3. A character representing one or
more of the sounds used in speech;
any of the symbols of an alphabet.
A B C D...Z
1. CONSONANTS (21)
2. VOWELS (5) (a, e, i, o, u)
LETTERS
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
4. A word is the smallest unit
of grammar that can stand alone as
a complete utterance, separated by
spaces in written language and
potentially by pauses in speech. It
is the combination of letters.
I go well rare
alone Peter beautiful
WORD
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
6. A group of words that:
stands together as a single
grammatical unit.
Does not contain a subject and
verb
Once in a blue moon
Writing a letter
On the wall
PHRASE
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
13. Clauses are units of grammar that
contain at least one verb and a
subject.
Subject Verb combination
Abi played cricket.
Until the sun sets
CLAUSE
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14. Independent Clauses
An independent clause is a group of
words that contains both a subject
and a Verb. It expresses a complete
thought and can stand alone as a
sentence.
I love opening the windows while the
warm breeze blows.
She walked to the grocery store to buy
a bouquet of flowers.
TYPES OF CLAUSES
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
15. Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause is a group of
words with a subject and a verb. It
does not express a complete thought
so it is not a sentence and can't
stand alone.
When the president arrives
Until the sun sets
If you can work on Sundays
TYPES OF CLAUSES
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
16. Independent Clauses
He ate dinner.
Dependent Clauses
When John got home,
Dependent Clauses + Independent
Clauses
When John got home, he ate dinner.
Please send me the report today if you
can.
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
18. Say whether each of the following is
a phrase or a clause
1. in the garden
2. while Charlie was reading the newspaper
3. Kevin works at a restaurant.
4. the big green box
5. We don’t live in Dallas anymore.
6. extremely hungry right now
7. had been waiting
8. If you see Mr Ram tomorrow
9. slowly and steadily
10. Whenever I play a video game, it reminds
me of my child
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
20. NOUN CLAUSE
Group of words Subject and Verb
ACTS AS A NOUN
I fear that I will fail
That you have come pleases me
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
21. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Group of words Subject and Verb
ACTS AS AN ADJECTIVE
(describes noun)
The umbrella which has a broken handle
is mine
He met a girl whose eyes were blue
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
22. ADVERB CLAUSE
Group of words Subject and Verb
ACTS AS AN ADVERB
(Modifies verb, adjective and adverb)
They rested when the evening came
I will give you a map so that you can find
a way
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
23. A set of words that is complete in
itself, typically containing a subject
and predicate, conveying a
statement, question, exclamation,
or command, and consisting of a
main clause and sometimes one or
more subordinate clauses.
SENTENCE
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
26. SIMPLE SENTENCE
A sentence that has a single subject and a
single predicate is called a simple
sentence. (only one finite verb)
I am a teacher.
She took a cab to the airport.
We are having pizza for dinner tonight.
A simple sentence is also known as an
independent clause.
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
27. COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence has two or more
independent clauses.
I am a teacher. My brother is a doctor.
I am a teacher, and my brother is a doctor.
She tried to lift the box. The box was too heavy.
She tried to lift the box, but it was too heavy.
He didn’t have enough cash. He paid by credit card.
He didn’t have enough cash, so he paid by credit card.
Words like and, but and so are called
coordinating conjunctions.
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
28. The clause in a compound sentences are also known as
co-ordinate clauses because they are connected by co-
ordinating conjunctions like
And
But
Yet
Nor
Either
Neither
Still
Therefore
So
Otherwise
Either...or
Neither...nor Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
29. THERE ARE CORRECT WAYS TO LINK
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
Solving equations is useful, but studying
grammar is fun.
(The linking word is "but." A comma
precedes the linking word.)
Simple sentences contain one clause, and
compound sentences contain at least two.
(The linking word is "and." A comma
precedes the linking word.)
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
30. THE SHORT LINKERS ARE: seven of them.
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Note that if you arrange these guys right, the first
letters spell "fanboys."
These linking words have names. They are
called coordinating conjunctions.
We can call them short linkers. There are only
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
31. Rule
When two independent clauses are joined
by a short linker,
put a comma in front of that linker.
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
32. HOWEVER, SOMETIMES INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES ARE JOINED BY LONGER
LINKING WORDS.
Some students can remember the coordinating
conjunctions; however, others can only remember
their favorite pizza toppings.
(The linking word is "however." Note that a
semicolon precedes it and a comma follows it.)
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
33. Grading tests is depressing; consequently, some
teachers drink heavily before doing it.
(Again, note the semicolon before the linking
word and the comma after it.)
These long linking words are
called conjunctive adverbs. we can call
them "long linkers."
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
34. Some common long linkers are:
Consequently
Therefore
However
Nevertheless
Thus
Hence
Henceforth
In fact
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
35. Rule
When two independent clauses are
joined by a long linker, put a semicolon
in front of that linker and a comma
behind it.
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
36. THERE IS A THIRD WAY TO PUNCTUATE
COMPOUND SENTENCES.
To study math is a treat; to study grammar is a
thrill.
I like to read; my wife likes to talk.
(Note the absence of a linking word and the use
of a semicolon.)
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
37. Rule
Two independent clauses may be
linked only by a semicolon.
Helpful Hint
When only a semicolon is used to
link independent clauses, make
sure the clauses are thoroughly
parallel in structure and word
choice. Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
38. October days are often beautiful; November
days often aren’t.
(Note that these clauses contain the same
verbs ("are") and the same subjects ("days").
They also contain the adverb "often." These
create symmetry and justify the use of a
semicolon.)
39. The colon is used to separate two
independent clauses when the second
explains or illustrates the first.
I have very little time to learn the language:
my new job starts in five weeks.
All three of their children are involved in
the arts: Richard is a sculptor, Diane is a
pianist, and Julie is a theatre director.
40. COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has a dependent clause
and an independent clauses.
When I got home from work yesterday, I watched TV
for an hour.
Let me know if you need any help.
You can’t go out and play until you’ve finished your
work.
Words like when, if and until are called
subordinating conjunctions.
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
41. The subordinate clauses of a complex sentences are
connected with the main clause by means of any of the
subordinating conjunctions
When before
Where if
While even if
Who which as if
How unless
Although what
Though that
Even though
As since
Because
That
After
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
42. Dependent clause in a complex
sentence is known as Subordinate
Clause.
If the dependent clause comes
first, we put a comma after it, and
the we write the independent
clause.
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
43. RELATIVE CLAUSE
A relative clause uses a relative pronoun like
who, that, which etc.
I know a guy who plays guitar in a rock band.
Synonyms are words that have similar meanings.
The boss wants me to give a speech at the event,
which is tomorrow.
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI
44. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
A compound-complex sentence has more
than one independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses.
If it rains tomorrow, bring your umbrella ,
or you might catch a cold.
Fr Sujith Mathew CMI