. It discusses examining various elements such as theme, plot, characters, setting, point of view, conflict, style, and dialogue. For poetry, it notes analyzing rhyme scheme, sound devices, imagery, and theme. For novels and drama, it outlines analyzing theme, plot, characters, and how the theme is handled. It also defines different types of characters, plots, settings, narrators, and conflicts that commonly appear in literature.
I. Introduction to Literary Genres.pdfxxPaulCagadas1
This document provides an introduction to different literary genres including creative nonfiction, fiction, drama, and poetry. It discusses key elements and conventions of each genre, such as the use of plot structure, point of view, narrative devices, imagery, and figurative language. The document aims to help readers identify genres, analyze texts, appreciate creative works, and create their own samples using genre techniques.
PPISMP TSLB1124 Topic 1 Overview of Literature.pptxYee Bee Choo
This document provides an overview of literature topics that will be covered in a course, including literary genres, elements, and devices. It defines and gives examples of various genres like poetry, short stories, novels, graphic novels, and plays. It also defines and illustrates important literary elements such as setting, theme, plot, character, point of view, tone, mood, and moral values. Finally, it defines and provides examples of common literary devices such as simile, metaphor, personification, onomatopoeia, foreshadowing, flashback, symbolism, irony, oxymoron, repetition, alliteration, assonance, allusion, hyperbole, and imagery.
Literature is any form of writing that deals with significant human experiences and is artistically conceived to have an effect. It uses language and imagination to create a fictional world that reflects reality. There are two main types of literature - oral and written. Literature can be classified into genres such as prose, poetry, fiction, and non-fiction. Prose can be further divided into fiction and non-fiction. Fiction uses imagination to describe nonexistent people and situations to produce real emotions. Elements of fiction include plot, setting, theme, characters, point of view, and conflict. Poetry relies more on figures of speech, symbolism, imagery, rhythm, and sound patterns. Major forms of drama include tragedy, comedy, melodrama
This document provides an overview of fiction as a genre of literature. It defines fiction and notes that while fiction uses imagined characters and events, it can illustrate truths about human life. The principal types of fiction are defined as the short story and novel. Various genres of fiction are then outlined such as fables, parables, tales, romantic fiction, realistic fiction, and more. For each genre, an example is typically provided. The document concludes by discussing various elements of fiction including characters, point of view, plot, setting, conflict, irony, and theme.
This document provides an overview of different genres of literature, including poetry, fiction, and drama. It defines genres as recognizable categories of written works that share conventions to distinguish them from each other. Poetry is characterized by patterns of sounds and language that condense meaning. Common poetry genres include epic, dramatic, and lyric forms. Fiction includes novels and short stories, which are distinguished by elements such as plot, characters, narrator, setting, and theme. These elements work together to create the effect of the story.
Fiction is a genre of writing that is imagined or invented rather than based strictly on facts. It includes stories, narratives, and literature created by authors using their creativity. There are two main types of fiction - short stories, which are brief works that focus on a single theme or incident, and novels, which are longer works with more complex plots and character development. Fiction writing aims to entertain readers as well as provoke thought or emotions through imaginative worlds, characters, and stories.
The document defines the novel and discusses its key characteristics and elements. It begins by defining a novel as a lengthy prose narrative driven by character actions and thoughts. It then discusses some key aspects of novels like having a believable plot, well-defined characters, and a sense of realism. The document also outlines different genres of novels like mysteries, science fiction, fantasy, westerns, horror, thrillers, romance, and historical fiction. It concludes by detailing important elements that make up novels, such as plot, characters, setting, point of view, dialogue, conflict, and resolution.
Elements of fiction( what is literature)Vahid Jami
This document provides an overview of elements of fiction, including plot and structure, characterization, theme, setting, point of view, style, symbolism and allegory, humor and irony. It discusses key components of each element and provides examples to illustrate important concepts. The document is intended as a reference for understanding and analyzing works of fiction.
This document defines and describes various elements and genres of fiction. It discusses that fiction is created from the imagination and may be based on lived experience. It then defines several genres of fiction like novels, short stories, myths, fairy tales, and legends. Several elements of fiction are also outlined like characters, plot, point of view, setting, and conflict. Character types include protagonists, antagonists, static/flat versus dynamic characters. The elements of plot and types of conflict internal, interpersonal, and external are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of literature including prose, poetry, essays, and drama. It provides examples and definitions of various literary genres and forms such as short stories, novels, epics, sonnets, ballads, tragedies, comedies, and more. It also outlines common elements of fiction such as characters, plot, theme, and symbolism. For poetry, it discusses aspects of sense, sound, and structure including rhyme, meter, and figures of speech. Finally, it summarizes key components of essays and drama.
This document provides an overview of key elements and literary terms commonly found in short stories, including plot, character, setting, conflict, theme, point of view, irony, symbolism and others. It defines these terms and discusses how authors use them to craft short stories, such as using plot to structure a story with exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution, and using characters that may be static or dynamic.
There are 7 key elements that make up the components of narrative: plot, setting, character, atmosphere, theme, point of view, and literary devices. The plot is the sequence of events in a story and can involve various types of conflicts. The setting establishes when and where the story takes place through descriptions of place, time period, weather, and social conditions. Characters fall into the categories of protagonists, antagonists, dynamic characters that change, and static characters that remain the same. Atmosphere and theme convey the overall mood and central message of the story. Point of view determines the perspective that the story is told from, such as first person, third person omniscient, or third person limited. Literary devices
Lesson 2Glossary of Literary TermsWhen you study literature, l.docxcroysierkathey
Lesson 2
Glossary of Literary Terms
When you study literature, like any other discipline, you should become familiar with the terminology that is used. There are more terms than those listed below, but this list is a good place to start. The terms below are listed in alphabetical order.
Alliteration is a poetic method of repeating the first consonant sounds in a line of poetry.
Assonance is a poetic method that relies on close repetition of vowel sounds to create rhymes. The rhymes may seem to be just a little off, not quite what one might expect. For example, vowels sounds are sometimes close, but not identical, like love and prove.
Audience: This is the reader. Unlike the audience for a TV program, the audience for fiction must be engaged. That means the person reading the story, novel, play or poem, has to work a bit to get everything out of the literature that the creator put into it.
Character: The protagonist is the character at the center of the story, the main character; sometimes called the “hero” or “heroine,” the protagonist does not necessarily act in a “heroic” manner. Sometimes, there is a major character that works against the interests of the protagonist whether he/she realized it or not. This character is called an antagonist. Sometimes, the protagonist meets his or her match in the antagonist.
Major characters are those characters about which the audience learns the most and comes to care about the most while minor characters are less central to the story than major characters.
Round characters are very clearly individuals. They seem like real people. The audience gets to know a lot about them because they express a full range of human emotions and are firmly placed in the community.
On the other hand, flat characters can be somewhat lost in the background, needing to be in the story, but not the main part of it.
A dynamic character is one that changes during the course of the story because of what he or she experiences in it.
A flat character does not change throughout the course of the story. He or she is the same kind of person at the end of the story as he or she is at the beginning.
Dramatic elements are those elements that apply to plays. Reading a play is somewhat artificial because plays are merely scripts of dialogue whose true meaning does not come alive until the play is performed before a life audience.
The dramatis personae is a list of characters in the play. The terms for “character” apply here. There are no narrators in drama, unlike other fictional forms.
An act is a large division in a play made up of “scenes.” They function like chapter breaks in a book. The number of acts and scenes varies from one-act plays to plays with several acts. Usually, the text of the play also applies numbers to the lines of the play (not the sentences or paragraphs).
Dialogue is the term given to the words characters speak to each other. A soliloquy is a speech by one character given alone on the stage that gives the chara ...
reading and writing fiction module 3 [Autosaved] (1) - Copy.pdfJOANESIERAS1
This document defines and describes various types of fiction and their key elements. It discusses short stories, novels, myths, and folktales as principal fiction types. It also outlines different fiction genres like fables, parables, tales, romantic fiction, and their defining characteristics. Additionally, the document covers important fiction elements such as character, point of view, plot, setting, and their various components that authors use to craft fictional works.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. What is Literature ?
Imaginative or creative writing
Distinguished writing, with deep sublime, or
noble feelings. It includes oral tradition passed
on from generation by word of
mouth(proverbs, myths, legends, epic, folk
song, etc.)
3. [Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary]Defined Literature ..
The writing or study of books, etc., valued as
works of art(drama, fiction, essays, poetry,
biography) contrasted with technical books and
journalism.
All the writings of the country (french lit.) or a
period (18th century English lit.)
Printed material describing or advertising
(pamphlets)
Books dealing with special subjects, travel,
poultry farming.
4. For Del Prado literature is..
An art expressing beauty through the medium
of language; a recreation through the
language of human situation and experience
The orchestration of the manifold but
elemental experiences of man blended into
harmonious and desired patterns of
expressions and a faithful reproduction of life
executed in an artistic pattern.
6. The Academic Value of Literature to
Student
In a addition to the personal benefits of
literature for young readers, there are also
several important academic benefits.
Reading. Many teachers and librarians believe
that regular involvement with excellent and
appropriate literature can foster language
development in young people and can help
them to learn to read and to value reading.
7. Writing. Since people tend to assimilate or adopt
what they like of what they read and hear, young
people may, by listening to and reading literature,
begin to develop their own writing “voice”, or
unique, personal writing style. Devices found in
books such as the use of dialects, dialogue, and
precise description are often assimilated into
students’ own writing.
Content Area Subject. In reading about and
discussing the literature, you will often hear the
phrase literature across the curriculum. This
means using works of literature as teaching
materials in the content area of reading.
8. Art Appreciation. Illustration in some literature
books(Children’s Literature) can be appreciated
both for its ability to help tell the story(cognitive
value) and for its value as art (aesthetic value)For
this reason, illustrations in picture books are said
to be integral to the story. Without the
illustrations, therefore these books would
diminished, and in some case the story would
make no sense or would be nonexistent. For
example, novels and anthologies(used by college
students) often have a few scattered illustrations
that depict what has already been described in
the text or that serve to decorate the text. These
illustration are said to be incidental to the story.
9. Generic Classification
Prose. There are two subgenres within this category:
prose fiction and prose non-fiction.
1. Fiction: these include the short stories, novels,
myths, parables, romances, and epics.
2. Nonfiction: Works of facts and theory.
Drama. Plays are written with characters, implied
action, and dialogue, and are usually intended for
actors to perform on stage.
Poetry. Poetry is highly imagistic, and it is written in
condensed language, stylized syntax, and figures of
speech not found in ordinary communication.
10. Understanding the Genre of the
Short story.
Understanding the elements of a short story,
however, will heighten your enjoyment
because it will you to read critically; that is it
will help you to evaluate and compare
different stories so that you will understand
why a story affects you in certain way and why
you like some stories more than others
11. Conflict can be external or internal. Physical or
external conflict is easy to recognize especially in
an adventure story which emphasizes a vivid
physical struggle. Internal Conflict may be
represented by a character's struggle with
conscience, or between what is and what should
be.
The forces opposing each other in a conflict are
labeled the protagonist and the antagonist. The
protagonist is the main character who is faced
with a basic problem or struggle. The antagonist
is the person, place, idea, or physical force
opposing the protagonist. To succeed, the
protagonist must overcome the antagonist.
12. The Elements of Shorts story
Conflict. The reason that the story grows in
tension and suspense as it builds to a climax is
that the pressure of conflict, the struggle
between two opposing forces, is in increased
by each events: Conflict in a story may be
(1)person against person, (2)human against
nature, (3)person against itself, (4)the
individual against society, (5)a combination
of two or more of these types.
13. Plot. This is the plan of the story- the sequence of
actions and events that tells what happened. In
many short stories, the plot has a well-defined
beginning, middle, and end.
As the main characters struggles with those
conflicts, the reader begins to recognize a
growing tension or rising action in the plot
toward a particular high point of interest called
climax.
Following the climax come the denouement,
which is final unraveling or solution of the plot.
Foreshadowing. This means exactly what the
word implies- a hint of thing to come.
14. Characterization. Characters and plots are closely
related. A well convinced plot involves
meaningful human action. A plot is believed only
if the characters in a story act in a consistent and
natural way.
• Point of View- there are basically two points of
view from which a writer can tell a story.
1. First-Person Narrator. Here the writer usually
has a major or minor characters who tells the
story in his or her own words.
2. Third-Person Narrator. If an author feels that
the reader should know more than any person
can tell, the story may be written from an
omniscient or all knowing point of view.
15. • Tone. Tone is a writer’s attitude toward his or
her subject and characters. It may be
sorrowful, sentimental, angry, ironic,
sympathetic or objective, and impersonal.
• Setting the Atmosphere. The time and the
place of a story’s action- is most often
stressed in a story of local color, which
emphasizes the particular characteristics of a
region and its habitants.
As a rule, setting is not a dominant element, but
it does serve to establish or heighten
atmosphere. This is esp. evident in stories
where the author wants to create a special
feeling or mood.
16. • Symbol. A symbol is something that
represents or suggests a relationship or
association. For example, a flag symbolizes
patriotism; lamp represents knowledge; a
cross stands for the Christian Church.
In fiction, symbols are often concrete objects
used to represents abstract ideas.
• Theme. Another important elements is the
theme, the central insight or idea on which
the story is based. A theme is rarely stated;
usually it is implied. Generally, a theme is a
significant insight about human life.
17. The second why will help relate the different
parts or elements of the story. Short stories
are limited. They do not include “extras”. Ask
then, why did the author use this type of
setting, this kind of dialogue, these events,
these characters, this particular point of view?
Asking these questions will help you to
understand how the story’s meaning is
conveyed through the relationship of all the
parts of the story.
18. • Analysis of Short story. In order to discover the
underlying meaning of a story, you need to
learn to read more than just the printed
words. Much of the pleasure of reading comes
from being able to supply what the author
does not say but only suggests.
The key to a story will most often be found by
asking the question “why?” Of each story, asks
two why’s. The first why is directed toward the
character’s motivations. Why do characters
act and speak as they do? What motives do
they have for their choices and decisions?.
19. Drama is the gateway into the wonderland of
“Let’s pretend.” Few people can travel to far-
way lands, but plays enable everyone to go in
imagination almost anywhere and to meet
almost anyone.
A play introduces you to a great variety, of
people, for dramatists have the power of
creating characters who seem as alive as the
people one meets every day.
20. Kinds of Drama
All drama cannot be the same kind because life
itself is varied. Some lives are grave and sad;
some seem only merry and happy; others appear
romantically beautiful. Most lives are all of these
kinds at different times.
Here are some of the different kind of plays.
1. Tragedy. A tragedy is a play in which the leading
character is overcome by trouble of some kind.
2. Comedy. A comedy is a play in which the leading
character overcomes the obstacles placed in his
way and wins in the conflicts; thus the comedy
ends happily.
21. 3. Farce. A farce is comedy in which the
situations are too ridiculous to be true, the
characters are so exaggerated that they seem
to be caricatures, and the motives are absurd
and undignified.
4. Pantomime. A pantomime is a play in which
the story is told entirely by action. It may be
either a comedy or tragedy.
5. Historical play. A historical play is one in
which some events of history is dramatized.
22. Characteristic of a Play
A play is a story told by means of dialogue and
action on a stage.
Just as a story must possess the ff. characteristics
so, too must a play;
1. Characters. The characters are the people who
take part in the action.
2. Settings. The setting tells when and where the
vents happened.
3. Plot. The story of the play is told in a series of
incidents arranged in such a way that there is a
beginning, a middle, and an end.
23. 6. Puppet play. A puppet play is one in which
the parts are acted by puppets or
marionettes. A puppet is a small figure in
human form, constructed with jointed limbs,
which are made to move by means of wires
operated by someone from either above, or
below the stage.
7. Plays or Fantasy. In a play of fantasy , the
action could not take place in real life, but not
in the imagination of the writer
24. 4. Conflict. The plot must give an account of a
struggle, or conflict, it may be struggle
between to persons, or between two group of
peoples, or the struggle maybe a mental one.
5. Suspense. As the story moves toward the
clashing of the two forces, the account of the
incidents must be told, so that each one grows
more and more exciting
6. Climax. With the growth of excitement the
action becomes more and more intense until
the highest point of interest is reached with
clashing of the two forces.
25. 7. Single effects. The story of the play must arouse
some feeling in the reader. the emotion maybe that
of anger, humour, fear, sadness, or pity. One
emotion, or effect, predominates.
8. Theme. the author discovered something about life
that he or she thinks is worth knowing- a general
truth that he wishes to present; or he has made a
general observation that he thinks would be of
interest to others.
9. Style. Style I the manner in which the play is written.
Words frequently used to describe style are; clear
vivid, simple, forceful, humorous, polished,
individual.
Features that belong to play but do not belong to a
story or these.
1. Stage Properties.
2. Stage Directions.
26. STRUCTURE OF THE ONE-ACT
PLAY
It is not a condensed or diminutive full length
play
Has developed a technique of its own, in some
respects more exacting and binding than that
of the full-length play
The heart of the one-act play is concentration,
singles of impression, unity
Dealing with the briefest lapse of time cannot
develop, it can reveal character.
The interest must be continually projected
forward.
27. One-act play must quickly seize the attention
of the audience, clarify the situation, and
carry the interest along a through properly
related sequence of episodes that rise rapidly
to a dramatic climax.
The one-act play is necessarily episodic.
On the contrary, the serious one act play aims
to seize a significant and crucial moment, to
bring to a sharp focus the cumulative force of
character and circumstance, and in a flash as it
were to furnish a revealing glimpse of the
history of life.
28. Exposition and Inciting Moment
Exposition : introduces the characters,
establishes the relation among them, makes
clear the setting, and strikes the key mode of
the dominating mood.
Inciting moment: in one act play the main
characters are likely to be engaged in the
initial dramatic situation(inciting moment).
29. Complication : the reactin of character to
character, and of character to circumstances
will necessarily develop a second dramatic
episode out of the first;and perhaps, a third of
the second.
Crisis and climax: the series of dramatic
episodes must finally bring the action to a
head where the cumulative force of character
and circumstances press for a solution to the
problem.
30. Resolution: it marks the beginning of the
resolution. It also answers the main question
but leaves certain minor ones – bearing
usually on the reaction of the characters.
Surprise ending: the ending of a one act play
may take a turn wholly unexpected in that
nothing in the play has foreshadowed it. This
is usually brought about by what Percival
Wilde calls the “secondary climax”
31. CHARACTER
• Is the stuff out of which drama is made
• “No play can rise above the level of its
characterization”
• Action properly motivated can be understood
freely only in terms of character.
• Usually revealed first by the appearance and
dress of the individual
• Self-characterization through dialogue must,
of course, not always taken at face value
32. PLOT AND THEME
Plot is the design into which the stuff is woven
While Plot is the design of constructed story,
Theme is the central idea which the story
elaborates, or the fundamental truth which it
exemplifies
Plot gives the story form
Theme gives it significance
Theme, however is by no means synonymous
with “moral”
33. ATMOSPHERE
Each scene or locality, by virtue of the nature,
appearance, and arrangement of its components
parts, arouses certain one reaction.This
somewhat intangible reality is known as
atmosphere.
A play may be described as the dominating mood
which the plays generates
In a period play, costumes, stage properties, and
dialogue are the elements most potent in yielding
atmosphere.
34. UNDERSTANDING THE GENRE
OF POETRY
Studying poetry can increase your sensitivity
to sounds and words and to the intricacies of
rhythm, and you may often to be amazed at
how much can be implied with so few words.
NARRATIVE POETRY: the central feature in all
narrative poetry is the story being told.
35. • Three kinds of narrative poetry:
1. Ballad
- is a tightly metered poem which tells a story.
-ballads theme includes disappointment in love,
revenge, super natural beings and events, and
physical strength or agility.
2. Metrical tale
-is a relatively long poem which tells a
completely developed story in verse
3. Epic poem
-is a very long narrative
36. WHAT IS THE SPEAKER
SPEAKING ABOUT?
Speakers can be contemplating, reflecting,
emoting, intellectualizing, describing and so
forth.
They can be involved in a dialogue with other
characters, or can be relating story
37. “WHEN AND WHERE DOES THE
SPEAKER SPEAK?”
• Time and place are important considerations
in the performance of most literary works.
• In general, lyric poems seem to encompass a
short period of time- a flash of illumination.
Dramatic poems take place now-in the
present-and often the time covered in the
poem is the same amount of time it would
take to perform the poem. Narrative poems
are usually the longest and involve a
progression of events in time.
38. HOW DOES THE SPEAKER
SPEAK?”
PROSODY: is the art of patterning poetry..
• These patterns may be on: the repetition of
sensory images, literary images, tone color or
meter.
39. SENSORY iMAGERY
• Are images that appeal to the senses.
There are primarily eight kinds of sensory
images: visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory,
tactile, kinetic, kinesthetic, and thermal.
40. Literary Imagery
Literary Imagery or Figurative Language, helps
to make a poem clearer, fresher, or more vital,
usually through some means of comparisons
or by relating to something outside of the
poem.
41. Major kinds of Literary Images
1. Allusion- is a reference to a person, place, or
thing outside of the confines of the poem.
Poets usually allude to characters or events in
mythology and the Bible, to another literary
work, or to a contemporary or historical
event. Provides valuable Information.
Ex. “The couple went to Adam’s grocery store and stole
an apple”
42. 2. Apostrophe- is an address to an inanimate
object, a muse, God, or an absent or
deceased person. In apostrophe, the speaker
is reaching out, trying to communicate with
someone or something unable to respond.
Ex. Death, be not proud though some called have thee,
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so
3. Hyperbole- is an exaggerated statement
employing inflated language. A speaker who
uses many hyperbolic statements is prone to
overstatements.
Ex. “She was the most talented and beautiful girl in the
world”
43. 4. Litotes- is an understatement in which the
affirmative is implied by denying its opposite.
Litotes are used by characters who are a bit
uncertain or unsure of themselves and who
hesitate to commit themselves too
vehemently.
Ex. “She wasn't that bad looking”
5. Metaphor- is a comparison in which
something is compared to something else. A
speaker might use a metaphor to make an
image clearer , to relate something not seen
or understood and to something concrete.
Ex. “I’d rather be a sparrow than to be a snail”
44. 6. Metonymy- one word or image is used to
represent another with which it is closely
associated.
Ex. “the pen is mightier than the sword”
7. Oxymoron- is a contradiction that seemingly
cannot be resolved.
Ex. “Parting is such a sweet sorrow”.
8. Paradox- is a seemingly contradictory
statement that turns out to be partly true.
Ex. “You can check out anytime you like,
But you can never leave.”
45. 9. Personification- occurs when the poet
bestows human characteristics on inanimate
object, abstract qualities, and animals.
Ex. The moon doth with delight
Look round her when the heavens are bare
10. Simile- is a comparison using like, as or if.
Ex. My love is like a red rose.
11. Synecdoche-is closely related to metonymy.
In synecdoche, a part is used to suggest the
whole, or that of the whole for a parts, as:
46. • Specie for genus- She has been sixteen summers.
• Individual for specie- He is Croesus.
• Whole for part- The arrow struck me.
• Genus for specie- He is a wretched creature.
12. Irony- is the use of language which when
taken literally express contrary of what is
meant.
Ex. Elijah said to prophet of Baal,
“Cry aloud, for he is god”.
47. 4. Antonomasia- is the use of proper name, or
the name of an office, rank, profession, etc.,
instead of a common name, as in:
Ex. Some village Hampden that with dauntless breast
The little tyrant of the fields withstood;
Some mute, inglorious Milton here may rest,
Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country’s blood
-Gray
5. Apostrophe- is a figure of speech in w/c
speaker turns away from his subject to
address some object or she imagines to be
present.
Ex. O thou bright moon! Thou object of my fist love!
48. 6. Asyndeton- is the ellipsis of connectives, as
in:
Ex. I came, (and) I saw, (and) I conquered.
-Shelley
7. Catachresis- is the use of the word to express
something at variants with its tru meaning, as
in:
Brass coppers; or
Taste the smell of dairy
-Thompson
49. 8. Enallage- is the use of one part of speech or
one modification for another, as in :
They fall successive and successive rise poor me!
Solomon, than whom they’re never was a wiser;
Me thinks; me seems; there is no danger that is falling.
It is me.
9. Epigram- is a figure of a speech in which
there is a contradiction between the literal
meaning of the word and the meaning really
intended, as in ;
The child is the father of the man.
50. 10. Epizeuxis- is the emphatic repitition of a
word, as in;
Ex. Break, break, break
On thy gray stone, O sea. --Tennyson
11. Euphemism- is a softened way of saying what
is disagreeable or offensive.
Ex. He fell asleep (He died)
12. Hyperbaton- is an inversion of the natural
order of the natural order of the words or
phrases in a sentence, as in:
Ex. Deep on his front engraven,
Deliberation sat, and public care. -Milton
51. 13. Interrogation- puts in form of a question
what is meant to be a strong affirmation, as
in:
Ex. Hath Lord said it? And shall He do it?
Hath He spoken it? And shall He not make it good?
14. Mimesis- is a ludicrous imitation of
mispronunciation of a word, as in:
Ex. And he said that he had heard
That Hamericans spoke Hinglish;
Yet he felt the deepest hinterest
In the missionary work
-Saxe
52. 15. Paralepsis- is a figure of speech by which the
speaker’ pretends to pass by something which
really mention, as in:
Ex. I make no mention of the enemy's bad faith and treachery,
Now will I notice his unscrupulous attempts to array
The friendly powers against us
16. Paronomasia or punning- is a play on words,
in which the same word is uses in different
senses, or words of familiar sound are placed
in the antithetical relations to each other, as
in:
Ex. The case ism I’ve no case at all,
And in brief, I’ve never had a brief.
-Saxe
53. 17. Pleonasm – is the use of more words than
are necessary to the full construction of a
sentence, as in:
Ex. The villain, is he yet alive?
The gold you set, it was squandered.
18.Prosthesis – is the intentional prefixing of a
syllable to a word, as in:
Ex. adown; agoing; arunning
19. Syllepsis – is the agreement of one word with
another used in a figurative sense, as in:
Ex. The word was made flesh and dwelt among
us,
54. Component Elements of Poetry
• Tone Color- is the repetition of like sounds
throughout a poem. These sounds become
significant if they are repeated often enough
to show a pattern.
There are five primary kinds of tone color
which a poet may employ: alliteration,
assonance, consonance, rhyme, and
onomatopoeia.
55. 1.) Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of identical
consonant sounds, usually at the beginning
of the words in close proximity, throughout a
poem.
Ex. I wake and feel the fell of dark, not day.
2.) Assonance
Assonance is the repetition of identical vowel
sounds in words in close proximity
throughout a poem.
Ex. And all is seared with trade; bleared, smeared with
toil.
56. 3.) Consonance
Consonance is the repetition of identical
consonant sounds that are preceded by
different vowel sounds, for example, struts,
frets.
Ex. The cold, hard diamond was held in her hand.
4.) Rhyme
Rhyme is an element of poetry which helps us
unify a poem by keeping thought groups
together. Rhyme exist when the word have
the same vowel succeeding sounds with
different preceding sound.
Ex. sang-rang, high-dry, sailing-failing
57. 5.) Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia, the last aspect of tone color,
involves words that sound like their meanings
that imitate actual sounds.
Ex.
In Emily Dickson’s poem, “I Heard a Fly buzz
When I Died”
58. • Meter- Poetry is a crystallized experience, and
because it is so condensed, it rhythm is more
pronounced than the rhythm in prose and
drama.
Conventional poetry poems which have a
regular rhythmic base.
There are eight common types of metrical
feet; iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl, spondee,
pyrric, amphibrach and amphimacer (also
called cretic)
59. The following terms are used to represent the
number of feet in a line of poetry :
One foot : Monometer
Two feet : Dimeter
Three Feet: trimester
Four Feet: Tetrameter
Five Feet: Pentameter
Six Feet; Hexameter
Seventh Feet: Septameter
Eight Feet: Octameter
60. Guidelines in Scanning a Poem
1. Read the whole poem aloud first.
2. Scan for sense. Stress those words or syllables
which seems to carry the meaning.
3. Begin your scansion by marking the wrods of
more than one syllable first.
4. Do not force your lines to conform to one
metrical type.
5. When putting in the bar lines, place them where
the word naturally breaks into syllables.
6. If a poem is in free verse, placement of bar lines
can be difficult because an overall metrical
pattern may not be apparent.
61. Understanding the Genre of Essay
Essay is a relatively short literary composition
of a personal nature that deals with a single,
often with clearly organized beginning, middle
and end.
There are many different kind of essays, and
each kind suggests an appropriate
performance style.
62. Humorous Essay- make point through wit,
satire and comicality.
Expository Essay- sets out to develop an idea
in order to instruct or inform.
Personal or Familiar Essay- is highly lyrical
and relates firsthand experience, and relating
them to appropriate external objects.
Formal Essays- is pre-occupied with ideas, its
treatment is generally serious, the writer
having a healthy respect for his own ideas
and expecting his readers to share them.
63. Evaluation and Selection of Traditional
Literature
A traditional tale, even though written down,
should preserve the narrative, or storytelling
style and should be sound as though it is
being told.
Retold Versions must preserve the essential
content .
In illustrated versions, text and illustration
must be of high quality.
64. Editorial Essay- in general is a part of a
newspaper page.
There are various types of Editorial Essays.
1. Editorial of Interpretation
2. Editorial of Criticism
3. Editorial of Entertainment
4. Editorial of Commendation, Appreciation, or
Tribute
5. Editorial of Argument
65. TYPES OF TRADITIONAL
LITERATURE
The term traditional literature to refer to the
entire body of stories passed down from ancient
times by the oral tradition.
The term folktale is sometimes used in the same
way.
The term retold tale refers to a version of a tale
that is obviously based upon earlier.
Variant, a term often used in reference to
folktales, refers to a story that shares
fundamental elements of plot or character with
other stories, and therefore is said to be in the
same story family.
66. 5. Fable- is a simple story that incorporates
characters-typically animals, whose action
teach a moral lesson or universal truth.
6. Religious Stories- Stories based on religious
writings from religious manuscripts are
considered to be religious stories.