SCC 2014 - How science policy really works

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This document discusses the roles that learned societies and institutions can play in raising issues and influencing science policy. It examines what policymakers need, which is access to evidence and clarity, and what learned societies have to offer, such as expertise and convening power. It also considers the challenges of being heard by policymakers and ensuring science policy discussions are timely and politically aware. Finally, it looks at the extent to which public opinion should influence science policy and examples of how it has, such as through focus groups or evidence-based advocacy campaigns.

Science Technology News & Politics

What is science policy?
Policy for science
Science for policy

What do policy makers need?
Access to the best evidence to make good policy
Solutions as well as problems
Clarity

What do learned societies and institutions
have?
Expertise
Independence
Convening power

Challenges
“Our biggest problems today, from climate change to economic
development to disease control, cannot be addressed using
reductionist and linear techniques. Delivering quality science to
inform these policy challenges will require a concerted effort,
bringing together evidence, networks and communications in timely,
politically savvy ways.”
Ben Ramalingam, Research Fortnight, 26 March 2014.

Challenges
Being heard
It isn’t just about the science
Timeliness
Asking for the possible?

To what extent and how public opinion
can/should influence science policy.

Policy for science
All trials campaign
Science is vital
Focus groups?

Science for policy
Sense about Science ask for evidence campaign
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority mitochondrial
replacement consultation
Science as part of the public discourse

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Context. WASP-76 b has been a recurrent subject of study since the detection of a signature in high-resolution transit spectroscopy data indicating an asymmetry between the two limbs of the planet. The existence of this asymmetric signature has been confirmed by multiple studies, but its physical origin is still under debate. In addition, it contrasts with the absence of asymmetry reported in the infrared (IR) phase curve. Aims. We provide a more comprehensive dataset of WASP-76 b with the goal of drawing a complete view of the physical processes at work in this atmosphere. In particular, we attempt to reconcile visible high-resolution transit spectroscopy data and IR broadband phase curves. Methods. We gathered 3 phase curves, 20 occultations, and 6 transits for WASP-76 b in the visible with the CHEOPS space telescope. We also report the analysis of three unpublished sectors observed by the TESS space telescope (also in the visible), which represents 34 phase curves. Results. WASP-76 b displays an occultation of 260±11 and 152±10 ppm in TESS and CHEOPS bandpasses respectively. Depending on the composition assumed for the atmosphere and the data reduction used for the IR data, we derived geometric albedo estimates that range from 0.05 ± 0.023 to 0.146 ± 0.013 and from <0.13 to 0.189 ± 0.017 in the CHEOPS and TESS bandpasses, respectively. As expected from the IR phase curves, a low-order model of the phase curves does not yield any detectable asymmetry in the visible either. However, an empirical model allowing for sharper phase curve variations offers a hint of a flux excess before the occultation, with an amplitude of ∼40 ppm, an orbital offset of ∼−30◦ , and a width of ∼20◦ . We also constrained the orbital eccentricity of WASP-76 b to a value lower than 0.0067, with a 99.7% confidence level. This result contradicts earlier proposed scenarios aimed at explaining the asymmetry observed in high-resolution transit spectroscopy. Conclusions. In light of these findings, we hypothesise that WASP-76 b could have night-side clouds that extend predominantly towards its eastern limb. At this limb, the clouds would be associated with spherical droplets or spherically shaped aerosols of an unknown species, which would be responsible for a glory effect in the visible phase curves.

Asymmetry in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b

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Mustard, as a crop, is susceptible to a variety of pests that can affect its growth and yield. Here’s a rundown of some common pests that target mustard plants: Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can cause significant damage by feeding on the leaves and stems. Aphids also excrete a sticky substance known as honeydew, which can lead to the growth of sooty mold on the plants. Flea Beetles: These tiny beetles jump like fleas when disturbed and chew small holes in the leaves. They are particularly damaging in the early growth stages of the plant. Cabbage Loopers: The larvae of a type of moth, these caterpillars are known for their distinctive looping movement. They chew large holes in the leaves and can defoliate plants if present in large numbers. Diamondback Moth Larvae: Another caterpillar pest, these larvae chew small holes in the leaves and can cause extensive damage, especially when infestations are heavy. Whiteflies: These are tiny, winged insects that feed on plant sap and can quickly become a problem in greenhouse or close planting conditions. Like aphids, they also secrete honeydew. Cutworms: These are the larvae of certain types of moths and are known for cutting young plants at the stem base at ground level. They are most destructive during the night. Root Maggots: The larvae of root maggot flies, these pests attack the roots of mustard plants, causing wilting and potentially killing young plants. Harlequin Bugs: These are colorful stink bugs that suck the sap from mustard plant stems and leaves, causing the leaves to become stippled, wilt, and eventually die if the infestation is severe. Mustard Sawfly: The larvae of the mustard sawfly can cause considerable defoliation, as they feed voraciously on the leaves. Clubroot: Caused by a fungus-like organism, clubroot affects the roots, causing them to swell and distort. While technically a disease, it is often associated with pest management because controlling it involves similar preventative strategies. Control Measures: Managing pests in mustard involves a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical methods. Crop rotation, resistant varieties, timely sowing, maintaining plant health, and using natural predators like ladybugs and parasitic wasps can help keep pest populations under control. Chemical pesticides should be used as a last resort due to their potential impact on the environment and non-target species.

Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf

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Asymmetry in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b

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Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf

SCC 2014 - How science policy really works

1. How science policy ‘really’ works

2. How science policy ‘really’ works (1)what roles do/should learned societies and institutions take in raising the profile of certain issues, and when and where should they impact on science policy? (2) to what extent and how public opinion can/should influence science policy.

3. What is science policy? Policy for science Science for policy

4. What roles do learned societies and institutions take in raising the profile of certain issues, and when and where should they impact on science policy?

5. What do policy makers need? Access to the best evidence to make good policy Solutions as well as problems Clarity

6. What do learned societies and institutions have? Expertise Independence Convening power

7. Policy for science

8. Science for policy

9. Challenges “Our biggest problems today, from climate change to economic development to disease control, cannot be addressed using reductionist and linear techniques. Delivering quality science to inform these policy challenges will require a concerted effort, bringing together evidence, networks and communications in timely, politically savvy ways.” Ben Ramalingam, Research Fortnight, 26 March 2014.

10. Challenges Being heard It isn’t just about the science Timeliness Asking for the possible?

11. To what extent and how public opinion can/should influence science policy.

12. Policy for science All trials campaign Science is vital Focus groups?

13. Science for policy Sense about Science ask for evidence campaign Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority mitochondrial replacement consultation Science as part of the public discourse

14. To find out more visit royalsociety.org

SCC 2014 - How science policy really works

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