Coal
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The document discusses the formation and types of coal. It begins by explaining how coal forms from plant debris that accumulates in swamps and bogs. Over millions of years of burial and heating, the plant material transforms into peat and then into lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, and finally anthracite coal. It then describes the different ranks of coal from lignite to anthracite based on their carbon content and heating value. The document concludes by covering coal production and use in the United States, with a focus on coal mining and its environmental impacts in Illinois.
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Coal & Its Types
Coal is a non-renewable resource formed from decaying matter under heat and pressure that is primarily used to generate electricity. There are six main types of coal classified by carbon content and other properties: peat, lignite, bituminous, steam coal, anthracite, and graphite. Peat has the lowest carbon content while anthracite has the highest, and the types progress from lower to higher quality as carbon content increases. Each coal type has distinct characteristics that determine their uses, mainly for power generation, heating, or industrial processes like steel production.
Coal
All of us want an affordable and reliable energy source which we can only get by using coal energy. Although using coal energy is very significant for us and living without it would become impossible, we should always open our minds to the damage the continuous use of coal energy will eventually bring to us and to our environment.
Types of coal, ranking of coal and their properties.pptx
Coal forms over millions of years from the remains of ancient plants buried under sediment. It progresses from peat to lignite to sub-bituminous coal to bituminous coal and finally to anthracite as it is subjected to more heat and pressure over time. Coal is classified and ranked based on its carbon content and other properties, from lowest rank lignite to highest rank anthracite. The ideal conditions in Carboniferous period swamps led to formation of most of the world's coal deposits, which are now a critical source of energy.
Coal classification
Coal can be classified in several ways based on different parameters. Some common classification systems include:
1. Visual classification based on color, structure into categories like lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite.
2. Proximate analysis classification using parameters like fixed carbon, volatile matter, and fuel ratio to categorize into types.
3. Ultimate analysis classification systems like Regnault-Grüner-Brosquet and Seyler's that classify based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen content.
4. National and international standards that use parameters like volatile matter, ash content, calorific value to systematically grade and code different coal types.
properties of coal
This document discusses the properties and classification of coal. It describes the three main types of coal - anthracite, bituminous, and lignite - based on their composition and properties like carbon content and volatility. It also discusses the physical and chemical properties of coal that are important for combustion, including heating value, proximate analysis (fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, ash), and ultimate analysis (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur content). The proper sizing of coal for different firing systems is also covered.
Origin of coal b.sc.sem. v paper i final
Coal forms from the accumulation and compression of plant materials over millions of years. It ranges in composition from 60-90% carbon. There are four main types - peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite - representing increasing stages of coalification. Peat forms from partial decomposition of plant matter in swamps. Lignite and bituminous coal contain more compressed plant tissue with higher carbon content. Anthracite is almost pure carbon. Coal is an important fuel used worldwide to generate electricity and power industry through combustion and coking.
Coal Liquefaction
Coal liquefaction is a process that converts coal into liquid fuels like diesel or gasoline. There are two main types of coal liquefaction: direct and indirect. Direct liquefaction involves partially refining coal directly into synthetic crude oil, while indirect liquefaction first gasifies coal into syngas and then converts the syngas into liquid fuels using processes like Fischer-Tropsch or the Bergius process. Major countries investing in coal liquefaction include China, South Africa, and Australia. It offers benefits like energy security but also faces challenges of high costs and potential environmental impacts.
Coal
There are four main types or ranks of coal: lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite. They differ based on their carbon content, heat value, and other properties. Lignite is the lowest rank with high moisture and low heat value. Anthracite is the highest rank with very high carbon and low volatile matter. Coal forms over millions of years from the compression and lithification of peat and plant debris.
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Coal & Its Types
Coal is a non-renewable resource formed from decaying matter under heat and pressure that is primarily used to generate electricity. There are six main types of coal classified by carbon content and other properties: peat, lignite, bituminous, steam coal, anthracite, and graphite. Peat has the lowest carbon content while anthracite has the highest, and the types progress from lower to higher quality as carbon content increases. Each coal type has distinct characteristics that determine their uses, mainly for power generation, heating, or industrial processes like steel production.
Coal
All of us want an affordable and reliable energy source which we can only get by using coal energy. Although using coal energy is very significant for us and living without it would become impossible, we should always open our minds to the damage the continuous use of coal energy will eventually bring to us and to our environment.
Types of coal, ranking of coal and their properties.pptx
Coal forms over millions of years from the remains of ancient plants buried under sediment. It progresses from peat to lignite to sub-bituminous coal to bituminous coal and finally to anthracite as it is subjected to more heat and pressure over time. Coal is classified and ranked based on its carbon content and other properties, from lowest rank lignite to highest rank anthracite. The ideal conditions in Carboniferous period swamps led to formation of most of the world's coal deposits, which are now a critical source of energy.
Coal classification
Coal can be classified in several ways based on different parameters. Some common classification systems include:
1. Visual classification based on color, structure into categories like lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite.
2. Proximate analysis classification using parameters like fixed carbon, volatile matter, and fuel ratio to categorize into types.
3. Ultimate analysis classification systems like Regnault-Grüner-Brosquet and Seyler's that classify based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen content.
4. National and international standards that use parameters like volatile matter, ash content, calorific value to systematically grade and code different coal types.
properties of coal
This document discusses the properties and classification of coal. It describes the three main types of coal - anthracite, bituminous, and lignite - based on their composition and properties like carbon content and volatility. It also discusses the physical and chemical properties of coal that are important for combustion, including heating value, proximate analysis (fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, ash), and ultimate analysis (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur content). The proper sizing of coal for different firing systems is also covered.
Origin of coal b.sc.sem. v paper i final
Coal forms from the accumulation and compression of plant materials over millions of years. It ranges in composition from 60-90% carbon. There are four main types - peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite - representing increasing stages of coalification. Peat forms from partial decomposition of plant matter in swamps. Lignite and bituminous coal contain more compressed plant tissue with higher carbon content. Anthracite is almost pure carbon. Coal is an important fuel used worldwide to generate electricity and power industry through combustion and coking.
Coal Liquefaction
Coal liquefaction is a process that converts coal into liquid fuels like diesel or gasoline. There are two main types of coal liquefaction: direct and indirect. Direct liquefaction involves partially refining coal directly into synthetic crude oil, while indirect liquefaction first gasifies coal into syngas and then converts the syngas into liquid fuels using processes like Fischer-Tropsch or the Bergius process. Major countries investing in coal liquefaction include China, South Africa, and Australia. It offers benefits like energy security but also faces challenges of high costs and potential environmental impacts.
Coal
There are four main types or ranks of coal: lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite. They differ based on their carbon content, heat value, and other properties. Lignite is the lowest rank with high moisture and low heat value. Anthracite is the highest rank with very high carbon and low volatile matter. Coal forms over millions of years from the compression and lithification of peat and plant debris.
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Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient vegetation. Pakistan has large coal reserves, especially in the Thar Desert which contains over 175 billion tonnes. Coal is classified based on its composition and burning characteristics, ranging from peat to anthracite based on carbon and moisture content. Classification systems also consider proximate analysis of fixed carbon, volatile matter, and calorific value. Coal analysis data can be reported on different bases depending on whether the moisture, ash, or mineral matter contents are excluded.
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Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient vegetation. Pakistan has large coal reserves, especially in the Thar Desert which contains over 175 billion tonnes. Coal is classified based on its composition and burning characteristics, ranging from peat to anthracite based on carbon and moisture content. Classification systems also consider proximate analysis of fixed carbon, volatile matter, and calorific value. Coal analysis data can be reported on different bases depending on whether the moisture, ash, or mineral matter contents are excluded.
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Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and Sulphur.
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The document discusses coal bed methane (CBM), which is a gas that occurs in association with coal. CBM is stored in the micropores and fractures of coal. When the water pressure surrounding coal beds is reduced, the methane is able to desorb from the coal and flow to the wells. CBM production involves drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to lower pressure and release the trapped methane gas. While CBM is a potential energy source, its extraction can impact local water resources and ecosystems through water withdrawal and produced water management.
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This document discusses coal mining methods. It begins with an introduction and overview of the history of coal mining. It then describes and compares various surface mining techniques like strip mining and horizon mining as well as underground mining methods like bord and pillar, longwall and shortwall. Factors that influence the selection of mining methods and latest developments in coal mining techniques are also summarized. The conclusion restates that coal is an important energy source and mining methods continue to evolve and improve.
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The document discusses various topics related to coal formation including the stages and periods of coal formation, theories of coal seam origin, rank and grading of coal, minerals found in coal, and microscopic constituents of coal. It provides information on the fuel ratio classification systems of Frazer and Campbell and defines the four main types of kerogen - Type I, II, III, and IV - which are distinguished by their composition, origin, hydrogen content, and main products expelled during peak maturity.
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Currently, gas demand exceeds supply by 30 per cent. While the demand for natural gas in India is 118 million metric standard cubic meter per day (MMSCMD), the current supply from various sources is 80 MMSCMD, leaving a shortfall of 28 MMSCMD. That deficiency can be covered by CBM production.
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Coal ,its formation ,types and Distribution in pakistan
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COAL: Union of Concerned Scientists
Contents
· How Coal Was Formed
· How Coal is Mined
· Where Our Coal Comes From
· How Coal is Transported and Processed
· How Coal is Burned
· Environmental and Public Health Impacts of Coal
· The Future of Coal
Many people think coal represents a bygone way of life and that America has moved on to safer and cleaner energy sources. On the contrary, coal provides roughly half the nation’s electricity—far more than any other source of power—and our coal use has nearly tripled since 1960. Our coal use will continue to expand if the power industry succeeds in building the many power plants it has proposed for construction.
Coal’s proponents claim coal power is cheap. While the direct price of electricity from the nation’s aging fleet of coal plants may be low, it doesn’t reflect the staggering and lasting costs of coal-related air and water pollution, mining accidents, permanently altered landscapes, and, most importantly, climate change. Even the newest proposed plants – which would cost far more than existing plants—would have major impacts on air and water quality, and almost the same mining and climate impacts as existing plants.
Technology is evolving that has the potential to substantially reduce coal’s contribution to global warming by capturing carbon emissions before they are emitted. This technology could become an important part of the battle against global warming, but it remains to be seen whether it will work at a commercial scale and at what cost.
Meanwhile, a 2009 UCS study found that we can dramatically reduce our coal use—and all the environmental and social costs associated with it—while saving energy consumers money with policies that aggressively promote energy efficiency and renewable power.
How Coal Was Formed
Coal was formed when dead plant matter submerged in swamp environments was subjected to geological forces of heat and pressure over hundreds of millions of years. As time went by, the plant matter evolved from moist and low-carbon peat, to coal, which is much higher in energy and carbon content. Coal itself has a wide variation in properties, so it is categorized into 4 ranks—lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite—in order of increasing carbon and energy content. Most of the coal burned in U.S. power plants is of the bituminous or subbituminous variety.
Figure 1: The Process of Coal Formation (Source: KGS)
Coal of all types can vary widely in the amount of sulfur contained. These differences are determined by the conditions under which the coal formed. Low-sulfur coal deposits formed in a freshwater environment, while those containing higher proportions of sulfur developed in brackish swamps or marine-influenced environments.[1] In the United States, the sulfur content of coal resources varies along geographic lines, with most of the eastern coal containing high levels of sulfur, and the younger western coal containing much less.
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In 2 ...
Fossil fuels ppw
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. Coal forms as plant material is compressed over time, progressing from peat to lignite to bituminous coal and finally anthracite. Oil and natural gas form similarly from the remains of sea creatures compressed underground. These fossil fuels are refined and used worldwide to generate electricity, fuel vehicles and machinery, heat homes, and produce many other useful products. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon disasters demonstrate the environmental risks of drilling and transporting fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels ppw
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. Coal forms as plant material is compressed over time, progressing from peat to lignite to bituminous coal and finally anthracite. Oil and natural gas form similarly from the remains of sea creatures compressed underground. These fossil fuels are refined and used worldwide to generate electricity, fuel vehicles and machinery, heat homes, and produce many other useful products. Major oil spills like the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon disasters demonstrate the environmental risks of drilling and transporting fossil fuels.
ORIGIN AND Nature OF COAL Coal is a fossil fuel composed essentially o.pdf
ORIGIN AND Nature OF COAL Coal is a fossil fuel composed essentially of compressed
altered plant remains. Under circumstances which have been replicated in many places on the
planet over the past 350 to 400 million years, plant tissue has been buried under anoxic (oxygen-
free) conditions, allowing plant tissue to be incompletely decomposed by anaerobic bacteria.
Economically viable coal deposits form when remains of entire forests are buried and preserved
by later sediments. Over millennia,such buried plant tissue may be converted through a series of
stages involving microbial activity, pressure,and heat into peat, lignite, sub-bituminous, and
bituminous coal,or the rarest coal, anthracite, the form of coal with the highest amount of energy
per kilogram. Coal is composed predominantly of the element carbon ( C ) along with hydrogen (
H ) and nitrogen ( N ) . Carbon content of coal ranges from 45 percent up to as much as 98
percent in rare anthracite. Most coal used to produce electricity contains between 50 and 70
percent carbon. Buming coal,therefore, produces large amounts of , themain agent of global
climate change. Question 4: Burning 1 kilogram of C produces about 3.7 kilograms of CO 2 .
Assume typical coal contains 60 percent C . How much CO 2 is released per tonne of coal
burned? Question 5: Recall that the United States produces about 1,100 million tons of coal each
year-equal to 1,000 million tonnes. How much CO 2 would be released each year? Question 6:
Slightly more than 4,000 million tonnes of coal were burned globally in 2003. How much CO 2
was produced, assuming 60 percent C content? Question 7: According to the World Coal
Institute, the world is expected to consume 7,000 million tonnes of coal each year by 2030, with
China accounting for half the projected increase. How much CO 2 would be produced by coal
burning in 2030 ? Question 8: How can global CO 2 emissions be controlled, in your view, if
these forecasts prove accurate? Discuss the implications if they are not controlled. DAL BED
METHANE When plant matter is converted into coal,methane is also formed,the main ingredient
in natural gas. The methane may be trapped in the sedimentary rock containing the coal. Some of
this trapped gas is released when coal is mined, which can lead to dangerous explosions. These
explosions are the reason for most miners' deaths in underground mines. Large mines may
release up to 1 million cubic feet per day of methane. This can be a significant souree of
atmospheric methanc, a powerful greenhouse gas. It is also a potentially valuable energy
resource. OXIDAtion of Pyrite and Water PolLUTION One of the most widespread and
polluting reactions is that of the oxidation of the minetn): pyrite, illes galled "fool's gold." Pyrite
is found in virtually all coals as well as in the When the coal is stripped away,the pyrite-bearing
sediment is exposed to oxidation fossil soils immediately below the coal seams: and
hydration,producing sulfaric acid. The.
Chapter 5- earths resources
This document provides information about various energy and mineral resources on Earth. It discusses how fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years and are being used faster than they can be replenished. Renewable resources like solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy are also introduced. The document outlines different processes used to extract and utilize these various resources.
CHE 102 LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELSAn oil refinery or petrole.docx
CHE 102: LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELS
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, naptha, asphalt, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and fuel oils.
Oil, coal, natural gas and other fossil fuels are called "fossil" because these fuels are the preserved carbon-hydrogen remnants of ancient life. Coal is formed from plants that decomposed and accumulated in ancient swamps.
EXAMPLES: Fossil Fuels:
Coal: Coal is the primary fuel for the production of electricity and is responsible for about 40% of the electric power supply in the United States.
Oil: Oil is the primary source for the world's transportation.
Natural Gas: About 27% of U.S. energy is fueled by natural gas. Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel.
CHEMISTRY: fossil fuel combustion.
One molecule of methane, combined with two oxygen molecules, react to form a carbon dioxide molecule, and two water molecules (usually given off as steam or water vapor) releasing energy. See Lecture 3 and figure below.
COAL
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure.
NOTE: Geologists classify rocks into three main rock types. Rocks are either a single mineral or a combinations of minerals.
Sedimentary rocks are a type of rock that formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles (minerals or organic matter) at the Earth’s surface, subsequently followed by their cementation on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water. Examples: sandstone, limestone (see below).
Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera, and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite (CaCO3).
and aragonite,
which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical or chemical changes. The precursor may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. Examples: slate, marble.
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite (see above) or dolomite. In Geology, the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone. The Taj Mahal in the Indian city of Agra is entirely clad in marble.I was amazed to find that the limestone in the Taj Mahal structure is so transparent, the interior of this architectural masterpiece is “illuminated.”
Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of lava (or magma) from vo ...
CHE 102 LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELSAn oil refinery or petrole.docx
CHE 102: LECTURE 7 FOSSIL FUELS
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, naptha, asphalt, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, and fuel oils.
Oil, coal, natural gas and other fossil fuels are called "fossil" because these fuels are the preserved carbon-hydrogen remnants of ancient life. Coal is formed from plants that decomposed and accumulated in ancient swamps.
EXAMPLES: Fossil Fuels:
Coal: Coal is the primary fuel for the production of electricity and is responsible for about 40% of the electric power supply in the United States.
Oil: Oil is the primary source for the world's transportation.
Natural Gas: About 27% of U.S. energy is fueled by natural gas. Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel.
CHEMISTRY: fossil fuel combustion.
One molecule of methane, combined with two oxygen molecules, react to form a carbon dioxide molecule, and two water molecules (usually given off as steam or water vapor) releasing energy. See Lecture 3 and figure below.
COAL
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure.
NOTE: Geologists classify rocks into three main rock types. Rocks are either a single mineral or a combinations of minerals.
Sedimentary rocks are a type of rock that formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles (minerals or organic matter) at the Earth’s surface, subsequently followed by their cementation on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water. Examples: sandstone, limestone (see below).
Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera, and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite (CaCO3).
and aragonite,
which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical or chemical changes. The precursor may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. Examples: slate, marble.
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite (see above) or dolomite. In Geology, the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone. The Taj Mahal in the Indian city of Agra is entirely clad in marble.I was amazed to find that the limestone in the Taj Mahal structure is so transparent, the interior of this architectural masterpiece is “illuminated.”
Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of lava (or magma) from vo.
fossilfuelspowerpoint-100520022014-phpapp01.pptx
Fossil fuels are fuels formed from decayed organisms over millions of years that produce carbon dioxide when burned. There are three main types: coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal forms from decaying land vegetation and is compressed over time into deposits. Oil forms from marine microorganisms on the sea floor that become trapped in rock. Natural gas also originates from marine microorganisms. Fossil fuels are important sources of energy but also contribute to global warming.
Fossil fuels power point
The document provides information about different fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas. It discusses how each fossil fuel is formed over millions of years from decayed organisms, and how each is commonly used. Coal is formed from decayed land vegetation and is widely used for energy production. Oil forms from marine microorganisms and is refined for use in transportation and other applications. Natural gas also originates from marine microorganisms and is often used for electricity generation and heating homes.
Fossil fuels power point
The document provides information about different fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas. It discusses how each fossil fuel is formed over millions of years from decayed organisms, and how each is commonly used. Coal is formed from decayed land vegetation and is widely used for energy production. Oil forms from marine microorganisms and is refined for use in transportation and other applications. Natural gas also originates from marine microorganisms and is often used for electricity generation and heating homes.
Ch 2,3 & 4 soild fuels
Energy Efficiency in Thermal Utilities
Fuels and Combustion: Introduction to fuels, properties of fuel oil, coal
and gas, storage, handling and preparation of fuels, principles of
combustion, proximate and ultimate analysis, calorific values,
gasification, composition of coal.
Steam System: Properties of steam, assessment of steam distribution
losses, steam leakages, steam trapping, condensate and flash steam
recovery system, identifying opportunities for energy savings.
Insulation and Refractories: Insulation-types and application, economic
thickness of insulation, heat savings and application criteria, Refractory types, selection and application of refractories, heat loss.
Waste Heat Recovery: Classification, advantages and applications,
commercially viable waste heat recovery devices, saving potential.
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of dead plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Coal is a hard, black rock formed from vegetation that grew in swampy areas 400 million years ago. Oil is formed from the remains of marine organisms and is used as fuel for transportation and manufacturing. Natural gas is composed mainly of methane and is used for heating, cooking, and electricity generation. Fossil fuels are extracted and refined for energy use but their extraction and use also carries environmental risks such as oil spills.
Non renewable sources of energy
Different types of non renewable enegry resources and their advantages & disadvatages:
1. Coal
2. Natural Gas
3. Oil
4. Nuclear Energy
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More from Ed Stermer
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Climate change part 2
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Alternative fuels
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Gasoline
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Coal
- 1. Fossil Fuels Coal Coal Seam in Independence Park in Marquette Heights, IL . Power Lines from Coal Burning Power Plant in Pekin, IL
- 2. Coal is cheap, plentiful and dirty -- as cheap as dirt, as plentiful as dirt, and as dirty as dirt -- since after all, coal is little more than dirt that burns.
- 11. Ranks of Coal Lignite Subbituminous Bituminous Anthracite Time of Formation 7000 BTU/lb 9,000 BTU/lb 12,000 BTU/lb 15,000 BTU/lb Low T, P High T, P Formation Conditions Lowest Grade U.S. Coal Highest Grade U.S. Coal % C
- 22. Coal Grade
- 24. U.S. Coal Production by Rank
- 25. Major Coal Deposits in the United States Eastern Region Western Region
- 28. U.S. Coal Production by Location
- 32. U.S. Coal Production by Mining Method Surface mines more common because Western region Coals are in demand since the CAA.
- 35. U.S. Coal Consumption by Sector
- 40. Coal in Illinois
- 44. Examples of Abandoned Mine Shafts in Central Illinois
- 46. Sinkhole from Pit Subsidence
- 47. Cracks from Sag Subsidence
- 50. Water stained from sulfur and iron compounds