Introduction to Literature

3. • Literature came the word “litera”
which means “letters”.
• Literature is language in use.
• Literature is a product of a particular
culture.
• Literature presents life.

4. • PROSE
• POETRY
GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE

5. It is from the Latin word prosa
oratio which means “direct or
straightforward speech”. It is a
discourse which uses sentences
and paragraphs to express ideas,
feelings and actions.
PROSE

6. Types of Prose
Short Story.
This is a brief artistic form of prose
fiction which focuses on a main
single incident, involving one or
more characters and is intended to
produce a single dominant
impression. This is usually read in
one sitting.

7. Novel.
This is a long narrative prose
divided into chapters.
Legend.
This deals with fictitious narratives
usually about origins based on
historical people or events handed
down from the past.

8. Myth.
This deals with stories about gods and
goddesses.
Fable.
It is a fictitious story the characters of
which are animals with human
attributes and is intended for children to
entertain them and to teach them some
useful truth or moral.

9. Parable.
It refers to stories usually biblical in
nature and gives spiritual and moral
values.
Folktale.
It refers to a prose narrative told for
amusement and instructional value,
dealing with events set in an indefinite
time and place.

10. Anecdote.
A brief narrative of an interesting,
amusing incident generally
characterized by human interest
intended to give a moral.
Chronicle.
A historical account of facts or
events in their chronological order.

11. Biography.
It records the facts and events of a
person’s life and recreates his
personality. It is written by another
person.
Autobiography.
It deals with facts and events of a
person’s life written by the person
himself.

12. Essay.
It is an analytical, interpretative,
critical literary composition about a
topic or subject, from a limited often
personal point of view.
News.
It is an account of everyday events
in the society, government, science
and industry.

13. Oration.
This is a formal treatment of a subject and
is intended for delivery in public.
Play.
It is written to be performed on stage.
Diary.
It is the daily record of events and
experiences in the author’s life and tends
to reveal and reflect the private
personality of the writer.

14. Parody.
An imitation of another’s work,
where ridicule is the main objective.
Eulogy.
Writing in praise of a dead person,
event or thing.

15. Sermon.
A speech by a clergy man intended to
give religious or moral instruction and
usually based on Scriptural text.
Speech.
The general word for a discourse
delivered to an audience whether
prepared or impromptu.

16. It refers to those expressions in
verse, with measures, rhymes,
lines, stanzas and melodious tone.
*Persona. The implied speaker.
*Addressee. The implied or direct
listener.
POETRY

17. 1.Narrative
2.Lyric
3.Dramatic
Types of Poetry.

18. Epic.
This is an extended narrative of a
heroic adventure and exploits
usually under supernatural control.
1. Narrative

19. Darangen in Maranaw
Alim and Hudhud in Ifugao
Hinilawod in Sulod
Ibalon in Bicol
Ulalim in Kalinga
Indarapatra and Sulayman of Maguindanao
Tuwaang of the Manobo
Parang Sabil of the Tausug
Biag ni Lam-Ang of the Ilocos
Baybayan of Bukidnon.

20. Ballad.
This is the shortest and simplest
narrative poem mostly about
love.

21. Folk songs.
These are short poems intended to
be sung.
Sonnet.
It is a poem of 14 iambic
pentameter lines with a formal
rhyme scheme or pattern.
2. Lyric

22. Song. These have 12 syllables and
slowly sung with the
accompaniment of a guitar or
banduria.
Ode. It is the most majestic type of
lyric poetry, exalted in tone and
expresses lofty praise for some
person, place object or event.

23. Psalm.
This is a song praising God or the Virgin
Mary and contains a Philosophy of life.
Elegy.
This is a poem expressing lamentation or
mourning for the dead or loss of a loved one.
Corrido.
It has a measure of 8 syllables and recited to
a beat.

24. Comedy.
This type is usually light and written
to amuse or entertain which
involves a human conflict that ends
happily.
3. Dramatic

25. Tragedy.
It involves the main character
suffering disaster after a serious
and significant struggle. It has a sad
ending with the protagonist meeting
death or ruin.
Farce.
This is an exaggerated comedy.

26. *Other than Prose and
Poetry, literature may
also be divided into
Fiction and Non-Fiction.

27. FICTION-
It is a collective term for literary narratives
that portray imaginary people caught in
imaginary situations usually read for
pleasure.
NON-FICTION-
It gives actual facts and information
(Fiction came from the Latin word fictio
which means “ to invent or make up”)

28. GENRES OF LITERATURE
• Fiction
• Poetry
• Essay
• Drama

30. Categories of Fiction
Realistic. It uses elements that
are related to life-like situations.
Biographical. It tells a story a
person who actually lived but the
experiences told may not be
factual.

31. Historical. Uses a real setting
usually in the past but the
characters is imaginary.
Fanciful. It is a combination of
real and imaginary events.

32. Elements of Fiction
1. Setting. The locale or period in
which the action of a short
story, play, novel or motion
pictures takes place.
2. Characters. They are the
representations of human
being.

33. Classification of characters.
• According to their relationship
to the conflict
• According to their development

34. • According to their relationship
to the conflict
Protagonist.
The central character in a conflict.
Antagonist.
He is the adversary who opposes
the protagonist

35. • According to their development
Round.
A dynamic, fully-developed character
that recognizes changes with or
adjusts to the circumstances.
Flat.
A character that does not grow and
remains the same.

36. 3. Plot. The way actions are arranged in
the story.
Linear or Chronological. Actions or
events are arranged chronologically.
Flashback. Occurs when the author
narrates an event that took place
before the current time of the story.

37. Circular. This type of
development combines with
linear flashback.
En Medias res.
The story begins in the middle
of the story.

38. Techniques in Plot Development.
Telescoping. The author narrates an
event and fast forwards it to the next.
Foreshadowing. Giving clues about
what is going to happen at the end of
the story.
Stream of Consciousness. A
technique that has no specific order

39. Structure of a Plot
Exposition lays out the main
characters, their backgrounds,
characteristics, interests and basic
assumptions.
The complication is the onset of the
major conflict in the plot.

40. The crisis is the point in which
curiosity, uncertainty, and tension
are greatest.
The climax is the turning point of
the story.
Denouement is the ending.

41. 4. Point of View. It determines who
tells the story.
Classification
First Person. Uses the pronoun “I”.
Third Person. He or she narrates the
story based on what he observed/ his
opinions.
Omniscient. The writer-narrator see
all.

42. 5. Conflict. The struggle or
complication involving the
characters.
Types of Conflict
Internal
Interpersonal
External

43. 6. Theme. The central or the
dominating idea in a literary work.
7. Mood. The atmosphere or
emotional effect generated by the
words, images and situations in a
literary work.
8. Tone. A term used to denote an
attitude of feeling of the speaker or
author as conveyed by the language
used.

44. 9. Symbolisms. Stand for something
other than them.
10. Images. Usually characterized by
concrete qualities rather than
abstract meaning.

46. Elements of Poetry
1. Sense
2. Sound
3. Structure

47. 1. Sense. It is revealed
through the words,
images and symbols.
Diction. Denotative and
Connotative meaning.

48. Denotation-
LITERAL
Connotation-
IMPLIED or DEEPER
meaning

50. Indirect comparison between
two fundamentally dissimilar things
that have certain qualities in
common. It uses the words “like” or
“as”.
Ex. Her heart is as soft as a feather
pillow.

51. This shows a direct
comparison between unlike
things that is not stated, but is
implied.
Ex. Her heart is a feather pillow.

52. This assigns actions done by
humans to something non-human or
abstract.
Ex. The howled furiously last night.
The wind stood up and gave a
shout.

53. An exaggerated statement or claim.
Ex. I think of you every minute of
every day.
Ex. Thanks a million.

54. This states a part to represent
the whole.
Ex. I am feeding three mouths.
Ex. “ten brilliant minds”- ten brilliant
people.

55. This expression uses
substitution or representation of
something that is associated with.
Ex. “light of the house” – mother

56. This expression normally
signifies the opposite, typically for
humorous or sarcastic effect.
Ex. Exclaiming “oh great” after
failing the exam.
Ex. A marriage counselor who
separated and remarried many times.

57. This expression uses
contradictory terms in the same
phrase.
Ex. The right mistake.
Ex. She is an honest liar.

58. This is seemingly contradictory or
absurd statement in which when
investigated may prove to be true or
well founded.
Ex. The screaming sound of silence
bothers me.
Ex. You have to die to live

59. This is an indirect or a mild word
or expression substituted for one
that is considered to be too blunt or
harsh.
Ex. “he lost the game” would rather
be stated “He didn’t make it”.
Ex. Fat-horizontally challenged.

60. Direct address to something
inanimate or dead.
Ex. Love, Please come and take
me.
Ex. Break, break, break
On thy cold grey stones, O Sea!

61. This is an understatement in
which an affirmative is expressed by
the negative of its contrary.
Ex. I am not unhappy.

62. This refers to any scientific,
historical, mythological, literary or
biblical event or figure.
Ex. This place resembles the garden
of Eden.

63. This is the omission of
unnecessary word or words in the
middle of the sentence to produce a
dramatic effect. This is usually
followed by three periods. (…)
Ex. I did not mind it until…

64. The formation or use of words
that imitate the sounds associated
with the objects or actions they refer
to.
Ex. Buzz and Hiss.
Ex. The forest is filled with the
chirping of the birds.

65. Omission of conjunctions that
ordinarily join coordinate words or
clauses.
Ex. I came, I saw, I conquered.

66. 2. Sound. It is the result of
the creative combination of
words.
a. Tone color
b. Rhythm
c. Meter
d. Rhyme Scheme

67. A. Tone Color
Alliteration. The repetition of
accented sound that begin words.
Ex. … while I pondered weak and
weary.
Assonance. Repetition of
accented vowel sounds as in
foolish and crooning.

68. Consonance. “Slant rhyme”. It
is the repetition of accented
consonant sound often at the
end of words as in odds and
ends, struts and frets.

69. Rhyme. Words with identified similar
end sounds. Ex. Cry and buy
*Free Verse. It does not rhyme and
has no regular rhythm.
*Blank Verse. Poetry that does not
rhyme but has regular rhythm.
*Rhyme Verse. A poem with regular
rhymes.

70. Repetition. The word “rapping”
repeated several times in
E.A.Poe’s “The Raven”

71. Anaphora. Repetition of group of
words for a particular effect.
Ex. “we cannot dedicate, we
cannot consecrate, we cannot
hallow”- Abraham Lincoln.

72. B. Rhythm. It is the ordered alteration
of strong and weak elements in the
flow of sound and silence.
Duple. Irish/ poet/ learn your/
trademark.
Triple. For the strength /of the
pack/ is the wolf/ and the strength/
of the pack/ is the wolf.

73. C. Meter. This refers to the
duration, stress or number of
syllables per line.

74. Metrical feet
Iambic- unaccented-accented
Trochaic-accented-unaccented
Anapestic-unaccented-unaccented-
accented
Dactylic-accented-unaccented-
unaccented
Spondaic-accented-accented

75. Line Lengths
1 foot- monometer
2 feet-diameter
3 feet-trimeter
4 feet-tetrameter
5 feet-pentameter
6 feet-hexameter
7 feet- heptameter
8 feet- octameter
9 feet-nonameter

76. D. Rhyme Scheme. Formal
arrangement of rhymes in stanzas or
the whole poem.

77. “My heart leaps up when I behold a
A rainbow in the sky b
So was it when my life begun c
So it is now I am a man c
So be it when I shall grow old a
Or let me die b
The child is father of the man c
And I could wish mu days would be. d
Bound each to each by natural piety” d

78. 3. Structure. Refers to the
arrangement of words and lines to fit
together and the organization of parts
to form a whole.
Word order- natural and unnatural
order of words
Ellipsis- omission of words

79. Punctuation- abundance or lack of
punctuation marks.
Shape-contextual or visual design,
omission of spaces, capitalization
or lower case.

81. From French word essai which
means to test.
Francis Bacon- Father of English
Essay

82. *.Imagism. A 20th century movement
in poetry advocating free verse and
the expression of ideas and
emoTions through clear, precise
images.
*Haiku- A poem with lines up to 17
syllables which are commonly
allusions to nature.

83. General types of Essay
Formal or impersonal Essay.
It deals with serious and important topics. Its
main purpose is to instruct. It appeals to the
intellect.
Informal or familiar Essay.
It deals with light, ordinary, even commonplace
often humorous but equally insightful as the
formal essay. Its main purpose is to entertain. It
appeals more to the emotion.

84. Specific types of Essay.
Reflective. The subject matter stimulates
thinking and is based upon observations.
Narrative. It makes use of event or incident.
Descriptive. It adds vividness and
animation to the narrative essay.
Speculative. Theorize or poses questions
on a wide variety of subjects.

85. Biographical. An informal essay which may
portray character or sketch a life instead of
merely narrating it.
Critical. It includes book reviews and literary
criticisms.
Didactic. It enforces a lesson/moral.
Periodical or Journalistic. Generally
published in periodicals and is interesting only
to issues current at the time it was published.

86. Basic Parts of the Essay
Introduction. It hints to the main
thesis.
Body. Presents the illustration and
discussion of the ideas raised.
Conclusion. Presents the
generalization or insight.

87. Patterns of Development
Inductive.
Specific to General.
Deductive.
General to Specific.

88. Eight (8) C’s to a Good Essay
Conscientious Reading.
Critical Thinking.
Creativity.
Cogency.
Coherence
Conciseness
Clarity
Correctness

90. 1. Setting. This is the world of the play.
2. Characters.
Aspects.
Physical. This concerned with basic facts
such as gender, age, size, color,.
Social. This concerned with economic
status.
Psychological. It reveals the characters
habitual responses, attitudes, desires or
inner thinking which precedes action.
Moral. Characters especially in tragedies
makes moral decisions.

91. 3. Plot.
Organic. It consists of scenes that
are arranged chronologically.
Episodic. It consists of series of
episodes where the theme develops
and characters interact unitedly as
the theme progresses.

92. 4. Theme. The dramatized thought of the play.
5. Dialogue. The speeches the actors use to
advance the action.
*Soliloquy. A speech in which an actor, usually
alone on the stage , utters his thoughts aloud.
*Aside. A short speech made by a character to
the audience which, by convention, the other
characters on stage cannot hear.

93. 6. Music. Some dramas incorporate
music for dramatic effect.
7. Style. Refers to the quality which
results from a characteristic mode of
expression or presentation.

94. Two Major Dramatic Attitudes.
Realism is life-like. Things are
presented as real as can be set in real-life
places, with dialogue sounding like
everyday conversation.
Non-realism. A stylized method of
presentation whereby an artist can make
use of his or her wildest imagination in
projecting ideas.

95. Theatrical Style.
Arena. The actors are in the middle of the
audience who are generally raised up to look
down on the acting area whose shape is
usually circular or square.
Open. The audiences are on the three sides of
the acting area.
End. Audience facing one way looking at the
acting area.

96. Some Filipino Writers
Jose Garcia Villa. Doveglion. He is
known for his extensive use of
punctuation marks in his poetry. He is
known to be the rival of Salvador Lopez
on the issues concerning the purpose of
art. (Salvador Lopez for proletariat
literature and Villa for Art for art’s sake)

97. Kerima Polotan Tuvera’s Short
Story “The Virgin”. The main
character Miss Mijares fail to find a
person to marry because she took
care of her sick mother.

98. Paz Latorena’s short story “The
Small Key”. A story about a lady
named Soledad who was very
curious about a longtime-locked
chest. When her husband was out,
she took the small key and opened
the chest where she found out Old
clothes and other things owned by
her husband’s first wife.

99. Loreto Paras Sulit’s Short Story
“The Bolo”. It was a story of a
character who treasured a bolo very
much which was given by her
husband because it is a symbol of the
husband’s true love towards the main
character. The story tells us that
heritage is something we must
preserve as realized by the younger
sister.

100. Loreto Paras Sulit’s Short Story
“The Bolo”. It was a story of a
character who treasured a bolo very
much which was given by her
husband because it is a symbol of the
husband’s true love towards the main
character. The story tells us that
heritage is something we must
preserve as realized by the younger
sister.

101. • The Wedding Dance by Amador
Daguio
• How my Brother Leon brought
home a wife by Manuel Argilla.