This document discusses plant galls, which are abnormal growths on plants induced by various organisms like insects, mites, and fungi. It begins by defining galls and describing their formation mechanisms. It then covers the different types of galls based on location, structure, and forming organism. Major sections classify the different insect orders and families that cause galls, like gall midges, wasps, and mites. Life cycles and management strategies for specific gall-forming insects on crops like rice and mango are outlined. Studies quantify metabolites and enzymes in insect-induced leaf galls. The document concludes by summarizing gall development stages and potential damage to plants.

1. 1
Muraghendra P. Ibrahimpur
PGS 12 AGR 5769

2. Contents
 What is gall ?
 Types of gall
 Gall Formers – Insects, mites & others
 Importance of galls
 Management
 Conclusion
2

3. What is gall ?
 ‘Pathologically’ developed cells, tissues or organs of
plants
 Hypertrophy and hyperplasy
 Abnormal growth caused by another organism
(Mani, 1964 ; Margaret and Peter, 1996)
3

4. 4
•Reaction of cambium and other meristematic tissues to
stimuli produced by the organisms.
• Minute to 2 inches in diameter
•As shelter and food source and gives protection form
parasites and predators
(Mani, 2000)

5. Modern explanation of gall
Abnormal growths of Bacteria and Fungi - Tumours
Insect and mite induced ones - Gall
(Raman, 2007 )
Actual Causes for Gall formation
The organism induces/ produces higher levels of
plant growth hormones (Hartley, 1998 ;
Byers, 2005)
5

6. 6
May be pest or may not be
•Most are harmless but just look interesting
•Damage high value of plants
(Mani, 1973 and Buss, 2007)

7. 7
Can alter resource allocation
•Negative effect on the fitness of the plant
Decrease the energy
allocated to flowering
Less energy to
reproduction- fewer
seeds
Fewer and small size
rhizomes

8. General Types
 Open Galls
 Closed Galls
 Simple Galls/ Monothalamous/Unilarval
 Compound/ Polythalamous/ Multilarval
 Unilocular- With one cavity
 Plurilocular-With many cavities
8
(Mani,1973)

9. Types of Galls Definitions
1. Blistergalls Blister-like swellings of leaves
2. Budgalls Deformities in buds
3. Bullet galls Nearly solid, unicellular or monothalamous galls
Looks like bullets
4. Cecidomyia General term applied to any species referring to
gall midges
9
Different Types of Galls (Based on Sites)

10. 5. Erineum Hairy or pile-like by plant mites
6. Flower galls Deformed flowers or masses of flowers
7. Fruit galls Deformity on fruits and seeds
8. Leaf galls Deformations with leaves
9. Leaf spots Marked discoloration rather than swellings
or deformation
10. Oak apples Term used for particular familiar large galls
on oaks of genus Amphibolips
11. Pouch galls Simple, pouch-like deformities
10

11. 13. Roly-poly galls Loose, usually oval cell with a large cavity
14. Root galls Galls on roots of plants
15. Rosette galls On bud tip. Generally consist of central cell
surrounded by a rosette of partly developed
leaves
16. Stem or twig galls Deformations on twigs and stems
17 Subcorticol galls Galls just under the bark of (usually) one side
of stem or twig. Irregularly shaped
11
(Ananthakrishan and Raman, 1989)

12. MajorGallcausingorganisms
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Virus
 Nematodes
 Mites
 Insects
12

13. 13
Where we can find insect and mite galls
 On leaves
 On Petioles
 On Flower buds
 On flower heads
 On Stems
 On Barks
 On Roots
 On Branches

14. Major Plant Families in which galls are formed
 Leguminiaceae
 Moraceae
 Lauraceae
 Combretaceae
 Anacardaceae
 Cucurbitaceae
 Compositae
*** Insect galls are becoming economically important especially
in perennial ecosystems***
About 80 percent of the gall wasps produce galls specifically on
oak trees (Mani, 1973)
14

15. 15
Insect Specificity to produce Galls
Seasonal Abundance
Gall development usually begins in the spring and
progresses throughout the summer and fall months.
( Raman, 1983 & 2007 ; Varadarasan et al., 1982)
90% - host specific

16. 16
Fungi and bacterial galls

17. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, -
crown gall
17
Fungus stem gall or "poop gall"
on choke cherry (Prunus
virginiana). The swollen stems
are caused by the fungus
Dibotryon morbosum

18. 18
Major Orders / Families of insects
producing galls

19. 19
Diptera
Largest number of gall-making insects
Cecidomyiidae(Gall Midges),
Trupaneidae , Oscinidae, Agromyzidae
Hymenoptera
• Majority are in the Cynipidae Gall
Wasps
Mainly in on oaks
• Tenthredinidae, Eurytomidae,
• Torymidae and Chalcididae

20. 20
Lepidoptera
More in Tortricidae and Elachistidae
Aegeriidae, Tineidae, Olethreutidae, Lavernidae, Pyralididae
Thyridadae
Homoptera
Aphididae, psyllidae, coccidae
Coleoptera
Curculionidae,Buprestidae,Cerambycidae

21.  122 species of gall forming insect and mits
species were indentified.
 91 insect species,31 mite species.
 13 alien insects.
 Most frequented hosts are Quercus-28 species,
Acer -10, Populus-9, Telia-8.
Jan Kollar (2011)
21

22. 22
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Diptera Hymenoptera Homoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Acarina
More than 13,000 insect species are known to produce
galls in trees
(Suzuki and Fukushi, 2009)

23. 23
Number of species of galls related
to major fruit crops
Number of gall forming species
reported on selected fruit crops
(Uma and Verghese, 2008)
An over view of some plant galls of selected trees in India

24. 24
Parts of trees affected by galls and the number of
species involved in selected tress
Leaf Inflorescence Bud Stem Twig
Mangifera indica + 20 +5 +3 +2 +1
Syzigium cumini +4 - - +2 -
Acacia leucopolea +8 +2 +2 +4 -
Pongamia glabra +1 +1 +1 - +2
Dalbergia sissoo +3 +1 - - -
(Uma and Verghese, 2008)

25. Dipteran gall formers
25

26. Seasonal incidenceof chilligall midge (Asphondyliacapparis
Rubsaaman.)and its parasitoids
Basavaraj et al.(2011)

27. Basavaraj et al. (2011)

28. Mango gall midges Cecidomyiidae(Diptera)
 Procontarinia sp. leaf
 P. allahabadensis (Grover 1962) leaf
 P. amraeomyia (Rao 1950) leaf
 P. mangiferae (Felt 1911) leaf, stem
 P. mangifoliae (Grover 1965) leaf
 P. matteiana Keiffer & Cecconi 1906 leaf
 Cecidomyiinae: Lasiopteridi: Lasiopterini
 Lasioptera mangiflorae (Grover 1968) flower
 [Meunieriella mangiflorae Grover 1968]
 Cecidomyiinae: Lasiopteridi: Dasineurini
 Dasineura amaramanjarae (Grover 1964) flower
 Gephyraulus indica (Grover & Prasad 1965)
flower 28Raman et al. (2009)
Incidence of mango midge and its control

29.  Life cycle: EP- 2 to 3 days, LP-7 to 10 days,
 PP- 5 to 7 days, pest over the period of Jan- March
 Favourable climatic conditions, Temp-24oc,
 RH- 60-82%
 Symptoms:small raised wrat like galls on leaves,Infested
bud develop as along pointed galls.
 Management : Cultural control
 Chemical control- fenitrothion 0.05%
 Bifenthrin @70ml/100L
 Biological control: Platygaster sp.
Eupelmus sp.
Inostemma ocularae
Torymus sp.
29
Waqar Ahmed et al. (2005)

30. 30
Quantitative Estimation of Some Metabolites and
Enzymes in Insect induced Leaf Galls of Mangifera
indica
(Marmit and Sharma, 2008)

31. 31
Host Plant -Mangifera indica
Gall Insect – Amradiplosis allahabadensis at Jaipur,
Rajasthan
1.Estimation of total soluble sugar- Phenol
sulphuric acid reagent method
2.Estimation of reducing sugar- Miller(1972)
3. Determination of α- amylase activity- by
measuring the maltose and other reducing
sugar – by 3-5 dinitro salycylic acid
calorimetric method of Bernfeld(1955).
4. Estimation of invertase activity- by Harris and
Jaffcoat method (1974)

32. 32
Cont…

33. variety Mean percent silver shoot
Kharif 2004 Kharif 2005 Pooled mean Scor
e
Ratin
g
Original transformed Original Transfo
rmed
Original Transfor
med
Leimaphou 1.21 6.05 3.62 10.16 2.42 8.11 3 MR
Akutphou o.26 2.79 1.22 5.60 0.74 4.20 1 R
Ereimaphou 0.68 4.66 1.o5 5.47 0.87 5.07 1 R
Sanaphou 1.30 6.26 2.38 8.37 1.84 7.32 3 MR
KD-5-2-8 3.08 9.94 4.41 11.62 3.75 10.78 3 MR
KD-5-3-14 0.69 4.65 4.28 11.76 2.49 8.21 3 MR
WR-3-2-1 0.79 4.91 2.32 8.63 1.55 6.77 1 R
RCM-10 1.53 7.05 3.93 11.01 2.73 9.03 3 MR
Tamphaphou 0.62 4.73 2.49 8.74 1.56 6.74 3 MR
Punshi 0.50 4.02 5.55 12.98 3.03 8.50 3 MR
TN-1 16.07 45.09 18.15 50.99 17.11 98.62 7 S
33
Reaction of var . to gall midge occuring under prevailing rice crop ecosystem of
Manipur during 2004 and 2005

34. Incidenceof O.oryzaeandgrainyield indifferentscreenedvar.ofrice
duringkharif2004and2005
34
Variety Mean per cent silver shoot 2.48Mean grain
yield(t/ha)
Leimaphou 2.42(8.11) 3.47
Akutphou 0.74(4.20) 2.78
Ereimaphou 0.87(5.07) 3.23
KD-5-2-8 3.75(10.78) 4.93
KD-5-3-14 2.49(8.21) 4.63
WR-3-2-1 1.55(6.77) 2.49
RCM-10 2.73(9.03) 4.84
Tamphaphou 1.56(6.74) 5.43
Punshi 3.03(8.50) 3.88
TN-1 17.11(48.82) 1.69
Singh et al. (2005)

35. Effectofnurserytreatment andseedlingrootdiponricegallmidgeinfestationduring
khariff,1997and1998
Treatment Dose Mean silver shoot yield
30 DAT 40 DAT 50 DAT 60 DAT q/ha % increased
over control
Corbofuran 3G(seedling treatment at 45
DBP+ monocrotophosat 45 and 60 DAT)
1.5Kg
a.i./ha
0.78
(1.10.)
5.37
(2.40)
5.94
(2.52)
7.33
(2.63)
39.14 21.40
Carbosulphon 5G(seedling treatment at 45
DBP+ monocrotophosat 45 and 60 DAT)
1.5Kg
a.i./ha
1.71
(2.81)
7.48
(3.21)
9.94
(3.10)
9.09 37.25 15.54
Isazophos 3G5G(seedling treatment at 45
DBP+ monocrotophosat 45 and 60 DAT)
1.5Kg
a.i./ha
2.15
(1.62)
8.67(2.0
1)
9.37
(3.13)
9.06
(3.14)
37.07 14.98
Chloropyriphos 20 EC5G(seedling
treatment at 45 DBP+ monocrotophosat
45 and 60 DAT)
0.22% 0.62
(0.97)
4.95
(2.31)
5.75
(2.48)
6.77
(2.51)
39.97 23.98
Monocrotophosat 45 and 60 DAT 1.5Kga.i./
ha
4.65
(3.50)
11.86
(3.83)
14.36(3.
79)
14.57 34.05 5.61
Untreated control 11.46
(2.25)
15.82
(3.45)
17.07
(10.71)
32.24
(4.22)
SE(m) 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.13 0.62
CD 0.05 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.25 0.37 0.37 1.79
Singh et al. (2000)

36. Rose Pea Gall by gall a wasp (Diplolepis
rosae)
36
Hymenopterans gall former
Vein Pocket Galls, Macrodiplosis
quercusoruca
Goldenrod Stem Gall - by the
small fly Eurosta solidaginis

37. 37
Wool-sower Gall on a White Oak twig –
seeds like items inside the gall. - by
Cynipid Wasp, Callirhytis seminator
Horned Oak Gall - by Cynipidae. It is the
Horned Oak Gall Wasp, Callirhytis
cornigera
An "oak apple" gall caused by the
gall wasp (Andricus californicus)

38. 38
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
(Blue gum chalcid)

39. 39
Severe pest on Eucalyptus – A recent News

40. 40
Galls development stages
Mir samim akthar et al. (2012)

41. 41
Damage
Feeding of larva on tender portion of the plant and
releasing oxalic acid, etc.
The tiny galls formed on the stem kill the affected portion
of the plant - stoppage the apical growth
At the side, buds become active - bushy growth of the
plant.
Photosynthetic activity gets affected.
Loss in yield
Bio-control-
Aprostocetus sp.
Megastigmus sp. Kavitha Kumari , 2009

42. 42
Kavitha Kumari , 2009

44. Kavita kumari(2009)

45. Kavitha Kumari , 2009

46. 46
Petiole Gall on cottonwood trees,
by Petiole Gall Aphid
Pemphigus populitransversus
Hackberry Petiole Gall by Psyllid-
Pachypsylla venusta
Aphid and Psyllid gall formers
Hackberry Nipple Gall – Psyllids-
Pachypsylla

47. 47
Do aphid galls provide good nutrients for the
aphids? : Comparison of amino acid
concentrations in galls among Tetraneura species
(Aphididae: Erisomatinae)
Suzuki et al., 2009

48. 48
Host Plant - Japanese elm - Ulmus davidiana
Gall Insect - 6 species of aphids
T. yezoensis T.sp.O T. fusiformis T.
radicicola T. trianguala T. sorini
Control: Intact Leaves
Suzuki et al., 2009

49. 49
Amino
Acids
Aphid Species
T.y T.sp.O T.f T.r T.s T.t Intact
Leaves
Total
(nM)
1422.9
410.7a
1170.5
441.7a
697.4
158.6a
77.0
18.0 b
47.59
14.6b
35.3 80
5.6b
Essen
tial
a.a
113.6
32.6a
91.6
27.6ab
48.3
12.4ab
16.6
4.7bc
10.0
2.8c
3.3 9.1
0.8c
#aphi
ds*
19.2
2.7
41.3
7.0
18.3
2.6
7.8
0.6
5.8
1.0
7.9
0.5
-
Average concentrations( SD) of amino acids found in Tetraneura
galls and intact leaves of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Control)
*- Average no. of second generation aphid per gall
Suzuki et al., 2009

50. 50
Amino
Acids
Leaf T. y. T.sp.
O
T. f. T. r. T. t. T. s.
Arginine 0.39 8.42 17.84 14.95 0.98 0.45 1.48
Threonine 3.11 57.74 43.03 13.73 4.66 1.74 2.72
Aspergine 2.25 1078.3 835.9 515.0 20.21 1.76 13.93
Glutamic
Acids
19.1 39.33 54.63 27.62 7.48 13.17 4.94
Lycine 0.49 1.09 3.42 1.04 1.09 0.59 0.72
Glutamine 2.94 52.77 53.40 14.92 3.22 1.9 1.75
Non
Essentials
40.2 115.36 73.75 73.75 27.6 18.4 15.83
Amino acid profiles (averaged nM)
Suzuki et al., 2009

51. 51
Percentage of aspargine , other non-essential and essential
amino acids found in Tetraneura galls and intact leaves
%age
Aspergine
%age Non-
essential a.a.
%age Essential
a.a.
7
0
%
30%
3%
70%
Suzuki et al., 2009

52. Lepidopteron gall former
Betousa stylophora swinhoe (Thyrididae :
lepidoptera).
It is specific univoltine pest. (Masarrat et
al.,2007)
The newly emerged larva penetrates into the
new growth of twigs.
Typical gall formation –snake chamber flute.
52

53. InfestationofapicaltwiggallmakerB.stylophoraindifferent varieties/genotypes
Variaties/ Genotypes Gall formed twigs(%) No.of galled twigs
Anand -1 27.95 b
(23.11)
1.47 b
(1.68)
Guj-aonla-1 31.61 a
(28.36)
1.56 a
(1.94)
Anand-3 26.84 b
(21.50)
1.42 bc
(1.54)
LS-1 21.54 d
(14.92)
1.28 ef
(1.16)
Krishna 19.61 e
(12.61)
1.25 fg
(1.08)
Kanchan 12.93 g
(06.70)
1.14 h
(0.88)
Chakaiya 17.00 f
(10.28)
1.19 gh
(0.96)
LS-2 15.73 f
(08.97)
1.18 h
(0.96)
LS-3 19.79 e
(12.75)
1.27 f
(1.15)
LS-4 19.49 e
(12.58)
1.27 f
(1.14)
LS-5 24.17 c
(18.39)
1.30 ef
(1.22)
LS-6 25.26 c
(19.19)
1.39 cd
(1.45)
Banarsi 21.75 d
(15.06)
1.34 de
(1.32)
NA-7 10.50 h
(05.03)
1.06 i
(o.70)
Bharpoda et al.(2007)

54. REACTION OF DIFFERENT AONLA VARIETIES/GENOTYPES TO APICAL TWIG GALL
MAKER
….
Category of
resistance
Based on twig damage Based on no.of gall
Per cent twig Varieties/genotyp
es
No. of galls/twig Varieties/genotyp
es
Resistant (R) Less than
14.96(<x)
NA-7, Kanchan,
LS-2,Chakaiya,
LS-4, Krishna,
LS-3 and LS-1
Less than
1.23(<x)
NA-7, Kanchan,
LS-2,Chakaiya,
LS-4, Krishna,
LS-3,LS-1 and
LS-5
Moderately
resistant(MR)
14.96-28.08
(X+1sd)
Anand-3,
Banarsi,LS-5,LS-
6
1.23-1.55
(X+2sd)
Anand-3, Banarsi
and LS-6
Susceptible (S) 21.52-28.08
(x+2sd)
Anand-1, 1.55-1.89
(x+2sd)
Anand-1,
Highly
Susceptible(HS)
More than 28.08 Guj-aonla-1 More than 1.89 Guj-aonla-1
sd 6.56 0.32
Bharpoda et al.(2007)

55. 55
Elm Finger Gall - by a
mite Eriophyes ulmi
Maple Spindle Galls – by gall mite
Lime Nail Galls (Eriophyes tiliae tiliae)
Mite galls

56. Eriophyid Gall Mites
 Poplar bud gall mite (Eriophyes parapopuli)
 Ash flower gall mites(Eriophyes fraxiniflora)
Jessica and Wayne(2004)
 Ample bladder gall mite: Vasates quadrupeds
 Mapple spindle gall mite: Vasates aceriscrumena
 Erinium gall mite: Eriophyes aceris
Pellitteri et al.1997

57. Aceria pongamia
 This species produces solitary, elongate, spindle shaped
galls with the truncate apices on the upper surface of the
leaves of pongamia pinnata. These galls are irregular
greenish with internal cavity densely filled. This is during
rainy season.
Acalitus hibisci
 The galls n Hibiscus vitifilius Linn.
 Galls are globose, hollow , sessil, with rough texture outer
surface , they greenish brown externally with short fine
hairs internally. Gall width 1.5 to 3mm. This infestation
occurs through out the year.
Ghosh et al.(2002)
57

58. Management
 Pesticide avoidance
 Monitor/scout
 Plant selection
 Pruning
 Plant removal
 Use broad spectrum insecticides like
abamectin, bifenthrin .
Ryan (2011)

59. Aculops fuchsiae was described in 1972 from specimens discovered
on a Fuchsia sp. from Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
In 1981, an eriophyid mite new to North America.
This gall mite, Aculops fuchsiae Keifer, is believed to be native to
Brazil.
Ostoja and Eyre (2012)

60. Life cycle
 The Aculops fuchsiae is with four stages: egg, larva, nymph and adult.
 fecundity ~50 eggs ,
 The TLC 21 days .
Carlton Koehler et al.( 2005)
k
The round bodies are mite eggs

61. symptoms
Infested growth becomes twisted and
stunted, swollen and blistered, and
Often reddened.

62. Management
 To destroy all infested plants, placing all
infested material into bags before disposal.
 abamectin (e.g. Dynamec) and spirodiclofen
(Envidor). Envidor is approved for use indoor
and outdoor.
 Use natural enemy Amblyseius californicus
Ostoja and Eyre (2012)

63. Abundance of bud galls caused by eriophyoidmites among host
trees Carpinus tschonoskii
 Galls caused by Acalitus sp. (Eriophyidae)
among host trees Carpinus tschonoskii
(Betulaceae).
 As tree size increased, the number of galls
increased.
 tree characteristics such as number of terminal
buds, temporal pattern of shoot elongation and
reproductive status .
Ishihara et al.(2007)

64. Thelifehistoryofagall-inducingmite:summerphenology,
predationandinfluenceofgallmorphologyinasugarmaplecanopy
64
*
* = control (gall-free) leaves
Phenology of MSGM life stages from gall on sugar mapple leaves during
the growing season of the host.

65. 65
MSGM gall ostiole condition in relation
to (a) MSGM eggs and immatures
(b)Tarsonemus eggs, larvae an adult
Rajit Patankar et al.(2012)
Mean number of maple spindle gall mite
(MSGM) eggs in galls with (clear bars)
and without (shaded bars) tarsonemid
larvae from sugar maple canopy leaves

66.  Tannic acid -economic products from galls
Eurasian cynipid gall- 65 percent tannic acid
 Dyes - from galls. Turkey red dye is found in the "mad
apple" gall
 For Natives of East Africa -galls as a source of dye for
tattooing
 Some galls are aromatic and acidic in flavor and is
used with honey for cooking
66
Importance of Galls

67.  Pliny(1997) stated that the Aleppo gall is able to dye hair
black
 Inks - from some galls, such as the Aleppo gall produced by
Cynips gallae-tinctoriae on oaks
 Inks from galls – In Legal documents (Laws, 1972)
 USA, England, German and Danish Government have
specified formulas for inks using the Aleppo gall.
67

68. Cultural Control:
Pruning and destroying
Keep the plants healthy
Biological Control:
Complex of Natural enemies
Some Insects may feed on the galls for food and shelter
- For ex. Gall wasps, gall midges, clearwing borers, long
horned beetles, metallic wood-boring beetles, weevils, ants
and others
Chemical Control
Contact insecticide or target the immature with a systemic
A horticultural oil/ dormant can control aphid galls
68
Management of Galls

69. 69
Conclusion
Galls are species specific
Galls are of economic importance
Galls are of metabolic machinery/Physiological
Sink
In India, more concentrated studies are needed
to know how these galled tissues are formed
and what are the ecological factors affecting
the galls, etc.
Also, an intensive research should be conducted
whether these galls can be used in medical
fields for treating the human disorders and
can be used commercially

70. Thank you