Gamification: A roundtable on game studies and HCI perspectives

DiGRA 2011GamiﬁcationA roundtable on game studiesand HCI perspectivesR. Khaled, D. Dixon, S. DeterdingUtrecht, September 16, 2011cb

Today You are here• Introduction• Pre-history of “gamification” in HCI• Current topics in HCI• Defining “gamification”• Debate! 3

“Gamiﬁcation”?“The use of game design elements in non-gaming contexts” 4

“Gamiﬁcation”? 5

“Gamiﬁcation”? 6

The blueprint Points Badges Leaderboards IncentivesTracking, Feedback Goal-setting Competition Rewards (And behavioral analytics in the backend) 7

The enablers Success stories Existing discoursesAnalytics & sensors & practices 8

Today• Introduction You are here• Pre-history of “gamification” in HCI• Current topics in HCI• Defining “gamification”• Debate! 9

“Gamiﬁcation” in HCI: A prehistory Utility Usability The great beyond 10

Three Paradigms of HCI Ludic design CSCW (2002+) (2005+)Man as machine Man as computer Man as meaning-makerErgonomics Cognitive sciences Human sciences Precursors Repurposings UX Playfulness Persuasive Tech (1980+) (2001+) (2002+) (2005+) (2006+) Hedonic attributes Game UX 11 Harrison, S., Tatar, D., and Sengers, P. The Three Paradigms of HCI. Proc. AltCHI 2007, ACM Press (2007).

PrecursorsEnjoyable interfaces,fun of use, metaphors(1980-1988)

Dennis Chao, Doom as an Interface forProcess Management (2001)Repurposing3d engines, interfaces, Louis von Ahn, Games with a Purpose (2006)controllers, inputs(2001+)

User ExperiencePleasure, fun, emotion,desire, hedonic attributes(2002+)

Game UXPlayability heuristics, metrics,models of game experience(2002+)

“Ludic design”Curiosity, exploration,reﬂection, openness(2002+)

PlayfulnessConditions, elements,experiences, inspiration(2005+)

CSCWMotivating collaboration,recommender/reputation(2005+)

Persuasive Tech.Persuasive games,persuasive patterns(2006+)

Today• Introduction You are here• Pre-history of “gamification” in HCI• Current topics in HCI• Defining “gamification”• Debate! 20

Gerling, K. and Masuch, M.: Exploring the Potential of Gamiﬁcation Among Frail Elderly Persons (2011) Cheng, L., Shami, S., Dugan, C., Muller, M., DiMicco, J., Patterson, J., Rohall, S., Sempere, A. and Geyer, W. Finding Moments of Play at Work (2011).Diversity ofapplicationsLife as a series of quests Choe, S. P., Jang, H. and Song, J. Roleplaying gamiﬁcation to encourage social interactions at parties (2011).

Müller, F., Peer, F., Agamanolis, S., and Sheridan, J. Gamification and Exertion (2011) Diakopoulos, N. Design Challenges in Playable Data (2011)Diversity of Cramer, H., Ahmet, Z., Rost, M. and Holmquist, L. E.: Gamification and location-sharing: some emerging social conflicts (2011)applicationsChallenges of workingwith real data

Laschke, M. and Hassenzahl, M.: Narasimhan, N., Chiricescu, S. and Being a "mayor" or a "patron"? Vasudevan,V. The Gamification of The difference between owning Television: is there life beyond badges and telling stories (2011) badges? (2011)Huotari, K. and Hamari, J. “Gamification” fromthe perspective of service marketing (2011)Diversity ofapplicationsGamification of services Nikkila, S., Linn, S., Sundaram, H. and Kelliher, A. Playing in Taskville: Designing a Social Game for the Workplace (2011)

Reeves, B., Cummings, J. J. and Anderson, D. Leveraging the Brewer, R. S., Lee, G. E., Xu,Y., Desiato, C., Katchuk, engagement of games to change energy behavior (2011) M. and Johnson, P. M. Lights Off. Game On. The Kukui Cup: A Dorm Energy Competition (2011).Diversity ofapplicationsEco behaviours Inbar, O., Tractinsky, N., Tsimhoni, O. and Seder, T.: Driving the Scoreboard: Motivating Eco-Driving Through In-Car Gaming (2011).

Choe, S. P., Jang, H. and Song, J. Roleplaying gamiﬁcation to Hoonhout, J. and Meerbeek, B.: Brainstorm triggers: encourage social interactions at parties (2011). game characteristics as input in ideation (2011)Diversity ofapplications Dixon, D. Player Types andGame design and game Gamiﬁcation (2011)studies as a design lens

Cramer, H., Ahmet, Z., Rost, M. and Holmquist, L. E.:Gamification and location-sharing: some emergingsocial conflicts (2011) Antin, J. and Churchill, E. Badges in Social Media: A Social Psychological Perspective (2011)Making sense ofgamificationAchievement and badges

Dimension 1: Presence and Dimension 2: Readiness. The division between discursive and practical consciousness can be mirrored in the interface of the medium by the distinction between presence-at-hand and readiness-to-hand. Dimension 3: Adversity. The degree to which its material aspects make the game more or less difficult to the players to win. Cheung, G. Consciousness in Gameplay (2011)Making sense of Huotari, K. and Hamari, J. “Gamification” fromgamification the perspective of service marketing (2011)Theories and frameworks

Hoonhout, J. and Meerbeek, B.: Brainstorm triggers: game characteristics as input in ideation (2011)Making sense of Lee, H.-J. What could media art learn from recent experimental games? (2011)gamiﬁcationIn relation to other theory

Khaled, R. It’s Not Just Whether You Win or Lose: Thoughts on Gamiﬁcation and Culture (2011) Antin, J. and Churchill, E. Badges in Social Media: A Social Psychological Perspective (2011)Making sense of Deterding, S. Situated motivational affordances of game elements: A conceptual model (2011)gamiﬁcationPsychology as a lens

responsibilities of users, coercion and social pressure regulators, designers Ethics targeting vulnerable privacy and data use audiences need for transparencyDiscussion topics and informed consent

socio-economic status/access gaming literacy dependency levelscultural groups User groups aesthetic tastes gender player typesDiscussion topics work place roles age

motivations challenges and constraints of working user roles with given tasks, data Design feedback “best practice” balance between userDiscussion topics and designer control

morally defined: whose conflict of in-game/out-ends are being furthered of-game goals (gettingby the cheat? points/getting fit) Cheating, gaming the system, and emergent player behaviour universal potential real-world negative effectsDiscussion topics socially defined

Today• Introduction• Pre-history of “gamification” in HCI• Current topics in HCI You are here• Defining “gamification”• Debate! 34

A deﬁnition Gamiﬁcation - The use of game design elements in non-game contexts 35

A deﬁnition Gamiﬁcation - The use of game design elements in non-game contexts 36

Games not play Game Play 37

Gamefulness 38

Using elements of games libert chaser yand Dune vigila nce Whole Parts 39

Bringing it all together Game Gameful Design (Serious) Games or Gamiﬁcation Whole Parts Toys and Playful Design Playthings Play 40

Using different elements of design Playtesting, playcentric design, valueGame design methods conscious game designGame models MDA, Game design atoms, CEGEGame design principles and Enduring play, clear goals, variety ofheuristics play styles Levels, time constraints, limitedGame design patterns and mechanics resourcesGame interface patterns Badge, leaderboard, timer 41

Non-game contexts 42

Contextualising gamiﬁcation 43

the deﬁnition again Gamiﬁcation Gameful Design - The use of game design elements in non-game contexts 44

Today• Introduction• Pre-history of “gamification” in HCI• Current topics in HCI You are here• Defining “gamification”• Debate! 45

Debate!3 focal questions: 3 min/respondent, 15 minopen debate• What is new and valuable in the HCI perspective? What is missing?• How have these phenomena appeared and been approached in past game studies?• What do these phenomena hold for game studies? Why and how should we study them? 46

Thank youRilla Khaled Dan Dixon Sebastian Deterdingrikh@itu.dk dan@digitaldust.org s.deterding@hans-bredow-institut.de

http://gamification-research.org	690
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Gamification: A roundtable on game studies and HCI perspectives

by Sebastian Deterding on Oct 14, 2011

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