The document discusses the evolution of open source and open standards over time. It traces the history from early pioneers like Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson who developed Unix (though it was not initially open source), to Richard Stallman who founded the Free Software Foundation and developed the GNU operating system and General Public License (GPL). It then discusses how Linux was developed openly by volunteers like Linus Torvalds, and how open source and open standards helped fuel the growth of the internet. More recently, trends in software as a service, open data, APIs, and social networking are raising new challenges around decentralization, identity, authentication, and who controls different parts of the technology stack. Open source will continue to play an