Presentation by Henry Neufeldt at Our Common Future Under Climate Change session on Land-­based Mitigation: Agriculture, Forests and Bio-energy. Paris, France, 8 July 2015

1. DEVELOPING
A
SUSTAINABLE
CHARCOAL
SECTOR
IN
SUB-­‐SAHARAN
AFRICA
Our
Common
Future
Under
Climate
Change
7-­‐10
July
–
Paris
2218
–
Land-­‐based
MiMgaMon:
Agriculture,
Forests,
Bioenergy
UNESCO
Fontenoy
–
Room
IX
–
8
July
2015
–
16.30-­‐18.00
Henry
Neufeldt1,
Phil
Dobie1,
Miyuki
Iiyama1,
Klas
Sander2
1
World
Agroforestry
Centre
(ICRAF)
2
World
Bank

4. Percent
of
populaIon
dependent
on
solid
biofuels
in
Africa
and
Asia

5. Francis
Hannaway
WWF
In
Africa
80%
of
energy
is
derived
from
firewood
and
charcoal
Wood
fuels
Charcoal
Hofstad
et
al
2009
Hofstad
et
al
2009
Million
tons
Million
m3

8. Sustainable
charcoal

9. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
forestareasrequiredtomeet
charcoaldemand(000ha/year)
kiln @10%
kiln @10% + improved stove
kiln @10% + improved stove + AF
kiln @10→@30%
kiln @10→@30% + improved stove
kiln @10→@30% + improved stove + AF

10. ¢ US$8b
revenue
+7m
employment
in
2007;
esImated
US$12b+12m
by
2030
¢ complex
and
mulI-­‐layered
“command
and
control”-­‐type
regulatory
contexts,
which
result
in
an
unclear
framework
for
stakeholders
operaIng
in
the
sector
Figure 17: Marketing channels for charcoal in Kenya
Production Site (wood and Charcoal)
Middlemen
Households
Road Side
Wholesalers
Retailers
KFS
Police
Local Authorities
www.businessdailyafrica.com
erinmurraytravels.blogspot.com
KFS
(2013)
www.businessdailyafrica.com
0-­‐3%
~16%
20~22%
~3%
~20%
~2%
20-­‐30%
Nairobi,
Kenya
Ya]a,
Kenya
Mutomo,
Kenya
Kerio,
Kenya
G
Ndegwa
Somalia
Export
to
Gulf
www.trust.org
Charcoal
is
among
the
most
commercialized
resources
in
SSA;
many
stakeholders
are
compeMng
for
profit
margins
at
different
stages
of
the
value
chain
from
rural
supply
centres
to
urban
demand
centres

11. Workshop
recommendaIons
for
Cooking
Systems
A
major
recommendaIon
of
the
workshop
is
to
recognize
that
improving
the
cooking
of
food
using
wood-­‐based
fuels
in
Africa
requires
an
in-­‐depth
understanding
of
the
full
produc;on-­‐to-­‐use
system,
and
investments
in
improvement
should
be
based
on
this
principle.

12. Workshop
recommendaIons
for
Cooking
Systems
• Developing
advocacy
tools
and
publicity
materials
that
accurately
portray
the
role
of
firewood
and
charcoal
in
Africa
today
• PresenIng
available
knowledge
evidence
to
show
that
poor
people
should
not
be
blamed
for
deforestaMon
when
they
collect
firewood,
• and
that
charcoal
can
be
produced,
sold
and
used
sustainably
• Providing
objecMve
comparisons
of
advantages
and
disadvantages
of
different
energy
systems
in
naIonal
and
regional
contexts
A
fundamental
challenge
for
biomass
cooking
systems
is
to
rehabilitate
the
reputaMon
of
firewood
and
charcoal
as
appropriate
fuels
for
Africa
at
this
Ime.
This
should
be
done
by:

13. Workshop
recommendaIons
for
Cooking
Systems
• Reviewing
the
knowledge
of
fuel
wood
producMon
chains
• Assessing
the
current
status
of
availability
of
firewood
from
different
sources
within
reasonable
reach
of
households
and
developing
plans
to
increase
supply
where
it
is
lacking
• Reviewing
the
knowledge
of
charcoal
value
chains
and
developing
proposals
to
introduce
improvements
• Carrying
out
sustainability
research
to
becer
model
and
understand
the
dynamics
of
wood
extracMon,
processing,
trade
and
use
in
order
to
provide
data
to
advise
policy
decisions
While
elements
of
the
cooking
system
have
been
extensively
studied,
and
very
good
informaIon
is
available,
much
of
the
exisMng
evidence
has
not
been
collated
and
there
has
been
a
lack
of
evidence-­‐based
decision-­‐making
relaMng
to
tree-­‐based
bioenergy.
Further
research
is
needed
along
with
the
development
of
becer
decision
tools.
This
should
be
done
in
specific
countries
by:

14. Workshop
recommendaIons
for
Cooking
Systems
• Carrying
out
policy
research
to
ensure
that
policies
can
be
improved
and
harmonized
• Preparing
knowledge-­‐based
materials
for
policy
makers
and
engage
in
debates
with
them
• IntegraMng
firewood
and
charcoal
into
naMonal
energy
policy
processes
in
order
to
develop
appropriate
policies
and
legislaIon
• IntegraMng
firewood
and
charcoal
into
land
use
planning
processes
at
naIonal
and
local
(landscape)
levels
• PromoMng
charcoal
to
policy-­‐makers
as
a
mulM-­‐million
dollar
business
that
countries
and
districts
can
derive
income
from
• Reforming
policies
and
sedng
standards
There
is
a
challenge
to
include
firewood
and
charcoal
into
naMonal
energy
policy
processes.
This
should
be
addressed
by:

15. Workshop
recommendaIons
for
Cooking
Systems
• Developing
parMcipatory
naMonal
and
local
plans
to
ensure
a
sustainable
supply
of
wood
through
agroforestry,
woodlots
or
natural
regeneraMon
• Ensuring
that
the
most
suitable
tree
species
are
made
available
based
on
knowledge
of
their
physical
properIes,
lack
of
toxicity
and
local
preferences
• Establishing
systems
to
grow
and
disseminate
excellent
planMng
materials
• Carrying
out
local
parIcipatory
trials
of
improved
charcoal
producMon
methods
• Ensuring
that
improvements
are
equitable
• Introducing
enhanced
cooking
techniques,
including
clean
cook
stoves,
in
a
manner
that
integrates
their
use
into
a
full
cooking
system
including
fuel
quality,
kitchen
management
and
cooking
space
venMlaMon
There
is
a
need
to
improve
technology
throughout
the
cooking
system.
This
should
be
done
in
a
manner
that
fully
respects
social
issues
by:

16. Workshop
recommendaIons
for
Cooking
Systems
• Applying
parMcipatory
processes
throughout
the
cooking
systems
development
process
to
idenIfy
challenges
and
soluIons
• Reviewing
energy
taxaMon
policies
to
ensure
that
woody
biomass
is
not
unfairly
treated
• Encouraging
the
involvement
of
the
private
sector
by
removing
obstacles
to
their
parMcipaMon
(e.g.
the
distorIons
of
current
charcoal
value
chains)
There
is
a
need
for
incenMves
to
reform
the
use
of
firewood
and
charcoal.
This
should
include:

17. Overall
Workshop
Conclusions
Tree-­‐based
bioenergy
systems,
ranging
from
fuelwood
and
charcoal
to
liquid
biofuels
and
power
generaIon:
• offer
great
opportuniMes
for
sustainable
green
growth
pathways
in
sub-­‐Saharan
Africa,
• with
sustainable
forest
management
and
forest
and
landscape
restoraMon.
• What
is
needed
to
effecIvely
promote
them
is
a
shif
in
percepMon
to
rehabilitate
their
negaMve
image,
• a
holisMc
approach
that
considers
the
full
producMon
to
end-­‐
user
cycle,
• collaboraMon
of
relevant
stakeholders
to
overcome
investment
barriers
and
• poliMcal
coordinaMon
at
subnaMonal,
naMonal
and
regional
levels.

18. Thanks
for
a
future