Will the rich domain knowledge from research publications and the implicit cross-domain metadata of cultural objects be compliant with each other? A contextual framework is proposed as dynamic and relational in supporting three different contexts: Reusing, Publication and Curation, which are individually constructed but overlapped with major conceptual elements. A Relations for Reusing (R4R) ontology has been devised for modeling these overlapping conceptual components (Article, Data, Code, Provence, and License) for interlinking research outputs and cultural heritage data. In particular, packaging and citation relations are key to build up interpretations for dynamic contexts. Examples are provided for illustrating how the linking mechanism can be constructed and represented as a result to reveal the data linked in different contexts.

1. Relations for Reusing (R4R) in A Shared Context:
an exploration on
Research Publications & Cultural Objects
4th International Workshop on Semantic Digital Archives (SDA 2014)
in conjunction with International Digital Libraries Conference (DL 2014)
London, 8th-12th September 2014
Andrea Wei-Ching Huang and Tyng-Ruey Chuang
Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

2. 1.Why ?
2.How ?
3.Meaning: Interpretation/Citation
4.Use Case: The Story of a Leaf
5.Conclusion

3. 1. Why ?
Background information & Research Motivation.

4. open datacultural heritage data open science movementdata publication & citation principlesresearch publication linked data approach Reason 1: Several challenges emerged from the external environment. ? ? ?

5. Article
Data
Code
License Provenan
The need to represent & explore relations between the
five major objects.

6. Reason 2: Several requirements from the internal research needs.
Science Data / Research Data Publication
http://codata2012.tw/ http://digitalarchives.tw/
Potential values of Cultural Heritage Data
Motivated by recent involvements with projects relating to
research data publication & knowledge engineering for cultural heritage data.

7. Research DataCultural Objects
mostly preserved with rich metadata information.
professionally established domain knowledge.
Q1: Is there a shared context between these two domains that can serve for a common understanding?

8. Research Publications (Research Papers) ArticleDataCodeLAM CollectionsData(Cultural Objects) ArticleCode
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Interpretations by
Preservations by
Representations by
Representations by
Interpretations by
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Preservations by
Internal relation
external relation
potential relationMost of us are familiar with this process.
Article C
-----
-------
---------
---------------
Reference (citation)
---------
------------
-------
Article B
-----
-------
---------
---------------
Reference (citation)
---------
------------
-------
Article A
-----
-------
---------
---------------
Reference (citation)
---------
------------
-------

9. Research Publications
(Research Papers) Article
Data
Code
LAM Collections
Data(Cultural Objects)
Article
Code
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Interpretations by
Preservations by
Representations by Representations by
Interpretations by
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Preservations by
But, this is still
an adventure for
research community to
explore.

10. Research Publications (Research Papers) ArticleDataCodeLAM CollectionsData(Cultural Objects) ArticleCode
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Interpretations
Interpretations by
Preservations by
Representations by
Representations by
Interpretations by
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Preservations by
Internal relation
external relation
potential relation
Representations bySo, if they are interlinked ….
Article B
-----
-------
---------
---------------
Reference (citation)
---------
------------
-------
Article A
-----
-------
---------
---------------
Reference (citation)
---------
------------
-------

11. A digital object Y curated in a digital museum, is a cultural object Ywith rich metadata descriptions.
This cultural object Y that is reused by an academic article is not a cultural object but a science object Z that can be viewed under different context perspectives.
By a definition of Zimmermann et al.(2007), “when the contexts of two entities overlap and parts of the context information become similar andshared,” a shared context emerges
The scenario: object

12. Q2. Willtherichdomainknowledgefromresearchpublicationsandtheimplicitcross-domainmetadataofculturalobjectsbecompliantwitheachother? So, if they are interlinked ….

13. “Yes” to (Q1 /Q2), but it depends on …

14. ContextMeaningRelationunderstandingexploring
systemization

15. ContextMeaningRelation
a contextual framework
a R4R ontology

16. 2. How ?
Theoretical groundings for
the contextual framework.

17. Zimmermann et.al. (2007) An Operational Definition of Context
Step 1: determining the design space of context models
An entity’s activity determines to a great extend its current needs.
relations
A relation expresses a semantic dependency between two entities that emerges from certain circumstances these two entities are involved in.

18. Zimmermann et.al. (2007) An Operational Definition of Context
Step 1: determining the design space of context models
Courtright’s(2007) ‘sActors-in-Context
a relational view on
•activities of users
•information existence
•information systems

19. Zimmermann et.al. (2007) An Operational Definition of Context
Step 1: determining the design space of context models
Courtright’s(2007) theoretical concept of Actors-in-Context
a relational view on
•activities of users,
•information existence
•information systems
relate actors’ levels with associated activities as
•Reusing
•Publication
•Curation
3 Activity Contexts
inspire us to define

20. Three activity contexts: Reusing , Publication, Curation are situated in a multiple, overlapping & dynamic context. ReusingPublicationCuration
Zimmermann et.al (2007)
defines activity context as a context which decides to its current needs and covers current and future activities.
current
future
current
future
future
publication-now and reusing-in- the-future
Curation Context from the view of technology activity, it has a dual role in context, technology variations depend on other contextual elements while at the same time technologies influence information practices.
Courtright(2007)
“when the contexts of two entities overlapand part of the context information become similar and shared,” a shared context emerges.
shared context

21. In other words, …. ReusingPublicationCuration
shared context is emerged when things are reused.
shared context is emerged when things are published.

22. A perspective setting: Representation-Preservation-Interpretation.
Peirce’s Sign Theory

23. Representation Interpretant
“apple”
Object
• an apple/fruit.
• an apple/laptop.
hasInterpretation
referTo
Sign
representedBy

24. Representation is a representation of the activity context setting itself (the sign), and is the form that the setting (the sign) takes. activity context
Representation
Interpretation
Preservation (object)
The Interpretantof a contextual setting is the Interpretation that is made of the setting. In this study, the interpretation is taken from the view of Zimmermann et.al. (2007) on Relations Context that context information captures the relations an entity has recognized to the others.
The Object is the entity to which the context setting points, refers or applies. In this
study, it is the specific preservation object that the authors, users, and curators refer
to. The original “Object” has been adjusted to the object preservation for “Preservation” to describe associated activities.

25. The triadic sign theory has been empirically applied as an
analytical framework for dynamic and complex composition.

26. http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/CG.html

27. Activity Contexts:
Reusing
Publication
Curation
R
P
I
a triadic sign setting
9 major conceptual elements

28. Beaudoin(2012):
Context and its role in the digital preservation of cultural objects.
1.Technical
2.Utilization
3.Physical
4.Intangible
5.Curatorial
6.Authentication
7.Authorization
8.Intellectual
1.Identification
2.Utilization
3.Physical
4.Intangible
5.Application
6.Authentication
7.Authorization
8.Classification
9.Ontological Relation9 major conceptual elements

29. RepresentationPreservation
Classification
Authentication
Application
Authorization
Utilization
Identification
PhysicalnessThree Dynamic Contexts: Reusing , Publication, Curation
IntangiblenessInterpretation
Ontological Relations
(R4R ontology) Mapping 9 major conceptual elements to activity contexts and the R-P-I setting.

30. Ontological Relation:
a fundamental relationships for dynamic contexts and a domain
independent ontology formation.
R4R Ontology
an Interpretation of Relations Context in the Curation level that
supports the shared context both for Publication and Reusing.

31. ContextMeaningRelation
a contextual frameworkRelations for Reusing (R4R) ontology

34. http://guava.iis.sinica.edu.tw/r4r

35. 3. Meaning
Meanings can be interpreted through Citation Relations
& Domain Ontologies/ Vocabularies or
Packaging the Provenance/Metadata information.

36. What Citationcan relate to Interpretation (meaning) in different contexts?
Article A
-----
-------
---------
---------------
Reference (citation)
---------
------------
-------
Interpretation of the article itself in the publication context.
Article B
-----
-------
---------
---------------
Reference
---------
article A -------
-------
Interpretation of the article by others in the reusing context.
Authors’ interpretation:
citing references as evidences/interpretations for the authors’ arguments.
Users’ interpretation:
The object (article/data/code) is cited by others for the use of others’ interpretation.

37. 4. Use Case
In the fowling, we will use R4R and different contexts to represent an example of interlinked data between research publications and a cultural object curated in Digital Archive Taiwan.
How a shared context between different domains like research publications & LAM collections help us enrich contextual information and make our data better?

38. The Story of a Leaf
Onceupatime,inthesouthernareaofTaiwantherewasoneleaffallingfromatree.
ItwaspickedupbyagirlnamedS.T.Chiuin1993,andmadeitasaspecimen.
Theleafisnotacorpseanymore.Itbecomesascienceobjectinthelab. Chap. 1Reborn

39. Eightyeaslater,thisleafwasdigitalizedbytheNaturalMuseumofNaturalScience(NMS)withaformalscientificname:“AlpiniapriceiHayata”, withanID[S010384].
InthisPublicationActivity, theNMSusesDarwinCore/ DwCtoclassifyanddescribetheLeafS010384intothescientificcategory. Chap. 2Digital Publication

40. [1] The collection object and its basic
information (Scientific Names &
Vernacular Name)
[2] Link to the original database
[3] Metadata Descriptions
[4] Contact Information for Licensing
[5] Citation Information (bibliography &
unique URL)
A Data-Paper like publication in digitalarchives.tw
Chap. 3
Curation & Publication
S010384 becomes one of the
cultural heritage collections.

41. catalog.digitalarchives.tw Chou, T. W., Feng, J. H., Huang, C. C., Cheng, Y. W., Chien, S. C., Wang, S. Y., & Shyur, L. F.
(2013). A Plant Kavalactone Desmethoxyyangonin Prevents Inflammation and Fulminant
Hepatitis in Mice. PLOS ONE, 8(10), e77626.
Citation Information:
S. T. Chiu（1993-03-31）。[中文名:普萊氏月桃(S010384 )]。《數位典藏與
數位學習聯合目錄》。
http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/61/e8/e2.html
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077626#pone-0077626-g001
Chap. 4
isCitedBy as Reusing

42. Remixing
Reusing
ApplicationCasesChap. 5S010384 is looking forward to being

43. R4R can supports dynamic situations.

44. Provenance& licenseconcerns are notfully respected and implemented in existing practices, or have been curated as metadata in local curation that are notaccessible or downloadable.
Thus, we use hasProvenanceand hasLicensefor creating relationships for local curation or for sharing publications.

45. For Reusing, context transitions occur, and according to Zimmermann et.al. (2007) , context attributeswill change when one context enters another, and thus Provenance or License, or both can be packaged with RRObject for reusing purposes.
For such uses of the relation, isPackagedWith, RRObject (article/data/code) and
RRPolicy (provenance/license) are reachable and accessible for changing the original Publication and Curation contexts for a shift of the Reusing context.

46. Scenario 1: Digital Publication Only
Data like the S010384 is published at here,
and has been interpreted by the domain
knowledge such as the Biological Taxonomy
Vocabulary. However, this object is not
easy to be cited.

47. RRPolicy
rdfs:Resource
locateAt
time:Temoral
Entity
hasTime
subClassOf subClassOf
hasProvenance
RRObject
Data metadata
The contextual framework & R4R can help !

48. RRPolicy
rdfs:Resourc
e
locateAt
time:Temoral
Entity
hasTime
subClassOf subClassOf
hasProvenance
isPartOf hasLicense
RRObject
Provenance
License
Relations for Resource Publication Relations for Resource Reusing
Data
rdfs:Resource
Scenario 2:
Publication for enriching Reusing.
A data-paper like publication that has
metadata, license, and citation information
can also be modelled by R4R.

49. Scenario 3:Publication for preparingReusing.
Provenance information of the collection daT(S010384): two curation activities were involved by National Museum of Natural Science (NMS) and Digital Archive Taiwan (daT).
1.Preservation
2.Mapping
3.Publication
National Museum of Natural Science (NMS)
Digital Archive Taiwan (daT).
S010384PROV-O for daT(S010384)

50. PROV-O for daT(S010384)
http://guava.iis.sinica.edu.tw/r4r/examples/the_story_of_dat_s010384

51. Articles/ Papers/ E-Books
Blogs/Twitters/Social
Media
derivesFrom New Datasets
Applications
Collections in different
libraries, archives,
museums
Ready for Reusing

52. 5. Conclusion !

53. exploration
Activity Context:
Reusing , Publication, Curation
Representation Preservation
Perspective Setting
Interpretation
Decision Makings to A Contextual
Framework for a Shared Context
 open science movement
 data publication and
citation principles
Identify article, data and code as major components;
citation and packaging as key relations for modelling.
 linked data approach
A possible approach to link article,
data and code with semantics.
 LOD for research data
 LOD for cultural heritage data
domain knowledge semantics
metadata-rich semantics
a systematic contextual
framework
 a shared context need
 relation explorations need
①. ②.
① .
② .
R4R ontology for dynamic
context modelling
③ .

54. Relations for Reusing (R4R) in a Shared Context: an exploration on Research Publications &Cultural Objects

55. The Result 1 -a contextual framework:
Three dynamic contexts are expressed through a 3x3 matrix representing 9 conceptual components.

56. 3 Activity Contexts
R
P
I
We apply the triadic sign setting for decomposing the
three activity contexts with associated 9 elements.
9 major conceptual elements
This framework is inspired by context related theories and
Charles Peirce’s sign theory (semiotics).

57. In other words, this contextual framework is dynamic & relational
in supporting 3 contexts which are identified by different
activities of 3 actors (user/author/curator).
Activity Contexts: (Reusing/ Publication/ Curation)
• individually constructed through the triadic sign
setting: Representation-Preservation-Interpretation
(R-P-I).
• overlapped with 9 major conceptual elements
(reflecting 3 dynamic contexts with relational
associations to the R-P-I setting .
R
P
I
setting

58. TheR4R ontology isanInterpretation in the Curation Context that represents Ontological Relations to interpret and model relations between 5 conceptual components (Article, Data, Code, Provence, andLicense). The Result 2 -a R4R ontology

59. Two results that you might like to
bring them home.

60. Advantages for using these two results:
System designers, developers & curators have a contextual framework & ontology to assist them to:
1.identify major componentsin different contexts.
2.using R4R ontology to build relations between data from different domains.
3.explore meanings through the common understanding of the shared context.

61. Advantages :
4.articles,datasets,softwarecodes,provenanceandlicenseinformationcanbetreatedasfirst- classcontextualobjectsfordatamodellingtasks.
5.themodule-likedesignofRRObject& RRPolicyinR4Rontologycanbepracticedinisolation,andtheunifyingrepresentationoftheirrelationsissemanticallyenoughbutnotsostructurallyheavyweightedthatcuratorsorresearchersfinditdifficulttoapply.

62. The future work:
http://guava.iis.sinica.edu.tw/r4r/examples/possible_scenarios_for_different_contexts

63. We would also like to invite you to participate in validating this contextual framework and the R4R ontology.
1.Provide your use cases from your own domain to help increase internal/external semantic relations within this systematic framework.
2.Or suggest related data repositories and vocabularies to enrich possible usages for the R4R term concepts.

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66. Thank You !