This document provides information on the breeding aspects of potato, cauliflower, and cabbage. It discusses the botanic classification, breeding objectives, conventional and modern breeding methods for these crops. It also mentions important improved varieties released by institutions like the Central Potato Research Institute in India. The document covers topics like taxonomy, origin, morphology, breeding objectives and methods for potato, cauliflower and cabbage.

1. BREEDING ASPECTS OF
POTATO, CAULIFLOWER AND CABBAGE
1

2. Breeding Aspects of
Potato
2

3. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
Botanic classification Of Potato
Botany, Selfing and Crossing Techniques in Potato
Breeding Objectives
Conventional and Modern Breeding Methods in Potato
Improved Varieties of Potato
Indian and International institutions dealing with Potato
Research.
3

4. Taxonomic Position of Potato
Kingdom Plantae
Division Angiosperm
Class Dicotyledonae
Order Solanales
Family Solanaceae
Genus Solanum
Species Tuberosum
Chromosome
Number
Common cultivated potato varieties include tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) with a basic chromosome
number of 12, while there are cultivated species at the diploid (2n = 2x = 24) to pentaploid (2n
=5x = 60) levels.
4

5. Origin of Potato
Most Common potato species: S.Tuberosum
(Common potato)
Spooner et. al :- single progenitor S. brevicaule
Multiple origins of cultivated potatoes have been
suggested by different authors (Grun 1990, Hawkes
1994, Hauman and spooner 2002).
Rodriguez et al(2010) described the hybrid origins
of cultivated potatoes.
5

6. 6

7. Classification of cultivated potatoes
Species Distribution Origin
Solanum tuberosum sub sp. tuberosum (2n = 48) Cosmopolitan By artificial selection in Europe, North America and
Chile from introduced clones of group 2.
S. tuberosum sub sp. andigena (2n = 48) Venezuela to northern Argentina; also sporadically
in central America and Mexico
From group 4 and 5 by spontaneous doubling of the
chromosome number.
S.chaucha (2n = 36)
S. phuerja (2n = 24)
Central Peru to northern Bolivia Venezuela to
northern Bolivia
By hybridization between group 2 and 4 and 5. by
selection for short tuber dormancy from group 5.
S.stentomum (2n=24) Southern Peru to northern Bolivia By natural hybridization between wild species
followed by artificial selection.
S.juzepcsukii (2n=36) Central peru to southern Bolivia From crosses of S.acaule with groups of 4 and 5
S.curtilobum Central peru to southern Bolivia Crosses of S. juzepczukii with group 2.
7

8. Cultivated Potatoes
Solanum andigenum:
◦ it is not very common.
◦ Plants have thin and long stem, small and narrow leaflets.
◦ Flowers are produced more profusely.
◦ It has long stolons and mostly coloured deep- eyed tubers.
Solanum tuberosum:
◦ It is more common
◦ plants have shorter and thicker stem larger and wider leaflets.
8

9. Abiotic and Biotic Stress resistant
Varieties
Species Utility
Solanum demissum lind (2n = 72) Resistance to late blight, virus A, virus Y
S. stoloniferum (2n = 48) Resistance to virus x, frost, Colorado beetle.
S.vernei Bitt et,. Wittm (2n = 24) Resistant to two species of Heterodera nematode.
S. multidissectum Waek (2n=24) Resistant to two species of Heterodera nematode.
S.antipovczii Bulk Resistance to late blight
S.curtilobum jug. Et. Buk Resistant to frost
S. phureja jug. Et. Buk Non dormant type used inbreeding
S. chacoense bitter Non dormant type used in breeding
Tolerance to high temperature
S . anomalocalyx, S. jamessi Torr; S. Saltense Resistance to early blight.
9

10. BOTANY 10

11. 11

12. BOTANICAL FEATURES OF POTATO PLANT
The potato is an herbaceous plant and growth habit varies between and
within species.
The plant has a rosette or semi-rosette habit
The potato tuber is an enlarged portion of an underground stem or
stolon.
 Tuber eyes are the buds from which next season’s growth will emerge.
 Eyes are concentrated near the apical end of the tuber, with fewer near
the stolon or basal end.
Eye number and distribution are characteristic of the variety
12

13. BOTANICAL FEATURES OF POTATO PLANT
Potato is an annual herbaceous plant, mainly reproduced vegetatively by
means of tubers and sometimes by botanical seeds, i.e., True Potato
seeds.
 The tubers are underground stems and from that new shoots are
produced.
The stem is erect in the early stage but becomes spreading and prostrate
later on.
13

14. TRUE POTATO SEEDS
14

15. POTATO LEAVES
The leaves are compound and alternate, irregularly odd pinnate.
15

16. BOTANICAL FEATURES OF POTATO PLANT
Buds formed in the axil of the leaves produce
rhizome which elongate rapidly and develop tubers at
their extremities.
The tuber is morphologically a fleshy stem bearing
buds and eyes in the axil of small scale like leaves.
The seeds are produced in a berry; flowers are self-
pollinated but also cross pollinated by insect.
16

17. EYES OF A POTATO
17

18. INFLORESCENCE
18

19. 19

20. ANTHESIS
Flower opening starts nearest the base of the inflorescence and proceeding upward at the rate of about 2-3
each day.
At the peak bloom, there are usually 5-10 open flowers.
Flowers are open for only 2-4 days and the receptivity of the stigma and duration of pollen production is about
2 days.
The peak time of pollination is early morning
https://youtu.be/U6S7vZujBGo
20

21. 21

22. BREEDING OBJECTIVES OF POTATO
Why should breeding in potato be carried out?
22

23. General Breeding Objectives
High yield
Biotic stress
Better tuber
morphology
Abiotic
stress
Better
quality
Early
maturity
23

24. Breeding for higher Yield
Yield of tubers decided by
◦ number of tubers
◦ tuber size
◦ distribution of tuber.
24

25. Breeding for varieties having better
morphology of tuber
a) Eye depth
b) flesh colour
c) Growth cracks
d) Hollow heart
e) Shape
f) Skin colour
25

26. Breeding for better quality:
a) After cooking blackening
b) Dry matter
c) Enzyme browning
d) Glycoalkaloid level
e) reducing sugar content
f) storage properties
26

27. Breeding for disease resistance
1. Early blight
2. late blight
3. powdery scab
4. verticillium wilt
5. virus diseases.
Resistant source : S.demissum, S.acaule ssp. andigena
27

28. Breeding for Pest Resistance
Nematode is the major pest ssp.andigena - tolerant.
S.verineii resistant to Aphids, Colorado beetle.
28

29. BREEDING METHODS
What are the various methods of breeding potatoes?
29

30. BREEDING METHODS
• Introduction
• Clonal selection
• Hybridization and selection
• Backcross method
• Heterosis
• Biotechnology
30

31. INTRODUCTION
• The introduced European varieties were long-day adapted
• The multiplication of these varieties in Indian conditions was accompanied by
progressive accumulation of degenerative viral diseases
Earlier varieties
1) Criags defence
2)Magnum bonum
3)Up-to-date
Secondary introductions –Hybrid DN-45- Katahdin × President, Kufri kisan is a
multiple cross involving Ekishrozn from Japan
31

32. CLONAL SELECTION
 Kufri red from Darjeeling red round
Kufri safed is selction from phulwa
32

33. Hybridization and selection
In hybridization, crosses are made between selected parents.
Hybridization can be between varieties(intervarietal) or between
species(interspecific).
Since yield and most of the desirable characters are polygenic in nature, the
parents for hybridization are generally selected on the basis of their combining
ability.
 Being vegetatively propagated, breeders take advantage of selecting and
multiplying genetically identical individuals in the succeeding generations.
 KUFRI KUNDAN-selection from Ekishrozan×katahdin
 KUFRI JYOTHI –Selection from A-3069×A-2814
33

34. Back cross method
Cultivated potato does not posses resistance to most of the diseases and pests.
Resistance genes are mostly found scattered in wild and semi-cultivated species
available in centre of origin and diversity in South America.
 In this method the hybridization is done between cultivated and wild or semi
cultivated species with the aim of transferring specific characters like resistance to
diseases and pests.
It is followed by repeated back crossing keeping cultivated type as recurrent
parent.
 Selection is practiced in successive back cross generation for the character to be
retained from the wild species.
 However, transfer of the resistant genes from wild species into cultivated potato
is a difficult task.
34

35. HETEROSIS
Heterosis is observed for earliness, tuber size and tuber weight
 Pollen sterility is common
 Inbreeding depression is more
 Seed set is poor
Not exploited
35

36. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Tissue culture technique is used for propagation of virus free
plant material
 It can generate somaclonal variation useful for selection
 Protoplast fusion by somatic fusion of leaf mesophyll
protoplasts has provided opportunity to transfer useful genes
especially for disease and insect resistance from wild species
and other diverse sources to cultivated potatoes.
Genetic transformation through Agrobacterium tumifaciens in
genetic engineering, incorporation of Bt gene for insect control
and insertion of genes for herbicide resistance, and high amino
acid contents are other applications of biotechnology in potato
36

37. BIOTECHNOLOGY
The CPRI has successfully developed protocol for genetic transformation using the
agrobacterium vector
Transgenics through transformation are being developed to have potato lines resistant to
tuber moth, virus, late blight and also for nutritive quality and processing quality
Anthocyanin rich transgenic potato
It is also succeeded in transferrring the Cry-1 (Bt) gene to potato varieties for incorporating
resistance to potato tubermoth and leaf eating caterpillar
 CPRI has devoloped trangenic potato which can resist viral diseases.
 This gene has been taken from potato virus y and transferred to the variety kufri jyothi using
coat protein technique
A protein nutrient rich trangenic potato has been devoloped by incorporating the protein
synthesizer gene Am A1 (STORAGE GRAIN PROTEIN GENE) in potato varieties
 The protein synthesizer gene was isolated from Amaranthus hypochondriacus It contains 3-
4 times more essential amino acids
37

38. BIOTECHNOLOGY
The first GM potato appeared in the market in 1995 was
named “NewLeaf” by Monsanto, which was genetically
engineered using a toxin Bt gene to generate resistance
against Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
Another engineered potato variety appeared in March
2010; a GM potato “Amflora,” developed by BASF Plant
Science and aimed at improved amylopectin content (waxy
tuberous starch) for the processing industry, was approved
by the European Commission.
38

39. CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS…
39

40. CHALLENGES IN POTATO BREEDING
Indigenous table potato varieties
Late blight resistant varieties
Cyst nematode varieties- Kufri Swarna and Kufri Dewa
Wart resistant varieties- Kufri Kanchan
Processing varieties for chips and French fries.
Heat tolerant variety- Kufri Surya and Kufri lima
Frost resitant varieties- Kufri dewa and Kufri sheetman
40

41. LONGING VISION OF FOCUS
The potato embodies a unique combination of features; it is tetraploid and
heterozygous, it can be asexually propagated, is amenable to tissue and cell
culture methods, possesses an extremely large gene pool, and can be
transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens or other methods. Hence holds great
promise for the future.
To extend potato cultivation in non-traditional areas there is need to develop
heat tolerant genotypes.
Varieties rich in protein & vitamin A need to be developed.
Varieties for improved processing attributes.
Varieties resistant to late blight- early blight charcoal rot & mosaic
41

42. POTATO BREEDING IN INDIA
In India, potato breeding programme was initiated in 1935 at the Potato Breeding Station,
Shimla.
Regular breeding programme was started in 1949 with the establishment of the Central
Potato Research Institute (CPRI) at Patna, Bihar.
Headquarter of the CPRI was later on shifted to Shimla (1956) in order to facilitate
hybridization and maintenance of seed health.
The major breakthrough in potato improvement programme came in 1963 with the
development of “Seed Plot Technique”, which made it possible to raise, evaluate, select and
multiply breeding material under disease free conditions in plains.
 This led to the development of a system, wherein crossing was attempted in the hills and
raising of seedling, evaluation and maintenance of segregating population was done in the
plains.
All varieties released by the CPRI carry the prefix ‘KUFRI’ as a memento to the place of
hybridization.
42

43. 43

44. 44

45. 45

46. 46

47. 47

48. 48

49. 49

50. CPRI- SHIMLA
50

51. BREEDING ASPECTS OF
CAULIFLOWER 51

52. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
Botanic classification of Cauliflower
Botany
Breeding objectives
Conventional and modern breeding methods in cauliflower
Improved Cauliflower varieties
Indian and international institutions dealing with cauliflower
research.
52

53. The name “cauliflower” consists of two Latin words
◦ ‘caulis’ - means cabbage
◦ ‘floris’ - means flowers
53

54. CAULIFLOWER
Scientific Name: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Family: Brassicaceae
Chromosome number : 2n = 18
Origin Mediterranean region
54

55. ORIGIN
Centre of Origin: Mediterranean region
Progenitor: Brassica cretica (Schulz, 1936)
Later spread to various regions of Europe
Multiple origin- Due to hybridization between related parents-
Geographical identity
55

56. ORIGIN OF CAULIFLOWER
Cauliflower was originally grown in Asia around the Mediterranean sea.
Cauliflower was developed from one of hundreds of broccoli varieties
56

57. ORIGIN AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION
57

58. DISTRIBUTION OF CAULIFLOWER
 Major producing countries are
 India(95,000 ha),
China(90,000 ha),
 France(45,000 ha),
United states
Mexico (40,000 ha ),
Italy, Uk, Spain, Japan, Taiwan etc.
58

59. CLASSIFICATION
59

60. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
CAULIFLOWER
60

61. Cauliflowers are annual plants that reach about 0.5 metre (1.5 feet) tall.
They bear large rounded leaves that resemble collards (Brassica
oleracea, variety acephala).
As desired for food, the terminal cluster forms a firm, succulent “curd,”
or head, that is an immature inflorescence (cluster of flowers).
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
CAULIFLOWER
61

62. The broad leaves extend far above the curd and are often tied
together before harvest to shade the curd and prevent discoloration.
Commercially, white cauliflower is the most common, though
orange, purple, green, and brown cultivars also exist.
The plants produce cross-shaped yellow flowers and bear seeds in
dry capsules known as siliques.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
CAULIFLOWER
62

63. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Cauliflower is a biennial or annual herb,
50–80 cm tall at the mature vegetative stage
90–150 cm at flowering stage.
The root system is strongly ramified, concentrating in the top 30 cm of
soil, with thick laterals penetrating to deeper layers.
The stem is unbranched, 20–30 cm long, and thickened upwards.
The leaves are in a rosette (frame) of 15–25 large oblong more or less
erect leaves surrounding the compact terminal flower head (curd).
Usually lateral buds do not develop in the leaf axils.
The glabrous leaves are almost sessile and coated with a layer of
wax;
63

64. FLORAL BIOLOGY
4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens, and 2 carpels.
The carpels form a superior ovary with a false septum and two rows of
campylotropous ovules.
The androecium is tetradynamous, i.e. there are two short and four long
stamens.
The pollen grains are 30-40 µ in diameter and have three germination
pores.
The bright yellow petals become 15-25 mm long and about 10 mm wide.
64

65. 65

66. FLORAL BIOLOGY
The sepals are erect.
The buds open under the pressure of the rapidly
growing petals.
 This process starts in the afternoon, and usually,
the flowers become fully expanded during the
following morning.
The anthers open a few hours later, the flowers
being slightly protogynous.
66

67. BOTANY
The leaf blade is grey to blue-green in colour with whitish main and
lateral veins.
Leaves vary in shape from short and wide (40–50 cm 30– 40 cm)
with curly edges to long and narrow (70–80 20–30 cm) with smooth
edges.
The curd consists of a dome of proliferated floral meristems that are
white to cream or yellow colour growing on numerous short and
fleshy peduncles.
The curd varies from a rather loose to a very solid structure, with a
flattened to a deeply globular shape from 100 to 400 mm in diameter.
Young leaves may envelop the curd until a very advanced stage of
development is reached.
67

68. Botany of cauliflower –Major groups
There are four major groups of cauliflower.
1. Italian:
 Diverse appearance, biennial and annual types.
 Includes white, Romanesco, various green, purple, brown and yellow cultivars.
 This type is the ancestral form from which the others were derived.
2. Northwest European biennial:
 Used in Europe for winter and early spring harvest.
 Developed in France in the 19th century.
 Includes the old cultivars Roscoff and Angers.
68

69. 3. Northern European annuals:
 Used in Europe and North America for summer and fall harvest.
 Developed in Germany in the 18th century.
 Includes old cultivars Erfurt and Snowball.
4. Asian.
 Tropical cauliflower used in China and India.
 Developed in India during the 19th century from the now-abandoned Cornish
type.
 Includes old varieties Early Patna and Early Benaras.
Botany of cauliflower –Major groups
69

70. Varieties
Traditional varieties include ‘Snowball’, ‘Hybrid White’, ‘Super
Snowball’, ‘Snow Crown’, ‘Mayflower’, Candid Charm’, ‘Mormon’,
‘Agrahani’, ‘poushi’, ‘maghi’, ‘Snow White, ‘Snow Grace’
Self-blanching varieties are ‘Self Blanche’, ‘Early Tuscan’, and
‘Late Tuscan’.
Heirloom varieties include ‘All the Year Round’, ‘Early Pearl’,
‘Early Snowball’, ‘Igloo’, ‘Violetta Italia’ and ‘Walcheren Winter’.
Commercial varieties include ‘Fremont’, and ‘Snow Crown’
70

71. COLOURS
1. Orange cauliflower (B. Oleracea L. Var. Botrytis)
 contains 25 times the level of Vitamin A of white varieties.
 This trait came from a natural mutant found in a cauliflower field in Canada.
 Cultivars include ‘Cheddar’ and ‘Orange Bouquet’.
71

72. COLOURS
2. Green cauliflower
called broccoflower or broccoli flower.
It is available both with the normal curd shape and a variant spiky curd called “Romanesco
broccoli”.
Both types have been commercially available in the US and Europe since the early 1990s.
Romanesco’s head is an example of a fractal image in nature, repeating itself in self-similarity
at varying scales.
Green curded varieties include ‘Alverda’, ‘Green Goddess’ and ‘Vorda’. Romanesco varieties
include ‘Minaret’, and ‘Veronica’.
72

73. 73

74. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
1. High yield
2. compact, bract-free protected curds with retentive cream/white colour
3. Heat tolerance for producing curds in August/September
4. Suitable varieties for curd formation in summer and rainy seasons in the hills
5. Better seeding ability
6. Self-incompatible but cross-compatible inbreds to produce hybrids of tropical
type
7. Resistance to diseases (black rot, sclerotinia rot, alternaria blight, erwinia rot)
74

75. BREEDING METHODS
1. Population improvement methods
2. Development of Inbreds as Cultivars
3. Hybrid Breeding
4. Transgenic Cauliflower
75

76. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
Sporophytic self-incompatibility has been utilized for the production of F1
hybrid cultivars in all types of B. oleracea (Riggs, 1987).
The ratio of female-to-male parent is usually 1:1 or 2:1 (Takahashi, 1987).
Recommendations of maintenance breeders must be strictly adhered to when
producing seed of hybrid cultivars.
The incidence of sibs in the production of F1 hybrid seed sometimes presents
problems;
Fitzgerald et al. (1997) have described a technique for determining sib
proportion and aberrant characterization in hybrid seed using image analysis.
76

77. POPULATION IMPROVEMENT
METHODS
Applicable to open-pollinated heterogenous stocks having sufficient
variability due to self-incompatibility
77

78. DEVELOPMENT OF INBREDS AS
CULTIVAR
Applicable to European types which have self-compatibility
In this approach two self-compatible lines are crossed and the
hybrid progeny is subjected to simple pedigree/bulk/ backcross
method of breeding.
78

79. HYBRID BREEDING
This is based on the principle of developing inbreds through bud stage selfing
and production of F1 seed by crossing/interplanting two self-incompatible but
cross-compatible inbreds.
79

80. BREEDING FOR CURD QUALITY
Selection against Bracing Defect:
 The cauliflower curd consists of a mass of compressed, branched peduncles bearing many
thousands of pre-floral meristems.
White bracts corresponding to the axillary leaves are usually present inside the curd.
 Often these bracts grow through the surface of the curd and give it a papillate appearance which
reduces its commercial value.
Its value is further reduced if the bracts develop green or purple coloration.
80

81. PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS
Cauliflower is a difficult crop to breed due to its complex genetic makeup.
The most common problem in cauliflower breeding is hybrid vigor or the loss of vigor that can occur
when two inbred lines are crossed.
 This can lead to problems with yield, quality, and disease resistance.
Another common problem is self-incompatibility, which prevents a plant from being able to pollinate
itself.
This can be a problem when trying to create new varieties or when trying to maintain a stable
population of a particular variety.
81

82. PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS
Cauliflower breeding can be a difficult process due to the many different variables that need to
be considered.
 Some of the main challenges in cauliflower breeding include finding the right combination of
genes for disease resistance, yield, and flavor, as well as ensuring that the plants are able to adapt
to different climate conditions.
 Additionally, it can be difficult to produce hybrid cauliflower varieties that are stable and have
consistent characteristics.
82

83. RESEARCH INSTITUTE
1. Cauliflower research station (Pundibari in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal)
◦ The research station has developed several high-yielding varieties of cauliflower, including
Pundibari 1, Pundibari 2, Pundibari 3, and Pundibari 4.
◦ These varieties are widely cultivated in West Bengal and other parts of India.
◦ The research station has also developed a number of other cauliflower varieties, including Pundibari
5, Pundibari 6, Pundibari 7, and Pundibari 8.
◦ These varieties are suitable for cultivation in different parts of India.
2. Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Banglore
83

84. BREEDING
ASPECTS OF
CABBAGE
84

85. Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var .capitata)
Family: Brassicaceae
Cultivar group : Capitata
Origin: Eastern Mediterranean and Asla minor region ( prior to 1000 BC)
Cultivar group members: Red cabbage (capitata f.rubra)
savoy cabbage ( capitata var.sabauda L.)
85

86. TYPES OF CABBAGE
Spring greens –Loose-headed, commonly sliced and
steamed
Green – light to dark green, slightly pointed heads.
This is the most commonly grown cultivar
Savoy – characterized by crimped or curly leaves,
mild flavor, and tender texture
Red – smooth red leaves, often used for pickling or
stewing
White (also called Dutch )-smooth and pale green
leaves
86

87. GENERAL CHARACTERS
Second most important cole crop after cauliflower.
Heads average between 1 and 8 pound(0.5 and 4 kg) ,with earlier varieties producing
smaller heads.
Culinary use ranges from eating raw and simple steaming to pickling, stewing,
sauteing or braising.
Nutrition and health- Cabbage is a good source of beta carotene, vitamin C, fibrous
and anti-carcinogenic ( anthocyanin) agents.
As a medicinal herb to prevent the effects of alcohol, as compresses for ulcers and
breast abscesses, treatment for rheumatism, sore throat, hoarseness, colic and etc.
87

88. BOTANY
Wild B.oleraceae is a tall biennial plant , forming a stout
rosette of large leaves in the first year .
The leaves are fleshier and thicker and those of other
species of brassica, adaption to store water and nutrients in
its difficult growing environment .
In its second year the stored nutrients are used to produce
a flower spike 1-2 tall bearing numerous yellow flowers
88

89. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
Higher yield
Longer staying capacity in the field after head formation
Narrow, short and soft core
Shorter stem
Cultivars suitable to grow under mild winter
Storage ability
Head compactness
Resistance to diseases-club root (Xanthomonas campestris) downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica),
Fusarium yellows, leaf spot , leaf blight( Alternaria brassicola )spot and black rot
Insect resistance – from diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella ) cabbage moth ( Mamestra brassicae
) , cabbage root fly ( Delia radicum ) , cabbage maggot ( Hylemya brassicae ) and cabbage white
butterfly ( Pieris rapae )
89

90. BREEDING METHODS
Open pollinated cultivars
Mass selection:Seeds collected from a large number of phenotypically similar plants available in
population and are bulked to grow next generation.
Inbreeding ( in cultivars with low level of self incompatability and inbreeding depressions )
90

91. HYBRID CULTIVAR
The self – incompatability is used to produce hybrid seeds in cabbage . The
individual plants are self – pollinated through bud pollination . Selection is
applied for desirable characters and strong level of self – incompatability.
Single cross – cross between two inbreds .They are more uniform than hybrids
produce from double / top crosses
Double cross – cross between two single crosses . Seeds are harvested from both
the single crosses , which themselves are vigorous and therefore cost of hybrid
seeds is reduced.
Top cross – cross between a single self-incompatible inbred line as female and
good open pollinated cultivars as pollen parents
91

92. TRANSGENIC CABBAGE
Transgenic cabbage has been developed by the use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
mediated transfer of genes .
Transgenic cabbage for controlling of Diamond back moth has been developed.
92

93. IMPORTANT VARIETIES
Classification based on maturity , head shape, head size and leaf colour.
Flat Dutch or drumhead group
Copenhagen market group
Savoy group
Danish ball head group
Alpha group
Volga group
Red cabbage group
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94. THANKYOU
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