Economic activities are those efforts which are under taken by man to earn income , money, wealth for his life and to secure maximum satisfaction of wants with limited and scarce means.
Economic activity can be classified into five sectors:
1) The primary sector involves extraction of natural resources and includes activities like agriculture, fishing, mining and forestry. It dominates in underdeveloped countries.
2) The secondary sector transforms raw materials into goods through manufacturing and industry. It contributes moderately to national income in developed countries.
3) The tertiary sector provides services to consumers and businesses. It accounts for most employment in developed countries.
4) The quaternary sector is knowledge-based and includes information technology, research and development, and knowledge services.
5) The quinary sector involves the highest levels of decision making in government, science, and other major institutions.
This notes about Introduction to Economic Geography. Which helped to Geography & Environmental Science department students.
In this note I will discourse about:
1) The concept of Economic Geography
2) Historical Vs Modern economic geography
The document defines and describes the tertiary economic sector. It begins by defining the tertiary sector as the service sector, which includes activities where people offer knowledge and time to improve productivity through services rather than finished goods. It then discusses the importance and growth of the tertiary sector in India due to increases in population, agricultural/industrial development, and rising incomes. The document goes on to classify and describe key tertiary activities like trade, transport, communication, services, and tourism. It concludes by noting that the tertiary sector now accounts for about half of India's GDP and employment.
This document provides an introduction to economics. It defines key economic concepts like scarcity, resources, production, consumption, and capital formation. It explains that economics studies how societies allocate their limited resources. Microeconomics focuses on individual units while macroeconomics looks at the overall economy. The central problems that economies face are what and how to produce goods and services, and how to distribute them. Production possibility frontiers are used to show production tradeoffs and opportunity costs between two goods with limited resources. Marginal rates of transformation represent the tradeoff between goods on the production possibilities curve.
Presentation1:- Occupational Structure Of Indian EconomySidhiAgarwal3
The document discusses the occupational structure of India's economy. It defines occupational structure as the segments of a population engaged in different economic activities and professions. In colonial India, the majority (70-75%) of the workforce was in agriculture, while manufacturing and services accounted for 10% and 15-20% respectively. Though some states saw a shift away from agriculture over time, others like Rajasthan saw increased agricultural dependence. By 2000, agriculture had declined but was still the largest occupation at 56.7% of the workforce. The occupational structure has remained relatively static despite economic development, with around 60% still in agriculture. Suggestions to change this include controlling population growth, rural industry development, and infrastructure expansion.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole, examining aggregates like total income, output, employment and prices. It emerged as a separate field of study due to Keynes' analysis of the Great Depression when existing theories failed to explain high unemployment. The circular flow model illustrates how income and spending circulate between producers and consumers in an economy.
This document defines and describes different types of resources. It discusses resources as anything that satisfies human needs and wants, including materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, and assets. Resources have the key characteristics of utility, limited availability, and potential for depletion or consumption. The document then defines and provides examples of different specific types of resources, including natural resources, biological resources, economic resources, human resources, land resources, soil resources, and discusses sustainable development and resource planning.
The economy of the world is fast changing during the recent years.
The changes in primary, secondary and tertiary stages are dynamic in nature.
In view of this, the objectives of studying economic geography are to integrate several factors of economic development to acquaint with the dynamic aspects of the Scenario. This module is about basics of economic geography.
Economic activity can be classified into five sectors:
1) The primary sector involves extraction of natural resources and includes activities like agriculture, fishing, mining and forestry. It dominates in underdeveloped countries.
2) The secondary sector transforms raw materials into goods through manufacturing and industry. It contributes moderately to national income in developed countries.
3) The tertiary sector provides services to consumers and businesses. It accounts for most employment in developed countries.
4) The quaternary sector is knowledge-based and includes information technology, research and development, and knowledge services.
5) The quinary sector involves the highest levels of decision making in government, science, and other major institutions.
This notes about Introduction to Economic Geography. Which helped to Geography & Environmental Science department students.
In this note I will discourse about:
1) The concept of Economic Geography
2) Historical Vs Modern economic geography
The document defines and describes the tertiary economic sector. It begins by defining the tertiary sector as the service sector, which includes activities where people offer knowledge and time to improve productivity through services rather than finished goods. It then discusses the importance and growth of the tertiary sector in India due to increases in population, agricultural/industrial development, and rising incomes. The document goes on to classify and describe key tertiary activities like trade, transport, communication, services, and tourism. It concludes by noting that the tertiary sector now accounts for about half of India's GDP and employment.
This document provides an introduction to economics. It defines key economic concepts like scarcity, resources, production, consumption, and capital formation. It explains that economics studies how societies allocate their limited resources. Microeconomics focuses on individual units while macroeconomics looks at the overall economy. The central problems that economies face are what and how to produce goods and services, and how to distribute them. Production possibility frontiers are used to show production tradeoffs and opportunity costs between two goods with limited resources. Marginal rates of transformation represent the tradeoff between goods on the production possibilities curve.
Presentation1:- Occupational Structure Of Indian EconomySidhiAgarwal3
The document discusses the occupational structure of India's economy. It defines occupational structure as the segments of a population engaged in different economic activities and professions. In colonial India, the majority (70-75%) of the workforce was in agriculture, while manufacturing and services accounted for 10% and 15-20% respectively. Though some states saw a shift away from agriculture over time, others like Rajasthan saw increased agricultural dependence. By 2000, agriculture had declined but was still the largest occupation at 56.7% of the workforce. The occupational structure has remained relatively static despite economic development, with around 60% still in agriculture. Suggestions to change this include controlling population growth, rural industry development, and infrastructure expansion.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole, examining aggregates like total income, output, employment and prices. It emerged as a separate field of study due to Keynes' analysis of the Great Depression when existing theories failed to explain high unemployment. The circular flow model illustrates how income and spending circulate between producers and consumers in an economy.
This document defines and describes different types of resources. It discusses resources as anything that satisfies human needs and wants, including materials, energy, services, staff, knowledge, and assets. Resources have the key characteristics of utility, limited availability, and potential for depletion or consumption. The document then defines and provides examples of different specific types of resources, including natural resources, biological resources, economic resources, human resources, land resources, soil resources, and discusses sustainable development and resource planning.
The economy of the world is fast changing during the recent years.
The changes in primary, secondary and tertiary stages are dynamic in nature.
In view of this, the objectives of studying economic geography are to integrate several factors of economic development to acquaint with the dynamic aspects of the Scenario. This module is about basics of economic geography.
The circular flow of income model describes the flow of money between producers and consumers. Producers (firms) pay households for resources and labor, then households use that income to buy goods and services from firms, completing the circular flow. The model can be expanded to include financial institutions, government, and foreign trade. Equilibrium occurs when total leakages (savings, taxes, imports) equal total injections (investment, government spending, exports).
This document discusses economic growth and development. It defines economic growth as an increase in a country's production capacity over time, which can be measured in nominal or real terms. Economic development involves policy interventions to develop human capital, infrastructure, health, and welfare. It aims to improve living standards and is measured by indicators like the Human Development Index. Factors like inflation, taxes, interest rates, and government policies can affect economic development. The document also discusses India's economic growth and development in recent decades since economic reforms began in 1991.
This document discusses concepts related to measuring national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), net domestic product (NDP), gross national product (GNP), and net national product (NNP). It describes how national income is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a year. National income can be measured using several methods, including the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The document also notes some challenges in accurately measuring national income.
Regional imbalances or disparities means wide differences in per capita income, literacy rates, health and education services, levels of industrialization, etc. between different regions. Regions may be either States or regions within a State. In India there are enormous imbalances on various accounts. The exploitative nature of British colonial rule either created or accentuated regional disparities. The planning in independent India has also not been able to remove these disparities. Balanced regional development has always been an essential component of the Indian development strategy. Since all parts of the country are not equally well endowed with physical and human resources to take advantage of growth opportunities, and since historical inequalities have not been eliminated, planned intervention is required to ensure that large regional imbalances do not occur. Spectacular growth attained by some regions and in some sectors in India, after independence, is in contrast to low levels of development still prevailing in many parts. Therefore, it was felt that the State had a major role to play in removing disparities. This commitment was reflected in the Constitution and in planning objectives. Two major institutions, which were expected to work towards reducing the regional imbalances after independence, were the Finance Commission and the NITI Aayog (Planning Commission) . The Finance Commission has only limited role to play. Hence, more responsibility is vested on the NITI Aayog (Planning Commission). India’s successive Five Year Plans have stressed the need to develop backward regions of the country. In promoting regional balanced development, public sector enterprises were located in backward areas of the country during the early phase of economic planning. In spite of pro-backward areas policies and programmes, considerable economic and social inequalities exist among different States of India, as reflected in differences in per capita State Domestic Product. While income growth performance has diverged, there is welcome evidence of some convergence in education and health indicators across the states.
There are mainly three types of economic system that are socialist, capitalist and mixed economy. Any of country of the world exist in any one of them and followed them.
Resources can be classified in several ways, including by origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. Biotic resources come from living things while abiotic resources are non-living. Renewable resources can replenish, like forests, while non-renewables deplete, like fossil fuels. Resources are also grouped by whether they are owned privately, by a community, or nationally. Potential resources have not been used yet, while developed resources have been surveyed and reserves can be accessed with current technology.
Hirschman's theory of unbalanced growth proposes strategically selecting and heavily investing in priority sectors to spur development, as underdeveloped countries cannot invest in all sectors simultaneously. The theory argues that intentionally creating imbalances in the economy by focusing investment in some sectors over others is an effective development strategy. Specifically, it recommends initially investing in social overhead capital like education and infrastructure to initiate development, which will then induce greater investment in directly productive activities like manufacturing.
The document defines factors of production as the resources used to produce goods and services. It identifies the four main factors of production as land, labor, capital, and enterprise. It provides details on each factor, including definitions, types, and the payments made to each.
This document provides an overview of topics related to environmental science and sustainability. It includes sections on:
1. Human population and demographics like growth rates, structures, and projections.
2. Renewable and non-renewable resources like forests, water, and energy. It discusses uses, conservation, and problems from overexploitation.
3. Key concepts in environmental science like habitats, pollution, and effects of deforestation. Diagrams, definitions, and exam strategies are also provided to help students understand and apply the content.
The document discusses different types of industry and factors that influence industrial location. It covers primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries. Key factors in industrial location include availability of raw materials, labor supply, markets, transportation access, capital, energy sources, and government policies. Location theories aim to maximize profits and minimize costs by considering these various economic and transportation factors. Theories discussed include Weber's least-cost model and the concept of agglomeration economies.
Equilibrium of firm and Industry under Perfect CompetitionBikash Kumar
Macro Economics
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Md. Sultan Mahmud
Md. Shaon Mollah
Md. Mamun Miah
Md. Abid Hasan
Shimul Kumar Mondal
Land reforms involve changing laws regarding land ownership and redistributing property, especially agricultural land. This may include transferring land from individual to collective government ownership. In India, approaches to land reform have included Gandhi's philosophy of universal upliftment through voluntary land donations, as well as more radical expropriation of excess land advocated by nationalists and Marxists. Many post-WW1 European countries implemented land reforms involving expropriating land over a certain size limit. In India, various land reform programs have aimed to distribute surplus land, grant ownership rights to tenants, and consolidate small landholdings.
The document discusses regional disparity in development in India. It defines regional disparity as wide differences in socioeconomic indicators like income, literacy, health access between states and regions. Causes include natural factors like geography and climate as well as man-made factors like economic and agricultural policies. Key indicators of disparity mentioned are population growth, GDP, per capita income, infrastructure levels, and the Human Development Index. The document outlines various government policies aimed at promoting development in backward regions like hill area, tribal area, and drought-prone area development schemes. It concludes that while complete parity may not be possible, focused investment and policy implementation can help reduce disparities over time.
Effects of public expenditure on economy production distributionBhaumiki
Public expenditure on education in India has remained below the target of 6% of GDP, reaching a maximum of only 4.3% of GDP. Government expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure averages around 13.5%. However, achieving the 6% of GDP target for education would require a substantial increase in funding, as the GDP has been growing faster than the rate of increase in education spending. Analyzing trends in public expenditure is important for understanding challenges in meeting policy targets for education financing.
Economic growth refers to an increase in a country's real GDP or output, measured as a higher value of goods and services produced, while economic development encompasses broader socioeconomic changes that improve living standards. Development considers changes in factors like income distribution, employment opportunities, education, health, and sustainability, whereas growth only focuses on quantitative increases in production. The Human Development Index provides a more comprehensive measure of a country's progress than GDP alone by also accounting for literacy, life expectancy, and other quality of life indicators.
This document discusses concepts related to human development including:
- Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq introduced the theory of enlarging people's choices and lives and created the Human Development Index in 1990.
- Prof. Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom as most effective for development.
- Key approaches to human development include the income, welfare, basic needs, and capabilities approaches.
- Development is measured using indices like the Human Development Index and Human Poverty Index in the UNDP's Human Development Report.
- Countries are categorized into very high, high, medium, and low human development groups based on their HDI scores.
The marginal productivity theory of distribution Prabha Panth
The document discusses the neoclassical theory of distribution and the concept of factor payments. It addresses the "adding up" problem of whether total factor payments will equal total product. Wicksteed showed that under constant returns to scale and factors paid their marginal products, total revenue will equal total costs through Euler's theorem. However, this assumes a linear homogeneous production function. Later economists like Samuelson and Hicks found the condition is only met at the minimum point of the long-run average cost curve, where a firm has constant returns to scale.
The document discusses general equilibrium theory and its key assumptions and implications. It addresses the following points in 3 sentences:
General equilibrium theory posits that all markets, including both product and factor markets, will reach equilibrium simultaneously. This equilibrium will be Pareto optimal, meaning no individual can be made better off without making another worse off due to optimal resource allocation. The model assumes perfect competition, constant returns to scale, and that equilibrium is determined by price adjustments across interconnected markets.
Population distribution, density, growth and compositionharsh raj
THIS IS MY FIRST POWER POINT. I THINK IT IS VERY HELPFUL FOR YOU. IT LOOKS LOOK GREAT AND ATTRACTIVE. IT ATTRACTS YOU.
THANK YOU AND FOLLOW AND LIKE PLEASE ..
Culture consists of shared knowledge, language, values, and material objects that are learned and internalized. It began forming around early civilizations along major river valleys in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China, where agriculture led to permanent settlements and specialized labor. Culture changes through both internal evolution and external forces such as technology, diffusion, and acculturation between groups.
Here are some key concepts about the growth of language shown through the development of the English language:
- Languages evolve and change over time as they come into contact with other languages and cultures through things like migration, trade, conquest, etc. Old English was transformed into Middle English by Norman French influences after the Norman conquest.
- Languages diffuse from their origin as their speakers migrate and settle new lands, spreading the language with them. English diffused from Britain to its colonies around the world.
- A language may take on new prestige and importance based on political, economic or cultural factors. As the British Empire grew, so did the global influence and spread of English.
- The core vocabulary and grammar of a language remains intact
The circular flow of income model describes the flow of money between producers and consumers. Producers (firms) pay households for resources and labor, then households use that income to buy goods and services from firms, completing the circular flow. The model can be expanded to include financial institutions, government, and foreign trade. Equilibrium occurs when total leakages (savings, taxes, imports) equal total injections (investment, government spending, exports).
This document discusses economic growth and development. It defines economic growth as an increase in a country's production capacity over time, which can be measured in nominal or real terms. Economic development involves policy interventions to develop human capital, infrastructure, health, and welfare. It aims to improve living standards and is measured by indicators like the Human Development Index. Factors like inflation, taxes, interest rates, and government policies can affect economic development. The document also discusses India's economic growth and development in recent decades since economic reforms began in 1991.
This document discusses concepts related to measuring national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), net domestic product (NDP), gross national product (GNP), and net national product (NNP). It describes how national income is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a year. National income can be measured using several methods, including the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The document also notes some challenges in accurately measuring national income.
Regional imbalances or disparities means wide differences in per capita income, literacy rates, health and education services, levels of industrialization, etc. between different regions. Regions may be either States or regions within a State. In India there are enormous imbalances on various accounts. The exploitative nature of British colonial rule either created or accentuated regional disparities. The planning in independent India has also not been able to remove these disparities. Balanced regional development has always been an essential component of the Indian development strategy. Since all parts of the country are not equally well endowed with physical and human resources to take advantage of growth opportunities, and since historical inequalities have not been eliminated, planned intervention is required to ensure that large regional imbalances do not occur. Spectacular growth attained by some regions and in some sectors in India, after independence, is in contrast to low levels of development still prevailing in many parts. Therefore, it was felt that the State had a major role to play in removing disparities. This commitment was reflected in the Constitution and in planning objectives. Two major institutions, which were expected to work towards reducing the regional imbalances after independence, were the Finance Commission and the NITI Aayog (Planning Commission) . The Finance Commission has only limited role to play. Hence, more responsibility is vested on the NITI Aayog (Planning Commission). India’s successive Five Year Plans have stressed the need to develop backward regions of the country. In promoting regional balanced development, public sector enterprises were located in backward areas of the country during the early phase of economic planning. In spite of pro-backward areas policies and programmes, considerable economic and social inequalities exist among different States of India, as reflected in differences in per capita State Domestic Product. While income growth performance has diverged, there is welcome evidence of some convergence in education and health indicators across the states.
There are mainly three types of economic system that are socialist, capitalist and mixed economy. Any of country of the world exist in any one of them and followed them.
Resources can be classified in several ways, including by origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. Biotic resources come from living things while abiotic resources are non-living. Renewable resources can replenish, like forests, while non-renewables deplete, like fossil fuels. Resources are also grouped by whether they are owned privately, by a community, or nationally. Potential resources have not been used yet, while developed resources have been surveyed and reserves can be accessed with current technology.
Hirschman's theory of unbalanced growth proposes strategically selecting and heavily investing in priority sectors to spur development, as underdeveloped countries cannot invest in all sectors simultaneously. The theory argues that intentionally creating imbalances in the economy by focusing investment in some sectors over others is an effective development strategy. Specifically, it recommends initially investing in social overhead capital like education and infrastructure to initiate development, which will then induce greater investment in directly productive activities like manufacturing.
The document defines factors of production as the resources used to produce goods and services. It identifies the four main factors of production as land, labor, capital, and enterprise. It provides details on each factor, including definitions, types, and the payments made to each.
This document provides an overview of topics related to environmental science and sustainability. It includes sections on:
1. Human population and demographics like growth rates, structures, and projections.
2. Renewable and non-renewable resources like forests, water, and energy. It discusses uses, conservation, and problems from overexploitation.
3. Key concepts in environmental science like habitats, pollution, and effects of deforestation. Diagrams, definitions, and exam strategies are also provided to help students understand and apply the content.
The document discusses different types of industry and factors that influence industrial location. It covers primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries. Key factors in industrial location include availability of raw materials, labor supply, markets, transportation access, capital, energy sources, and government policies. Location theories aim to maximize profits and minimize costs by considering these various economic and transportation factors. Theories discussed include Weber's least-cost model and the concept of agglomeration economies.
Equilibrium of firm and Industry under Perfect CompetitionBikash Kumar
Macro Economics
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Md. Sultan Mahmud
Md. Shaon Mollah
Md. Mamun Miah
Md. Abid Hasan
Shimul Kumar Mondal
Land reforms involve changing laws regarding land ownership and redistributing property, especially agricultural land. This may include transferring land from individual to collective government ownership. In India, approaches to land reform have included Gandhi's philosophy of universal upliftment through voluntary land donations, as well as more radical expropriation of excess land advocated by nationalists and Marxists. Many post-WW1 European countries implemented land reforms involving expropriating land over a certain size limit. In India, various land reform programs have aimed to distribute surplus land, grant ownership rights to tenants, and consolidate small landholdings.
The document discusses regional disparity in development in India. It defines regional disparity as wide differences in socioeconomic indicators like income, literacy, health access between states and regions. Causes include natural factors like geography and climate as well as man-made factors like economic and agricultural policies. Key indicators of disparity mentioned are population growth, GDP, per capita income, infrastructure levels, and the Human Development Index. The document outlines various government policies aimed at promoting development in backward regions like hill area, tribal area, and drought-prone area development schemes. It concludes that while complete parity may not be possible, focused investment and policy implementation can help reduce disparities over time.
Effects of public expenditure on economy production distributionBhaumiki
Public expenditure on education in India has remained below the target of 6% of GDP, reaching a maximum of only 4.3% of GDP. Government expenditure on education as a percentage of total government expenditure averages around 13.5%. However, achieving the 6% of GDP target for education would require a substantial increase in funding, as the GDP has been growing faster than the rate of increase in education spending. Analyzing trends in public expenditure is important for understanding challenges in meeting policy targets for education financing.
Economic growth refers to an increase in a country's real GDP or output, measured as a higher value of goods and services produced, while economic development encompasses broader socioeconomic changes that improve living standards. Development considers changes in factors like income distribution, employment opportunities, education, health, and sustainability, whereas growth only focuses on quantitative increases in production. The Human Development Index provides a more comprehensive measure of a country's progress than GDP alone by also accounting for literacy, life expectancy, and other quality of life indicators.
This document discusses concepts related to human development including:
- Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq introduced the theory of enlarging people's choices and lives and created the Human Development Index in 1990.
- Prof. Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom as most effective for development.
- Key approaches to human development include the income, welfare, basic needs, and capabilities approaches.
- Development is measured using indices like the Human Development Index and Human Poverty Index in the UNDP's Human Development Report.
- Countries are categorized into very high, high, medium, and low human development groups based on their HDI scores.
The marginal productivity theory of distribution Prabha Panth
The document discusses the neoclassical theory of distribution and the concept of factor payments. It addresses the "adding up" problem of whether total factor payments will equal total product. Wicksteed showed that under constant returns to scale and factors paid their marginal products, total revenue will equal total costs through Euler's theorem. However, this assumes a linear homogeneous production function. Later economists like Samuelson and Hicks found the condition is only met at the minimum point of the long-run average cost curve, where a firm has constant returns to scale.
The document discusses general equilibrium theory and its key assumptions and implications. It addresses the following points in 3 sentences:
General equilibrium theory posits that all markets, including both product and factor markets, will reach equilibrium simultaneously. This equilibrium will be Pareto optimal, meaning no individual can be made better off without making another worse off due to optimal resource allocation. The model assumes perfect competition, constant returns to scale, and that equilibrium is determined by price adjustments across interconnected markets.
Population distribution, density, growth and compositionharsh raj
THIS IS MY FIRST POWER POINT. I THINK IT IS VERY HELPFUL FOR YOU. IT LOOKS LOOK GREAT AND ATTRACTIVE. IT ATTRACTS YOU.
THANK YOU AND FOLLOW AND LIKE PLEASE ..
Culture consists of shared knowledge, language, values, and material objects that are learned and internalized. It began forming around early civilizations along major river valleys in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China, where agriculture led to permanent settlements and specialized labor. Culture changes through both internal evolution and external forces such as technology, diffusion, and acculturation between groups.
Here are some key concepts about the growth of language shown through the development of the English language:
- Languages evolve and change over time as they come into contact with other languages and cultures through things like migration, trade, conquest, etc. Old English was transformed into Middle English by Norman French influences after the Norman conquest.
- Languages diffuse from their origin as their speakers migrate and settle new lands, spreading the language with them. English diffused from Britain to its colonies around the world.
- A language may take on new prestige and importance based on political, economic or cultural factors. As the British Empire grew, so did the global influence and spread of English.
- The core vocabulary and grammar of a language remains intact
The document discusses several aspects of political geography including the rise in the number of independent states as empires have collapsed, differences in political cultures around issues like separation of church and state, land ownership, and motivations for warfare over territory. It also examines characteristics of states and nations, examples of nation-states, the impact of European colonialism in diffusing the nation-state model, and forces that can lead to devolutionary movements within states.
This document discusses how cultures borrow and spread ideas through diffusion. It provides examples of cultural traits and innovations that diffused from ancient Greek, Roman, medieval, and Renaissance societies to help develop modern Western civilization. Geography, specifically living near the sea and close proximity of diverse peoples in Europe, facilitated the diffusion of ideas between these historical cultures. Today, new ideas and inventions continue to spread through cultural diffusion across societies.
The document discusses different types of agricultural activities. It defines agriculture and describes primary activities like farming, fishing, and mining. Secondary activities involve manufacturing goods from natural resources, like steel production. Tertiary activities provide support services to primary and secondary sectors, such as transportation and banking. The document also discusses different types of farming like subsistence, commercial, plantation, and dairy farming, and provides examples of major crops grown worldwide.
Geographic features of the western united statesgoredm
The document describes several major geographic features of the western United States, including the Rocky Mountains stretching from Alaska to New Mexico, the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Mt. McKinley being the highest point in North America located in Alaska's Denali National Park, the Aleutian Islands containing active volcanoes in Alaska, Death Valley as the lowest point in North America located in California, the Great Basin region, the Hawaiian volcanic islands, and the Cascade Mountains containing Mt. St. Helens in Washington state which erupted in 1980.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of political geography terms including compact states, elongated states, fragmented states, microstates, perforated states, protruded states, buffer states, landlocked states, enclaves, exclaves, and the east/west and north/south divides. It describes the key characteristics of each term, such as a compact state having a roughly circular territory with equal distance to the center, an elongated state being long and narrow, and a buffer state being a small country between two larger powers.
This document provides information on four key types of agriculture - shifting cultivation, wet rice cultivation, plantation agriculture, and high-tech farming. It describes the inputs, processes, and outputs of each type. It also discusses where these agricultural practices are commonly used and provides examples. The document aims to help students understand and explain the different agricultural types by the end of the geography unit.
The document discusses various topics related to cultural geography including what culture is, how cultures change and diffuse, and theories about cultural evolution and diffusion. It also discusses global diffusion of Western culture and current perceptions of American culture. Cultures are learned and shared systems of symbols, behaviors and meanings that are passed down within societies. Cultures can change internally through technological developments or externally through processes of cultural diffusion and acculturation between societies.
This document defines cultural diffusion as the process by which cultural characteristics spread across space over time. It identifies two main types of diffusion: expansion diffusion, where an idea develops in one place and spreads outward while remaining strong in the source area; and relocation diffusion, where an idea spreads through the physical movement of people from one place to another. The document provides examples of different patterns of expansion diffusion, including hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus diffusion.
The document discusses different types of economic activities including business, profession, and employment. Business activities involve the regular production and distribution of goods and services for profit. A profession requires specialized knowledge and training. Employment refers to work done regularly for others in exchange for a salary or wage.
The document introduces the three main types of employment: primary involves gathering raw materials like farming, forestry, mining, and fishing. Secondary involves manufacturing products from raw materials, such as the Ford engine plant. Tertiary provides services, which is the largest employment sector in the UK including retailing, armed forces, and entertainment. A fourth category of quaternary activities was later added for high-tech research and development. Examples are given of different industries and which sector they fall under. The summary concludes that employment structures change over time with economic development levels.
The document defines key concepts related to states and governments. It explains that a state is a territory with a government that has full control over internal and external affairs, while a nation refers to a group of people with a shared culture. It then lists and provides brief descriptions of four main types of governments: democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and communism.
The document discusses different aspects of political geography including the differences between nations and states. It provides examples of nations without states, such as the Kurds, Basques, and Quebecois people. Geographic characteristics that can impact countries are also outlined, such as size, shape, and location. Countries with access to sea trade or located near peaceful nations tend to have economic and security advantages.
There are several types of states depending on their system of government and leadership. Monarchies have a king or queen as the head of state, typically for life, while republics have a leader chosen by citizens for a fixed term, such as a president. Democracies are characterized by free and fair elections, separation of powers, and government rule by the people. States can also be classified based on their role in the economy, such as liberal states with minimal intervention or welfare states that provide social services, as well as their level of decentralization.
Chapter 8 political geography Shapes of Statesprbroome
This document discusses different types of state boundaries and shapes, including compact, fragmented, elongated, perforated, and protruded states. It provides examples of each type and notes advantages and disadvantages related to communication, resources, defense, and maintaining peace. Specific geographic boundaries like deserts, mountains, bodies of water, and religious or language differences that can form borders between states are also outlined. Brief summaries of four international organizations - the UN, OSCE, OAS, and EU - are included at the end.
Economic activities involve the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services to satisfy human needs and wants. They have three main factors: production, distribution and commercialization, and consumption. There are four main types of economic activities: primary involves extracting natural resources; secondary involves manufacturing; tertiary involves providing services; and quaternary involves high-tech research and information services. Capitalism is based on a free market system where supply and demand determine prices. Key economic agents in the market include families, companies, and the public sector which provides services and infrastructure to citizens.
Physical characteristics of the United States power pointkonrak01
The document discusses the physical characteristics of the United States, which are natural features made of land or water. It identifies major physical characteristics as landforms like mountains and hills, or bodies of water like oceans, lakes, and rivers. The document also provides examples of different physical characteristics found in the US and categorizes them as land features or water features.
KEY HABBIT FOR Success IN EntrepreneurshipAhmed Bakran
Entrepreneurship means self employment, which comes with the ability to set your own schedule and work where you want. If your innovation idea is related to your passions or hobbies, entrepreneurship enables you to make a career.
This document provides an introduction to microeconomics. It defines key economic concepts like economy, economics, scarcity and factors of production. It explains the differences between positive and normative economics and describes different types of economic systems including traditional, command, market, socialist and mixed economies. Specific examples are given for some systems. The four basic economic questions and three E's in economics - efficiency, effectiveness and equity - are also outlined.
A fantastic PPT on the nature and concept of business. This PPT will enable the learners to understand the concepts and fundamentals of business. The PPT includes types of human activities - economic & non-economic activities, types of economic activities - business, profession, employment, features of business, multiple objectives of business, types of business activities, types of industry, classification of commerce, meaning and types of business risk.
This document provides an introduction to economics, discussing key topics like scarcity of resources, economic activities, microeconomics, macroeconomics, and basic economic problems. It explains that economics involves recognizing scarce resources, prioritizing their use efficiently, engaging in economic activity, and understanding problems like poverty and inflation. Microeconomics examines individual decision-making in markets, while macroeconomics considers whole economy decisions made by governments. Some basic economic problems societies must address are what and how to produce goods and services, and who they should be produced for.
The document discusses business and industry. It defines business as an activity involving production and exchange of goods and services to earn profit. It also defines industry as the production aspect of business that uses natural resources and human labor to create useful goods. The key characteristics of business discussed are that it is an economic activity, involves buying and selling, is a continuous process, aims to earn profit while accepting risk, focuses on customer satisfaction, and is creative, dynamic, and subject to government controls. It also outlines different types of industries like primary, extractive, manufacturing, construction and more.
1. The document discusses the meaning, objectives, and importance of studying economics.
2. It defines key economic terms like producers, consumers, sellers, and service providers.
3. The main factors of production that enable economic activity are land, labor, capital, and human capital. Goods and services are produced when these factors are combined.
The document provides an overview of managerial economics, defining it as the study of how to direct scarce resources in a way that most efficiently achieves managerial goals. It discusses the key concepts in economics like scarcity, factors of production, microeconomics and macroeconomics. It also explains the nature, scope, and functions of managerial economics in assisting managers with decision making.
Hello everyone myself Rahul Kumar presenting you all my presentaion based on the topic different sectors of indian economy . In this you will find all the three sectors brief information with pictures and animation. I hope it will helps you all ..........................Thankyou....................Regards..........................Rahul Kumar
Economics is concerned with how humans use scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It studies production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. It also examines human activities involving buying and selling, with a focus on goods that have value through exchange rather than just satisfying personal wants. The key aspects of economics include scarcity, choice, allocation of resources, and the determination of prices, production, and distribution in a society.
This document provides an introduction to economics, including definitions of economics from various economists and an overview of key economic concepts. It defines economics as the study of efficient allocation of scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It also describes the main branches of economics as microeconomics, which focuses on small economic units like households, and macroeconomics, which looks at whole economies. Additionally, it outlines the problem of scarcity due to limited economic resources and identifies the main factors of production as land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.
This document provides an overview of the foundations of business and economics. It discusses how early societies engaged in bartering as people specialized in different skills and trades. This led to the emergence of business as a way to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. The core functions of business require human participants in roles like owners, managers, employees and consumers. An economic system must determine how a society's resources will be allocated and distributed to satisfy people's needs and wants. Different systems like capitalism, socialism and mixed economies take different approaches to these functions.
Principles of Management Chapter 1 Business in GeneralDr. John V. Padua
The document provides an overview of business concepts including:
- What is business and its relationship to the economy. Business produces goods and services to meet consumer needs in exchange for profit.
- The key factors of production are land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. Business uses these factors to produce goods and services for the economy.
- There are different types of businesses including industries, commerce and services. Different economic systems like capitalism and socialism are also discussed.
- Factors like profit motivation, prestige, and fulfilling needs drive people to engage in business. Feasibility studies evaluate the viability of business ventures.
This document defines business and outlines its key characteristics. It states that business is an economic activity undertaken to provide goods and services for profit. The document then discusses different types of economic activities like business, profession, and employment. It provides examples and definitions. Finally, the document lists 14 characteristics of business, including that it involves an entrepreneur, deals in goods/services, entails risk and aim for profit, production and sales, and more. The overall purpose is to comprehensively define the meaning and nature of business.
This document defines business and outlines its key characteristics. It states that business is an economic activity undertaken to provide goods and services for profit. The document then discusses different types of economic activities like business, profession, and employment. It provides examples and definitions. Finally, the document lists 14 characteristics of business, including that it involves an entrepreneur, deals in goods/services, entails risk and aim for profit, production and sales, and more. The overall purpose is to comprehensively define the meaning and nature of business.
This document discusses economic and non-economic activities. It defines economic activities as those undertaken to earn money through the production and distribution of goods and services. Non-economic activities are done without intention of profit, for personal pleasure or satisfaction like religious and social services. While distinguishing the two can be difficult, economic activities generally aim to make money, create income/wealth, and use scarce resources, while non-economic activities satisfy social/emotional needs without expectation of income. The document also lists the main types of economic activities as profession, employment, and business.
Course Contents:
Module 1: Introduction: Business in a social system; business and economic system; Business
objectives; internal environment and external environment.
Module 2: Business Ethics: Principles of Business Ethics; Doctrine of trusteeship; unethical practices;
good ethics and good business. Social responsibility of business; Doctrine of social
responsibility: Rationale of social responsibility; control of monopoly and restrictive and
unfair trade practices.
Module 3: Business Environment: Business in a social system-internal environment or business
external environment- Economic-political-socio-cultural-technological environment – case
studies.
Module 4: Business Policy: Importance of business policy-essentials of business policy classification or
business policy-Production policy-personnel policy- Financial policy- Marketing Policy-case
studies.
LESSON 1 DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING MICROECONOMICS.pptxLeighTajon
Microeconomics studies how individuals, households, and firms make decisions to allocate scarce resources. The key problems addressed are scarcity, demand, and efficient resource allocation. Scarcity means that resources are limited in supply compared to human wants. This requires making choices to satisfy the most urgent needs. Microeconomics aims to understand how to maximize satisfaction given scarce resources.
This document discusses the nature and purpose of business. It defines business as economic activities involving the purchase, production and/or sale of goods and services with the motive of earning profit by satisfying human needs. The key characteristics of business are that it is an economic activity, involves production or procurement of goods and services, involves the sale or exchange of goods and services on a regular basis, and aims to earn a profit. The document also differentiates between business, profession and employment. It then discusses the objectives, risks and classification of business activities.
This document provides an overview of the nature and scope of business. It defines key terms like economic and non-economic activities. It discusses the traditional, customer-oriented, and societal concepts of defining business. The characteristics of business are explained, differentiating between basic/fundamental characteristics and modern characteristics. It also compares the differences between business, profession, and employment. Finally, it outlines the scope of business, categorizing business activities into industry, commerce, and direct services.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. CONTENTS
1) Economic Activities
2) Non Economic Activities
3) Objectives
4) Characteristics
5) Parts of Economic Activities
6) Types/Classification Of Economic
Activities
7) Sectors Of Economic Activities.
3. ECONOMICS ACTIVITIES
Economic activities are
related to production ,
distribution , exchange and
consumption of goods and
services.
The primary aim of the
economic activity is the
production of goods and
services with a view to
make them available to
consumer.
4. “Human activities which are
performed in exchange for money or
money’s worth are called economic
activities”.
In other words , economic activities
are those efforts which are under
taken by man to earn income ,
money, wealth for his life and to
secure maximum satisfaction of
wants with limited and scarce means.
•E.g. A worker works in a
factory and gets wages.
5. NON ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Activities which do not have any
economic motive and are performed
with a feeling of love, sympathy,
humanity and patriotism are known as
non - economic activities.
e.g. playing, dancing ,giving donation, a
housewife cooking food for family , or a
boy helping an old man cross the road
etc.
6. OBJECTIVES
Economic activities are undertaken to
produce goods and services so that human
wants are satisfied . The human efforts
are directed for the welfare of society .
All kinds of occupations and professions
are undertaken to create wealth and
satisfy human needs . Fisher gives two
objectives for economic activities , i.e.,
proper allocation of resources and optimum
use of resources.
7. 1. Proper Allocation of Resources :
The economic resources are limited and
their requirements are many . It is
essential to make a judicious allocation of
resources so that maximum needs
satisfied. Every person assesses his needs
resources . He determines his priorities
for applying his resources . Some needs
are urgent while others may wait for some
time . An effort is made to get maximum
satisfaction out of the use of available
resources.
8. 2. Optimum Use of Resources
The other objective of economic
activities is the optimum use of
resources. The resources should be put
their maximum use. Various factors of
production like land, labour capital, etc.
should be used in producing goods in
such a way that no part is idle. The
optimum is the level of greatest
satisfaction and nothing can go beyond
it.
9. CHARACTERISTICS
1. Wealth Producing Activities: The
economic activities are undertaken to
produce wealth . The wealth is
produced by productive activities. The
production may be for the consumption
of family members or for the others .
A farmer may grow vegetables for
selling in the market will fetch income
for the farmer.
10. 2. Satisfying Human Wants: The main aim
of economic activities is to satisfy
human needs. The needs to be satisfied
may be present or future . When a
person undertakes a job to earn money
and buy necessities for his family then
it will be satisfying present needs . And
when a person saves money out of his
current earnings for satisfying his
needs after the retirement then it will
be a plan for the future.
11. 3. Money Income : All economic activities,
these may be related to business,
profession or service , help in earning
money income. People undertake these
activities to satisfy their family needs
with the help of money earned through
productive activities. A living is possible
with money income earned from
economic activities.
12. 4.Developmental Activities : Economic
activities not only satisfy human wants but
also become a basis for economic
development of the society. When old
needs are satisfied then new needs crop
up. The economic resources are employed
to produce new products and this process
helps in generating employment avenues
and ultimately the money income . The
social development is linked to the
economic activities undertaken there.
13. PARTS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
1. Market activities : These types of
activities involve remuneration to any one
who performs i.e., activity performed for
pay or profit. These include production of
goods or services including government
service.
2. Non- market activities : These activities
are the production for self-consumption.
These can be consumption and processing
of primary product and own account
production of fixed assets.
15. 1. Business
Business is an economic activity
concerned with production and
distribution of goods and services with
the aim to earn profit. It includes all
those activities which are directly or
indirectly concerned with production,
purchase and sale of goods and services.
So the production, marketing,
advertising, warehousing, insurance,
banking, etc. are all business activities.
16. 2. Profession
Profession is an occupation carried on
by professional people like Doctors,
Lawyers, Engineers, etc. They provide
specialized services in return for fees.
To become a professional, a man
requires specialized knowledge and
professional qualification. For e.g.
Doctor needs specialized knowledge in
medicine, a lawyer needs a degree in
law, etc.
17. 3. Employment
Employment is a type of occupation
under which one person provides his
services, physical or mental to someone
else in return for which he gets salary
or wage. The person who is employed is
called employee or worker.
19. Primary Sector
The primary sector of
economy is the sector of
economy making direct use
of natural resources. This
includes agriculture,
forestry, fishing and
mining. The primary sector
is usually most important
in less-developed countries
and typically less
important in industrial
country.
20. Secondary Sector
An economic activity
in which people use
raw material to
produce or
manufacture new
products of greater
value.
e.g. manufacturing
steel into car , or
textile into clothing.
21. Tertiary Sector
The tertiary sectors of the
economy is the service
industry . This sectors
provides services to the
general population and to
businesses. Activities
associated with the sectors
include retail, wholesales,
distribution,
transportation
,entertainment,
restaurants, healthcare,
law.
22. Quaternary Sector
The quaternary sector of
economy is the way to
describe the knowledge
based part of the
economy which typically
includes services such as
information technology ,
information generation
and sharing , media and
research and
development.
23. Quinary Sector
Quinary sector is the
branch of a country’ s
economy where high
level decisions are made
by top level executives
in the government,
industry, business,
education, media , non
profit organisation. It
is a top economic
sector.