2. DIAGNOSING MOOD DISORDERS
Defined in terms of
episodes
discrete periods of
time in which the
person’s behavior is
dominated by either a
depressed or manic
mood
3. biological factors
(heritability approx. 40% for women)
psychological factors
stressful life events, hopelessness, negative cognitive
styles - overgeneralization
social and cultural factors
marital dissatisfaction
70% of people suffering with major depressive disorder or
dysthymia are women
CAUSES OF MOOD DISORDERS
4.
5. DEPRESSION
Can refer to either:
A mood: a pervasive and sustained emotional response
A clinical syndrome: a combination of emotional, cognitive and
behavioral symptoms
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to
activity that can have a negative effect on a person's
thoughts, behavior, feelings, world view and physical
well-being.
is a mental disorder characterized by episodes of all-
encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem
and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable
activities
6. Subtypes of Depression
•Melancholic(a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli, ,
psychomotor retardation .excessive weight loss, guilt)
•Psychotic (the term for a major depressive episode, in particular of
melancholic nature, wherein the patient experiences psychotic
symptoms such as delusions or, less commonly, hallucinations)
•Catatonic (lack of movement or extreme agitation, . Here,
the person is mute and almost stuporose, and either is immobile or
exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements.)b
•Atypical (is characterized by mood reactivity (paradoxical
anhedonia) and positivity, significant weight gain or increased
appetite (comfort eating), excessive sleep or sleepiness
(hypersomnia), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden
paralysis, and significant social impairment as a consequence of
hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection.positive
emotional experiencing)
7. •Postpartum (it refers to the intense, sustained and
sometimes disabling depression, It is quite common for
women to experience a short-term feeling of tiredness and
sadness in the first few weeks after giving birth; however,
postpartum depression is different because it can cause
significant hardship and impaired functioning at home, work,
or school as well as, possibly, difficulty in relationships with
family members, spouses, or friends, or even problems
bonding with the newborn )
•Seasonal (winter depression" or "winter blues",). Some
people have a seasonal pattern, with depressive episodes
coming on in the autumn or winter, and resolving in spring.
8. PREVALENCE AND PROGNOSIS
Among adults, 15-to-24-year olds are most
likely to have had a major depressive episode
in the past month.
Major depressive episodes often resolve over
time whether or not they are treated.
Recurrence is more likely if symptoms have
not fully resolved with treatment
9. ETIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION:-
Genetic factors :10-20% Life time risk of depression
- depression results when a preexisting vulnerability, is
activated by stressful life events
personality factors(- Psychothymic personality)
Early environment
social factors
Neurobiological factors(monoamine hypothesis: monoamine
hypothesis postulates that a deficiency of certain
neurotransmitters is responsible for the corresponding
features of depression)
HPA(Hypo pituitary axis) problem
2 models : psychodynamic psychotherapy(Sigmund
Freud),Cognitive model (beck)
10. FOUR TYPES OF SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED
WITH MOOD DISORDERS
Emotional
Cognitive
Somatic
Behavioral
11. EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS
People who are depressed describe themselves as
feeling utterly gloomy, dejected and despondent
Manic patients experience euphoric like
symptoms(emotional condition in which a person
experiences intense feelings of well-being, elation,
happiness, excitement, and joy)
anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure in usual
activities), irritability, withdrawal from social situations
and activities, reduced sex drive.
12. COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS
Involve changes in the way people think about themselves and their
surroundings
Manic patients report sped up thoughts and ideas
Poor concentration, indecisiveness, poor self-esteem,
suicidal thoughts, delusions, preoccupied with, or
ruminate over, thoughts and feelings of worthlessness,
inappropriate guilt or regret, helplessness, hopelessness, and
self-hatred, forgetfulness,
13. SOMATIC SYMPTOMS
Related to basic physiological or bodily functions
Include fatigue, aches and pains, and serious changes in
appetite or sleeping patterns
Sleep or appetite disturbances, oversleeping, can also
happen, catatonia, fatigue, loss of memory ,, agitate or
lethargic,
14. BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS
Changes in the things that people do and the
rate at which they do them
Psychomotor retardation often accompanies
the onset of depression
Manic patients show energetic, provocative and
flirtatious behavior
15. DYSTHYMIC DISORDER
it is a serious state of chronic depression,
which persists for at least 2 years; it is less
acute and severe than major depressive
disorder
Never without at least two of the following
symptoms for more than two months
Poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or
hypersomnia, low energy, low self esteem, poor
concentration, feelings of hopelessness
Life time Risk for 3 years.
16. PREVALENCE OF MOOD DISORDERS
Ratio of unipolar to bipolar is at least 5:1
Lifetime prevalence of all mood disorders is 8%,
ranked third behind substance abuse disorders and
anxiety disorders
17. GENDER DIFFERENCES
Women are two or three times more vulnerable to
depression than men
Sex hormones, stressful life events, childhood adversity,
etc
May be more likely to seek treatment
May be more likely to be labeled as depressed
No differences seen in bipolar disorders
18. MANAGEMENT:-
The three most common treatments for depression are
psychotherapy, medication, and electroconvulsive therapy.
Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice for people under 18
while electroconvulsive therapy is used only as a last resort.
Mild depression:-
no pharmacotherapy- only psychotherapy, Physical
exercise is recommended for management of mild depression
Moderate depression:-
Mainly we focus on psychotherapy n drugs.
Severe depression:-
Intense psychotherapy n drugs.
19. PSYCHOTHERAPY(MDISC)
Marital/couple therapy
Dialectical behavior therapy
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Supportive therapy
CBT
COUNCELLING
Psychotherapy is a general term referring to
therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted
between a trained professional and a client
20. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
CBT combines both cognitive therapy and behavioral
therapy
Cognitive Therapy teaches a person how certain thinking
patterns are causing their symptoms-by giving them a distorted
picture of what's going on in their life, and making them feel
anxious, depressed or angry for no good reason, or provoking
them into ill-chosen actions.
21. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
Behavioral Therapy helps patients weaken the
connections between troublesome situations and their
habitual reactions to them. It also teaches them how to
calm their mind and body, so they can feel better, think
more clearly, and make better decisions
teaches a person how certain thinking patterns are
causing their symptoms by giving them a distorted
picture of what’s going on in their life & making
themselves feel anxious, depressed or angry 4 o
good reason
_BEHAVIORAL THERAPY It teaches them
how to calm their mind & body , so they can feel
better , think more easily & make better
decisions
22. DRUG MANAGEMENT
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
are the primary medications prescribed
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
(SNRIs)
23. SUMMARY
• Mood disorders are very common mental
disorders, yet they often go undetected and
untreated
• There are gender differences in rates of
diagnosed depression
