3. He said, “ I have lost my Direct
speech
umbrella”
Reporting verb Inverted commas Exact words
+ ,
He said (that) he had lost his
umbrella Reported
Reporting speech
verb + (that)
Changes: same meaning without exact
words

4. PRONOUN
EXPRESSIO
S AND
NS OF TIME
ADJECTIV
AND PLACE
ES
VERBS

5. DIRECT INDIRECT/REPORTED
HE, SHE / HIS, HER / HIM,
I / MY / ME
HER
YOU / YOUR I / MY
WE / OUR / US Don’t change or THEY /
THEIR / THEM
HE, SHE, IT / HIS, HER, ITS / Don’t change
HIM, HER, ITS
He THIS,“ THAT to apply for this job”
said, I want THE
He said that he wanted to apply for the job
She told me, “ You have to do some exercise”
She told me I had to do some exercise
He said to me, “ he came through the window”
He said that he ( the thief) had come
through the window

6. DIRECT INDIRECT/REPORTED
TODAY, TONIGHT THAT DAY / THAT NIGHT
YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE/ THE
PREVIOUS DAY
TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY/ THE
FOLLOWING DAY
NOW THEN
LAST WEEK, YEAR.. THE WEEK BEFORE/ THE
PREVIOUS WEEK
NEXT WEEK, YEAR… THE FOLLOWING WEEK
A YEAR AGO A YEAR BEFORE/ THE
PREVIOUS YEAR
HERE THERE

7. TENSE DIRECT INDIRECT/REPORTED
Simple Simple
He said, ”I never eat meat” He said that he never ate meat
present past
Past.
Pres. Cont She said, “ I’m waiting for Ann” She said she was waiting for Ann
Cont.
He explained, “I have found a Past.
Pres. Perf. He explained that he had found a flat.
flat” Perf.
Pres. Perf. He said, “I’ve been waiting for Past. He said that he had been waiting for
Cont ages” Perf.Con ages.
t
Simple Past. She said she had taken it home with
She said, “ I took it home with me”
Past Perf. her
He said, “ We will be in Paris on Conditio He said they would be in Paris on
Future
Monday”. nal Monday.
She said, “ I will be using the car Cond. She said that she would be using the
Fut. Cont.
myself on the 24th” Cont. car herself on the 24th
Can He said, “ You can do it yourself” Could He said I could do it myself
He said, “ She may be at home He said she might be at home that
May Might
tonight” day.
Must/ Have She said, “ You must go to the
Had to She said that I had to go to the doctor.
to doctor”

8. We can report:
STATEMEN QUESTION
TS S
SPEAKER’S
INTENTION
S

9.  We usually use the verbs SAY and TELL, but
other possible verbs are EXPLAIN, POINT OUT, S
COMPLAIN T
 THAT can be omitted after SAY or TELL, but it A
should be kept with other verbs. T
E
 Construction:
M
SAY + ( TO + indirect complement ) + ( THAT )
She said to me that she was looking for a
E
job N
She said she was looking for a job T
TELL + indirect complement + ( THAT ) S
She told me that she was looking for a job
She told me she was looking for a job

10. S
He said, “ She is coming this week to stay with us” T
He said that she was coming that week to stay with them. A
T
E
She said, “ I bought these pearls for my mother a year ago”
She told me that she had bought the pearls for her mother the previous year/ the year before.
M
E
John said, “I couldn’t get on time because I lost the bus”
John explained that he couldn’t get on time because he had lost the bus
N
Hadn’t been able to get
T
Christine said, “ we will pay you back next month” S
Christine told me they would pay me back the following week

11.  The main introductory verbs are ASK,
WONDER, WANT TO KNOW, INQUIRE…
 Apart from the general changes there are other Q
important changes: U
- The interrogative form changes to affirmative E
form
- The question mark is omitted
S
T
I
O
N
S

12. He said, “ Where is she going ?” Q
U
He asked where she was going E
S
“ Do you want to go to the cinema with me today?” he asked.
T
He asked me IF I wanted to go to the cinema with him that day I
He asked, “have you seen my cousin at school today?” O
He wanted to know IF I had seen his cousin at school that day
N
S
Mark asked, “Why are you wearing my new shoes, Peter?”
Mark asked Peter WHY he was wearing his new shoes.

13. S
 We will study them in groups depending on
P
their behaviour when we apply the necessary E
changes. A
 They don’t follow the changes in the verb form.
K
Some of them will be followed by INFINITIVE,
E
while others will be followed by GERUND.
R
‘S
I
N
T
INFINITIVE GERUND
E
N
T
I
O
N
S

14. (I)
TELL +someone + TO INF / NOT TO INF
ORDERS “Don’t make too much noise, children” he said.
COMANDS He told the children not to make too much
noise
ASK+ someone+ TO INF / NOT TO INF
PETITIONS “You might post some letters for me” said my boss.
My boss asked me to post some letters for
him
WARN+ someone+ TO INF / NOT TO INF
WARNINGS “Don’t go alone” Her father warned her
Her father warned her not to go alone
ADVISE + someone +TO INF / NOT TO INF
ADVICES “You must see this exhibition” said all my friends.
All my friends advised me to see that
exhibition
REMIND + SOMEONE + TO INF / NOT TO
INF
REMINDS “Don’t forget to buy the wine” said Mrs Pitt.

15. ( II)
OFFER + TO INF / NOT TO INF
“I can look after the child while you are working” he
OFFERS said.
He offered to look after the child while she
was working
PROMISE + TO INF / NOT TO INF
PROMISES “ I will give you a raise ” my boss promised.
My boss promised to give me a raise
REFUSE + TO INF / NOT TO INF
REFUSALS “I won’t lend you any more money” his sister said.
His sister refused to lend him any more
money.
THREATEN + TO INF / NOT TO INF
“I will call the police if you don’t stop making noise” said my
THREATENS neighbour
My neighbour threatened to call the police if we didn’t
stop making noise.

16. APOLOGISE FOR + GERUND
APOLOGIES “I’m sorry I’m late” he said.
He apologised for being late
THANK FOR + GERUND
THANKS “You have worked till late, thank you” said my boss.
My boss thanked for having work till late
SUGGEST + ING
SUGGESTION “Let’s go for a walk, it’s a wonderful afternoon” she
S said
She suggested going for a walk because it
was a wonderful afternoon.
DENY + ING
DENIAL “I didn’t steal the money” said the employee.
The employee denied stealing the money
ADMITT + GERUND
ADMISSIONS “All right, I took the money” the secretary said.
The secretary admitted taking the money

18. STATEMENTS
QUESTIONS ( I )
QUESTIONS ( II )
REQUEST AND ORDERS