substance abuse or drug abuse definition, types, sign and symptoms, prevention etc...

1. Presented by,
Abilittin James Benitto

2. Definitions.
1. It is also known as drug abuse or substance
use for reasons other than medical in a
manner that affects physical or mental
function. Any abuse can lead to addiction.
[Alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, inhalants
(including compounds found in
gasoline, glue, and paint thinners), opioids
(including
morphine, heroin, codeine), sedative, hypn
otic substances, sleeping medication.]

3. 2. A maladaptive pattern of substance use
lading to clinically significant impairment
or distress, as manifested by one or more
of the following occurring within a 12-
month period. [DSM-4]
3.Substance abuse refers to the taking of a
psychoactive substance in a manner that
violates current medical, legal, religious
or social practices.

4. Division of substances or drugs.
A).Legal drugs or licit drugs.
• Such as coffee, tea, cocoa, alcohol, tobacco.
B).Illegal drugs or illicit drugs.
• Such as marijuana, cocaine, and lysergic acid
diethylamide.
• The popular use of legal drugs , particularly
alcohol and tobacco has caused for more
deaths, sickness, violent, crimes, economic loss
and other social problems than the use of all
illegal drugs combined.

5. Gateway drugs.
• The word gateway suggests a path leading to
something else. Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana
are the most commonly used drugs. Almost all
abusers of more powerfully addictive drugs have
first experimented with these 3 substances.

6. Major problems of substance abuse.
• Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure
to fulfill major role obligations at work, school
or home. Repeated absence or poor work
performance related to substance abuse,
suspensions or expulsions from school,
neglect of children or house hold.
• Recurrent substance use in which it is
physically hazardous, like driving an
automobile or operating a machine when
impaired by substance use.

7. Cont…
• Recurrent substance- related legal problems
like, arrest for substance related disorderly
conduct.
• Continued substance use despite having
persistent or recurrent social or
interpersonal problems caused or
exacerbated by the effects of the substance.
Arguments with spouse about
consequences of intoxication, physical
fights.

8. Common sign and symptoms of
substance abuse.
• You’ve built up a drug tolerance. You need to use
more of the drug to experience the same effects
you used to with smaller amounts.
• You take drugs to avoid or relieve withdrawal
symptoms. If you go too long without drugs, you
experience symptoms such as
nausea, restlessness, insomnia, depression, sweat
ing, shaking, and anxiety.
• You’ve lost control over your drug use. You often
do drugs or use more than you planned, even
though you told yourself you wouldn’t. You may
want to stop using, but you feel powerless.

9. Cont…
• Your life revolves around drug use. You spend a
lot of time using and thinking about drugs,
figuring out how to get them, and recovering
from the drug’s effects.
• You’ve abandoned activities you used to enjoy,
such as hobbies, sports, and socializing, because
of your drug use.
• You continue to use drugs, despite knowing it’s
hurting you. It’s causing major problems in your
life—blackouts, infections, mood swings,
depression.

10. Types of substances
used in abuse.

11. Alcohol.
• Alcohol is an organic solvent especially for its use
for human consumption. The type of alcohol that
is found in alcohol beverages is ethanol. Ethanol
is a colourless volatile and pungent liquid
resulting from fermented grains, berries, and
other fruits. Most common alcohol beverages are
beer, wine, and spirits. Alcohol is a depressant
that mainly affects the gastro intestinal system.

12. • Alcohol abuse:- uncontrollable drinking that
leads to alcohol craving, loss of control and
physical dependence.
• Alcoholism:- a state of physical and
psychological addiction to ethanol a
psychoactive substance.
• Binge drinking:- consume five or more drinks
on one occasion.
• Heavy drinkers:-five or more drinks on one
occasion on five or more days during a given
30 days period.

13. Major components of alcoholism
1. Craving.
• An overwhelming compulsion to drink even when
not feasible, such as at work, driving vehicle etc..
2. Very impaired or loss of control.
• An inability to limit one’s dinking once drinking has
began, for example
• one drink only before going to bed is
impossible to control.
3. Physical dependence.
• Presence of withdrawal symptoms when attempting
to abstain from usage. Such symptoms as
nausea, sweating, shakiness and anxiety about the
availability of alcohol consumed to maintain its
effects.
•

14. Effects of alcohol.
The excessive amounts of alcohol often cause a
progression in the loss of inhibitions, flushing and
dizziness, loss of coordination, impaired motor
skills, blurred vision, slurred speech, sudden
mood swings, irregular pulse and memory
impairment. Chronic heavy use may lead to high
blood pressure, arrhythmia(irregular heart beat)
and cirrhosis (severe liver deterioration). High
rates of many types of cancer are seen in
alcoholic persons, especially cancers of the
head, neck, esophagus and stomach.

15. Among alcoholics liver disorder are responsible for
10% to 15% of deaths.
• Relapsing syndrome:- returning to the use of
alcohol after quitting.
• Alcohol withdrawal syndrome:- symptoms that
occur when an individual who is addicted to
alcohol does not maintain his usual blood alcohol
level.
• Psychiatric disorders:-
depression, schizophrenia, chronic use leading to
permanently compromised mental function and
memory.

16. Nicotine.
• It is considered a gateway drug. It is an
addictive, colourless, highly volatile liquid
alkaloid found in all tobacco products such as
cigarettes, chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigars
and bidi. Because nicotine is highly addictive and
tobacco use is still socially acceptable under
certain circumstances. Smokers often start young
and have a vary difficult time quitting. Long term
use of tobacco products can lead to several
different chronic respiratory ailments and
cancers.

17. • In 1828 nicotine was discovered to be one
component of tobacco. It is one of more than
4000 chemicals found in the smoke from tobacco
products such as cigarettes (NIDA1998). When
smoked, nicotine enters the lungs and is then
absorbed in to the blood stream.
• Tobacco chewing:- the absorption of nicotine
through the mucous lining of the mouth.
• Snuff dipping:- placing a pinch of tobacco
between the gums and the cheek.

18. Tobacco products.
• Rolles of tobacco which are smoked[ bidi,
cigarette, cigare, pipes, huka]
• Oral preparation for chewing and holding in the
mouth or placing in the nose.[snuff, snus, betel
quid, paan masala, gutkha].
Environmental tobacco smoke.
• Mainstream smoke;- smoke drawn directly
through the mouthpiece of a cigerette.
• Side stream smoke:- smoke released in to the air
from a lighted cigarette.
• Passive smoking:- non smokers inhalation of
tobacco smoke.

19. Health effects of tobacco.
Tobacco consumption continues to be the leading
preventable cause of deaths in the world. When
you smoke tobacco you inhale up to 4000
chemicals. Tobacco use contributes to
cataracts, pneumonia, abdominal aeortic
aneurysm, stomach cancer, kidney cancer and
other diseases. The diseases join the familiar list
of tobacco related disease including cancer of the
lung, vesicle, esophagus, larynx, mouth, and
throat

20. Cont…
chronic pulmonary disease, emphysema and
bronchitis, stroke, heart attacks and other
cardio vesicular disease.
• Studies shows that in india half the male
tuberculosis deaths in that caused by
smoking.
Kicking the habit of tobacco use.
• Acupuncture, self-help with behavioral
modification, nicotine patches, nicotine
gum, hypnosis.

21. Cannabinoids
• Hashish, Marijuana
• How Consumed: swallowed, smoked
• Effects: euphoria, slowed thinking and
reaction time, confusion, impaired balance
and coordination
• Consequences: cough, frequent respiratory
infections, impaired memory and learning,
increased heart rate, anxiety, panic attacks.

22. Opiods / Narcotics
• Codeine, heroin, morphine, opium, Oxycodone,
Hydrocodone
• How Consumed:
injected, swallowed, smoked, snorted
• Effects: pain relief, euphoria, drowsiness
• Consequences:
nausea, constipation, confusion, sedation, respir
atory depression and
arrest, unconsciousness, coma, death

23. Depressants
• Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, GHB, Rohypnol, Q
uaalude
• How Consumed: swallowed, injected
• Effects: reduced anxiety, feeling of well-
being, lowered inhibitions, slowed pulse and
breathing, lowered blood pressure, poor
concentration
• Consequences: fatigue, confusion, impaired
coordination, memory, judgment, respiratory
depression and arrest, death.

24. Stimulants
• Amphetamine, cocaine, methamphetamine, nico
tine, Ritalin.
• How Consumed:
injected, smoked, snorted, swallowed.
• Effects: increased heart rate, blood
pressure, metabolism, feelings of
exhilaration, energy, increased mental alertness.
• Consequences: rapid or irregular heart
beat, reduced appetite, weight loss, heart
failure, nervousness, insomnia.

25. Drug abuse prevention.
• Three level prevention programs are their,
1). Primary substance abuse prevention program.
• Refers to the very broad range of activities aimed at
reducing the risk of drug use among non users and
assuring continued non use.
• Primary prevention includes affective education,
personal and social skill development, values, and
clarification.

26. 2). Secondary substance abuse prevention
program.
• Targeting at risk groups, experimenters, and early
abuse population, to reverse the progression of
abusive behaviors, similar to early intervention. It
includes, teacher, counselor, parent team
approach.
3). Territory substance abuse prevention program.
• Intervention at an advanced state of drug
abuse, basically the same as drug abuse
treatment. It includes assessment and
diagnosis, referral in to treatment.
Comprehensive prevention programs
involving the community, school and family are
more effective than single unit programs.

27. Support is essential to addiction
recovery
• Don’t try to go it alone; it’s all too easy to get
discouraged and rationalize “just one more” hit
or pill.
• Recovering from drug addiction is much easier
when you have people you can lean on for
encouragement, comfort, and guidance.
Support can come from:
• family members
• close friends
• therapists or counselors

28. Thankyou
By,
Abilittin James Benitto
MsC. Psychiatric Nsg.