3. Synonyms
Synonym is equivalence of sense. Or Synonyms
are words with the same or similar meanings.
When a single word in a sentence is replaced by
a synonym –a word equivalent in sense- then
the literal meaning of the sentence is not
changed.Examples: lucky=fortunate, die=pass
away, new=recent, etc.
- You are lucky to get her love = you are fortunate to
get her love
- Her father died two years ago = Her father passed
away two years ago
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4. Antonyms
An antonym is a pair of words with opposite
meanings. Each word in the pair is the
antithesis of the other. A word may have more
than one antonym.
There are three categories of antonyms
identified by the nature of the relationship
between the opposed meanings.
1. Complementary antonyms
2. Gradable antonyms
3. Converse antonyms
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5. Complementary Antonyms
A complementary antonym is one of a pair of
words with opposite meanings.
Here there is no comparison or scale; only two
possibilities, either one or the other.
Examples : alive-dead, single-married, male-
female, off-on etc.
Her mother is still alive (it means that “her mother is not
dead”)
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6. Gradable Antonyms
A gradable antonym is one of a pair of words
with opposite meanings where there is level of
the meaning between words.
These describe something which can be
measured and compared with something else.
Examples :young-old, hot-cold, small-big,
good-bad.
Good-bad= if something is not “good”, is may still not be
“bad.” There is a scale involved with some words, and
besides good and bad there can be average, fair, excellent,
terrible, poor, or satisfactory.
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7. Converse Antonyms
Converse or relational antonyms are also
another kind (not really opposites at all) are
pairs which go together, and represent two
sides of a relation. Examples : buy-sell, parent of-child
of, teach-learn, up-down, before-after, etc.
Brian sells the car to Michael and Michael buys the car
from Brian (both indicate that a particular
transaction has taken place)
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8. Meaning Postulates
Meaning postulate is a way of integrating into
logical systems the entailment information
that comes from word meaning. Example :
Ms Rahma is my lecturer
P
And if she is my lecturer then I will be tought by her
p q
Therefore I will be tought by Ms Rahma
q
P
& (if p then q)
Therefore q
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9. Adjective Modifying Nouns
Noun and adjective meanings put together
when an adjective modifies a noun.
Example :
the best (adj) + student (n) = the best student
interesting (adj) + book (n) = interesting book
comfortable (adj) + class (n) = comfortable class
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Nice
(adj)
Place
(n)
nice
place
