This document provides guidance on map reading skills for students. It defines what a map is and explains the importance of maps for planning. It covers various map categories and components such as grid coordinates, scale, direction, and marginal information. It describes how to determine distances and locations on a map using scale, grid squares, and navigation techniques. The document emphasizes best practices for map handling, storage, marking, and folding.

2. REFERENCE: UNITED STATE ARMY MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, 1987

3. To provide the Students the
knowledge and develop their
skill in map reading and to
impart to them the importance
of map information in the
future planning.

4.  Definition, Importance and Caring of
Map
 Categories and uses of Maps
 Marginal Information
 Colors used on a Military Map
 Grid Coordinates
 Scale and Distance
 Directions

5. MAP- is a graphic
representation of the
earth’s surface or part of
it, drawn into scale as
seen from above.

6.  A map can give accurate
information.
 It becomes more & more necessary
to rely upon maps.
 By necessity, planning must be
done on maps.
 Adequate supply of maps.

7. • Protect fm water, mud & tearing.
• Map should be carried in
waterproof cases, in pocket or in
place where it is handy for use.
• If you put a mark on a map, use
of pencil.

8. • Use light lines so they
maybe erased easily without
smearing and smudging, or
leaving marks that may later
cause confusion.
• Should be folded properly.

9. ACCORDING TO SCALE
Scale - is expressed as a
fraction and gives the ratio of map
distance to the ground distance.
Small Scale
Medium Scale
Large Scale

10. • The map scale is 1:50,000
• RF = 1/50,000
• The map distance from point A to
B is 5 units
• 5 X 50,000 = 250,000 units of
ground distance

11. Types of Maps
Planimetric map
Topographic map
Photomap
Joint operations
graphics
Photomosaic map

12. Types of Maps
Terrain model
Military city map
Plastic relief map
Special maps

13. Military Use
 General map
 Strategic map
 Strategic-Tactical map
 Tactical map
Artillery map
Situation map

15.  Sheet Name
 Sheet Number
 Series Name
 Scale
 Serial Number
 Edition Number
 Index to Boundaries

16.  Adjoining Sheet Diagram
 Elevation Guide
 Declination Diagram
 Bar Scale
 Contour Interval Note
 Spheroid Note
 Projection note

17. • Sheet Name:
CAVITE

18. Sheet Number:
SHEET
7171 I

19. Series Name:
PHILIPPINES

20. Scale:
PHILIPPINE
S
1:50,000

21. 7173 III 7272 III
7171 II7171 III
7172 II
7171 IV 7271 IV
7271 III
7171 I
Adjoining Sheets Diagram

22. Bar Scales
Legend

23. Serial Number
Example: S701
S – word series
7 – scale of the map as follows;
8 – 1:25,000, 7 – 1: 50,000
6 – 1:100,000
0 – Sub-geographical area as follows;
0 – Philippines 1 – Luzon
2 – Visayas 3 – Panay
4 – Sulu 5 – Mindanao

24.  Black – man-made objects
 Blue – drainage/bodies of
water
 Brown – relief & elevation
 Green –vegetation

25.  Red – roads, built-up
areas and special
features.
 Reddish-Brown – cultural
features, all relief
features and elevation

26. Representative Fraction (RF)
Example is as shown:
The map scale is 1:50,000 or
RF = 1/50,000
The map distance from point A
to B is 5 units
5 x 50,000 = 250,000 units of
ground distance

27. Comparison with the Ground distance
Example: 1/X, RF = 1/X = MD/GD
MD = 4.32 centimeters
GD = 2.16kms (216,000 cms)
1 4.32 4.32X = 216,000
X 216,000 4.32 4.32
X =50,000
RF

28. RF = 1/X = MD/GD
Ex: MD = GD/Denominator of RF
GD = 2,200 meters
RF = 1:50,000
MD = 2,200/50,000
= 0.044 mtr x 100 (cm in a mtr)
= 4.4 centimeters

29. Graphic (Bar) Scales
1 ½ 0 1 2 3 Substitute Miles
1 ½ 0 1 2 3 Nautical miles
Meters 1000 0 1 2 3 4 5 Kilometers
Secondary Scale Primary Scale
Transferring map distance to paper strip
Measuring straight-line map distance
Measuring curved lines

30. Method of expressing Directions
 Degree – the most common unit
of angular measure.
 Mil – used in arty, tank & mortar
gunnery.
 Grad – a metric unit of measure
found on some foreign maps.

31. Base Lines
 True North
 Magnetic North
 Grid North GN or Y

32. Azimuths - is a horizontal angle,
measured in a clockwise manner
fm a north base line.
Back Azimuth – reverse direction
ADD 180O -
AZIMUTH IS 180O
OR LESS. SUBTRACT 180O -
AZIMUTH IS 180O
OR MORE.

33. 270O
0 or 360O
90O
180O
Azimuth
Back Azimuth
115O
295O

34. Back Azimuth
Azimuth less than 180 degrees
- plus 180 degrees
Azimuth more than 180
degrees - minus 180 degrees

35. Method of Locating Points
 Intersection
 Resection
 Polar Plot
 Modified resection

36. Directions
®Methods of Expressing Directions
Degree ( 1 degree = 60 min)
Mil (Artillery, tank, and mortar
gunnery)

37. 90270
0 or 360
180
BASELINE
Direction Line
ORIGIN
64 degrees

38. Grid Square
Grid Coordinate scales
Determining grids
Precision

40. RULE OF DUMB
READ RIGHT
AND UP

41. GS67 88
66 67 68 69
90
89
88
87

42. GS68 88
66 67 68 69
90
89
88
87

43. GS67 89
66 67 68 69
90
89
88
87

44. GS68 89
66 67 68 69
90
89
88
87

45. GS68 87
66 67 68 69
90
89
88
87

46. GS66 88
66 67 68 69
90
89
88
87

47. GS66 89
66 67 68 69
90
89
88
87

48. 66 67 68 69
90
89
88
87

49. 6 DIGITS
NEAREST 100 METERS

50. 66 67 68 69
90
89
88
87

51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
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8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ___ 88____5 5GC 675885

52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
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6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ___ 88____7 6GC 677886

53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
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6
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8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ___ 88__2 9GC 672889

54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
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6
7
8
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67
89
88
68
GC 67 ___ 88___9 1GC 679881

55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
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8
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67
89
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68
GC 67 ___ 88___0 0GC 670880

56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
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5
6
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8
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67
89
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68
GC 67 ___88___7 0GC 677880

57. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
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7
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67
89
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68
GC 67 ___88___0 7GC 670887

58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
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4
5
6
7
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67
89
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68
GC 68 ___ 88___0 0GC 680880

59. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ___ 89___0 0GC 670890

60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 68 ___ 89___0 0GC 680890

61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ___ 88___7 6GC 677886 +_ 100

62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ___ 88___7 6GC 677886 +_ 100

63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ___ 88___7 7GC 677887+_ 100

64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ___ 88___8 7GC 677887+_ 100

65. 8 DIGITS
NEAREST 10 METERS

66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ____ 88____7 74 0GC 67748870

67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ____ 88____7 70 3GC 67708873

68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ____ 88____7 60 5GC 67708865

69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
67
89
88
68
GC 67 ____ 88____4 45 0GC 67458840