Given by Heng Sokbil The second in our series of workshops designed to gather input from stakeholders involved in existing off-grid projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This event is workshop scheduled to be held in Malaysia for the ASEAN countries will be organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).

1. WORKSHOP ON ENERGY FOR OFF-
GRID VILLAGES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
Cambodia Millennium Village
- by Heng Sokbil -

2. About Myself
Assoc. Fellow of AAET

3. Key Energy Uses in Millennium Village
• Growth of economic and industry demand a huge
amount of energy consumption when Cambodia’s
energy is still relying on fuel to generate the
electricity and operate the whole industrial
processes and daily living life.
• In rural area, more than 90 percent of total
household energy used comes from wood and
charcoal, which will remain the primary energy
source for many years to come.
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4. Key Energy Uses in Millennium Village
• Rural families consume approximately 5 kilograms of
firewood per day for cooking—in total about 5
million tons per year—contributing to deforestation,
black carbon and other emissions from incomplete
combustion of biomass, and their attendant health
problems
• Application of Green Technology by improving the
efficiency of the rural cookstoves and household
biodigesters at the rural area
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5. Content
CAMBODIA Millennium Village
• History and Development
• Current National Policy of environment
Applied STI in Green Energy Policy
• Rural Cookstoves
• Design of Neang Kongrey Stove (NKS)
• National Biodigester Program
• Design of Biodigester
Challenges and Opportunities for Investment
Conclusion
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6. CAMBODIA Millennium Village
• History and development
– Small population but rich of natural resources and
green
– Developed in agriculture though industry was limited
– More tradition and classic but rich of tourist spots and
archeological sites
– Limitation of technology with the rapid growth of
economic and population demand a very high
efficiency technology to reduce any harm to the green
asset
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7. CAMBODIA Millennium Village
• Current national policy
– Encourage the no-smoke industry (eco-tourism)
– Put into conservation some green land of forest
coverage, fish, and animal.
– Reduce the emission of CO2 by supporting the
clean/renewable energy program
– Apply the science, technology and innovation to
improve the quality of living for all Cambodians
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8. Improvement of energy efficient
• Rural cookstoves
Late 1990s – GERES introduced to Cambodia, an
efficient New Lao Stove (NLS) used 22% charcoal less
than traditional models. However, its relatively high
price
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Produce and use of rural cookstove

9. Improvement of energy efficient
• Rural cookstoves
In 2001 – GERES developed the Neang Kongrey Stove (NKS)
that,
– can use either charcoal or firewood,
– can be made using (mainly) fine and coarse clay, the same
raw materials as for traditional stoves in rural areas,
– requires the same skills traditional stove producers already
use, and
– is transportable in the stove carriers used by traditional
stove distributors.
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10. Applied STI in green energy policy
• Rural cookstoves
NKS is an example of innovation and applying
technology for the efficiency use of energy, local
materials and manpower, starting from:
– Shaping plastic clay as a form with a pottery wheel
– Drying the stove bodies on shelve under the
shade, exposed to direct sunlight (2hours), then
bonfire or fired in the kiln the stove and its firing
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11. Applied STI in green energy policy
• Rural cookstoves
The Neang Kongrey Stove (NKS) is a simple ceramic cookstove
that sells for about US$1.25 and lasts for 1–2 years.
The NKS is more efficient than the widely used Traditional Lao
Stove because of three main design improvements:
1. The space between the pot and the pot-rest is reduced.
2. The grate has smaller holes.
3. The combustion chamber is smaller.
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12. Applied STI in green energy policy
• Rural cookstoves
Because of the significant savings on charcoal and
wood, payback time for the NKS is around 1 month.
Significant further benefits of the NKS are that it
reduces emissions by approximately 0.3 to 0.5 tons
of carbon dioxide per stove per year and reduces
deforestation—both important contributions to the
fight against climate change.
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13. Design of Neang Kongrey Stove(NKS)
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14. Firing the NKS
• Firing in a bonfire • Position of the Probes in the Bonfire
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15. Firing the NKS
• Temperature in a Bonfire
Probe A0 is exactly in the center of
the pile.
Probes B0, C0, and D0 were
installed 15 cm from the side of the
bonfire.
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16. Firing the NKS
• Position of the Probes in the Kiln
All probes are positioned
at half of kiln height, 65
cm from the kiln floor.
Probe A1 is exactly in the
kiln center. Probes B1, C1,
and D1 are installed 10
cm from the wall.
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17. Firing the NKS
• Temperature in a Kiln
Temperature is recorded every 30 minutes. Different firing
temperatures and temperature increments in the bonfire
and the kiln affect the strength of the stove body to resist
pressure.
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18. Firing the NKS
• Comparison of Pressure Strength
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19. Improvement of energy efficient…
National Biodigester
Program(NBP)
In 2009, ASTAE support to
develop a service model
included training.
The same year, 21
biodigester construction
companies has been
created to install 5600 units
of biodigester in 4
provinces.
Construction of biodigester
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20. Improvement of energy efficient
• National Biodigester Program…
Each biodigester avoids burning about two tons of
wood and kerosene annually and is estimated to
reduce CO2 emissions by 4–6 tons—about the
equivalent of eliminating a U.S. car’s typical annual
emissions (5.5 tons per year, according to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency).
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21. Applied STI in green energy policy
• Biodigester program
Key innovations included
– a marked increase in support for rural private
enterprise among provincial government leaders,
particularly among NBP leadership,
– development of a replicable model for
microfranchising decentralized biodigester
construction services that compensates for gaps in
skills and resources among rural entrepreneurs,
and
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22. Design of biodigester unit in dry land
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23. • Floating biodigester for family
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• Floating biodigester for group families

24. Applied STI in green energy policy
• Construction of Biodigester unit
National biodigester unite is an example of
innovation and applying technology for the
efficiency use of energy, local materials and
manpower with some instructions:
– Brick must be saturated by wetting 15minutes
before use
– Wet mortar must be used and finished not longer
than 1hour
– Sand must be clean in water
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25. Applied STI in green energy policy
• Construction of Biodigester
unit
– Technician must place
reinforcement into the
brick wall when incline
angle reach to
45degrees
– Smoothening the surface
must done within 4 days
in accordance with the
design.
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26. Estimated Costs for 4m3 Biodigester and Overhead Analysis
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27. Applied STI in green energy policy
• Management and Use of biodigester
– during construction, a temporary cistern must be
prepared to store liquid from spoiling waste
– dig to the ground a storage pond near the cistern
for storing rotten vegetation or spoiling waste
– after construction that storing biomass, a roof is
needed to protect the biomass from sunlight and
rainwater.
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28. Applied STI in green energy policy
Biodigester Consumption by volume
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Rule of thumb, most farmers can collect
about 8.5 kilograms of manure per cow
per day, when cows are roaming during
half of the day.

29. Challenges and opportunities for investments
• Both programs, rural cookstove producing and
biodigester unit constructing benefited mainly to the
daily living of farmer and rural habitation.
• The program involved all stakeholders to work
together in-situ and sharing experiences, feedback,
disadvantage and advantage, demand and supplies,
including the technology transfer.
• World bank, ITC, and some other organizations have
already involved in that pilot project.
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30. Challenges and opportunities for investments
• That will be a luck for the local rural people to have
tried such technology
• And that will be a chance for the engineering
researchers to apply their model.
• Also an opportunity for investors to do the trade or
extend their business with Cambodian by importing
technology with training program and the accessary
product that serve for the project.
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31. Conclusion
• AAET- Cambodia committed to serve the community
by bringing sophisticate technology and innovation
to the remote countryside of Cambodia.
• As seeing, foreign direct investment can go through
diversify area of expertise and we encourage your
investment on the research in STI.
• We call for the technical support and participation to
any project that benefit to rural poor and remote
countryside.
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32. Thank you for your kind attention
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