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Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet Report, 2007-2012

This document summarizes a report on Zanzibar's Food Balance Sheet from 2007-2011. Some key findings include: - Cereals made up the largest portion of food supply, with rice being the most consumed cereal. However, imports accounted for 77% of cereal supply. - Root crops like cassava, sweet potatoes and yams are grown locally, with cassava making up the majority. - Fruits are also mostly grown domestically, with banana being the most consumed fruit. - Vegetables, pulses, sugar, fish and meat also contribute to the food supply, with many relying heavily on imports. - Carbohydrates provided the majority of calories on average, though protein levels were

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i TITLE PAGEE ZANZIBAR FOOD BALANCE SHEET REPORT 2007 – 11 Prepared by The Food Security and Nutrition Department MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES ZANZIBAR UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA December 2012
ii FOREWORD his is the second edition of the Food Balance Sheet (FBS)report published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The first report was published in October 2009. A Food Balance Sheet presents a pattern of a country’s food supply and utilisation for a given period of time. It provides estimates of the overall food supply situation in the country that is available for consumption of the population and shows sources of food supply, the type of food available for consumption and the use of both primary and processed commodities. The daily per capita food supplies are presented and expressed in terms of quantity and nutrient values. These are calculated using FAO International Nutritive Factors. The compilation of the FBS requires basic data on production, stocks, imports, domestic utilization, nutrient values, dietary allowances and population which were obtained from relevant government institutions. Regular compilation of the FBS show the trends in the overall national food supply over time, reveal changes taking place in the types of food consumed i.e. the pattern of diet, and gives indications of the adequacy of food supply relative to nutritional requirements of the population. It establishes the Supply Utilisation Account (SUA) of which two indicators namely Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) and Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) depict the extent to which a country depends on local production and food import respectively to feed its population. These indicators are critical in highlighting the food security situation in a country. In this regard, on the availability the accurate statistics, FBS remains a useful tool in the analysis of progress in improving the food security situation in a country as such provides a sound basis for the policy analysis and decision making needed to ensure food security in the country. However, it is important to note that the FBS reports do not give any indication of food consumption patterns and situation at individual level, and on different geographical areas and social economic groups within a country. Therefore to obtain a complete glimpse of food security situation in a country, food consumption surveys showing the distribution of national food supply among different groups of the population and geographical areas should be conducted. Zanzibar started publishing the FBS since 2007, as an output for monitoring of national food supply and availability, which is carried-out as part of the implementation of Food Security and Nutrition (FSN) policy. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) embarked on the implementation of FSN policy as an instrument to facilitate the attainment of food security and improved T
iii nutrition at national and household levels. The implementation of FSN policy marked an important milestone in the development agenda of the country. The FSN policy aims atreducing vulnerability to food insecurity; promoting availability of adequate and nutritious quality food; increasing household access to food; promoting consumption and utilisation of safe and nutritious foods; and protect the vulnerable population from any disaster or shocks that may push them into chronic food insecurity and humanitarian crises. Key to the implementation of FSN policy was the development of food security and nutrition monitoring systems to provide the government with reliable mechanism to measure the efficiency of FSN policy and related programmes in achieving stated objectives. This report presents the evidence needed for evaluation of the changes in the overall domestic food supply, food utilization and per capita supply over the years 2007-11. It will play a key role in aiding policy makers, development partners and other information users to make appropriate decisions in ensuring that every person in Zanzibar at all times, has physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’ (World Food Summit (October 1996).
iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS he Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources presents this Food Balance Sheet report that was prepared by a team of staff from the Department of Food Security and Nutrition. This report is a product of food security and nutrition monitoring conducted within the framework of food security and nutrition information and early warning system. Findings presented in this report used routine data collected by various institutions over the period2007 and 2011, in particular these are: (i) The Office of Chief Government Statistician; (ii) Ministry of Livestock and Fishery Development; (iii) Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing; (iv) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources; (v) Tanzania Revenue Authority We therefore, would like to thank all institutions and individuals involved for their valuable assistance in the preparation of the second Food Balance Sheet Report for Zanzibar. As a tool to monitor the national food availability and supply, it is our hope that this report provides useful information and data to help in proper implementation of government policiesand programmes to promote domestic production, food availability and supply in the country as well as to improve nutrition of the population. We sincerely wish to point out that we would be grateful to receive any comments or suggestions concerning the content of this report, as this will help us to improve future publications. ……………………………………………….. Affan O Maalim Principal Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Zanzibar United Republic of Tanzania T
v ABBREVIATIONS FBS Food Balance Sheet FSN Food Security and Nutrition IDR Import Dependency Ratio SSR Self-Sufficiency Ratio SUA Supply Utilisation Account
vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Food Balance Sheet (FBS) report presents estimated trends in food supply and patterns of utilization, the extent of dependence on local production and food import respectively to feed the population, and per capita supply of Zanzibar for the period 2007-11. The report used basic data from relevant government institutions on production, stocks, imports, domestic utilization, nutrient values, dietary allowances and population. The major food groups as well as sources of domestic food supply were cereals, starchy root crops, fruits, vegetables, pulses and others, which included sugar and sweeteners, fish and seafood, meat and eggs. Analysis of food balance sheet results, 2007–11, revealed that Total Domestic Supply of cereals available for consumption was between 125,000 Metric Tones (MT) and 159,000MT. The average total cereal supply available for consumption in Zanzibar between 2007 and 2011 was 124,000 (MT). However, the volume of imported cereals accounted for 77 percent of its average total domestic supply. Availability of cereals for consumption per capita per year ranged between 102 kg in 2007 to 115 kg in 2011. Per capita availability of cereals decreased gradually from 102kg in 2007 to 81 kg in 2010 but later regained at 115 kg in 2011. This reduction was attributed to change in the quantity of cereals supplied for domestic consumption. Available FBS data further shows that rice was the major source of cereal supply in the isles followed by far with wheat. Rice accounted for 44 percent of average total cereal available for consumption and an average per capita available for utilisation of 42 kg per day. The supply of wheat also showed an increasing trend; rising from 19,000 MT in 2008 to 33,000 MT in 2011. The average quantity of wheat available for consumption per person per year was 20 kg. Zanzibar is self-sufficient in starchy root crops (cassava, sweet potatoes and yams). The total volume of root crops available for consumption per year ranged from 144,000 MT to 256,000 MT while the average for five years was 218,600 MT. Irish potatoes which accounted for all imports registered in starchy food group; steadily increasing from 1,000 MT in 2008 to 6,000MT in 2011. The amount of root crops available for consumption per person per year was on average 175 kg and it gradually reduced from 217 kg in 2007 to 114 kg in 2009. Cassava constituted over 83 percent of the average total domestic supply of root crops. On average, the volume of cassava available for food consumption was 182,400 MT at macro-level and (96-228) kg per year at the individual level. Cassava production notably declined steadily from 187,000 MT in 2007 to 114,000 MT in 2009, but later regained to 288,000 MT in 2010 and finally, fell at 144,000 MT in 2011. On the other hand, Sweet potato was the second major root crop in Zanzibar for period under review, recording an average per capita supply of 19 kg per year and average annual production of
vii 23,800 MT. Annual domestic supply of sweet potato was sharply volatile recording a significant decline of 86 percent in the last two years (2010-2011). Average total domestic supply of fruits was 105,000 MT while per capita supply of fruits was 63 kg per person per year over 2007-11. It is important to note that more than 95 percent of the fruits are grown locally. Fruit production exhibited a sharp declining trend in all the years except in 2008. Notable also was a gradual decline in banana production over 2008-2011. The quantity of banana available for domestic consumption ranged from 34,000MT to 99,000 MT while its average per capita supply was 38 kg per person per year. Furthermore, domestic production of Oranges and Mandarins remained at 4,000MT while the imports were 1,000MT for all the years except in 2010 when they doubled to 2,000 MT. Similarly, total domestic supply of oranges and mandarins was on average 5,200MT while the average per capita supply of the two food items was 4 kg per person per year. Average domestic supply and production of vegetables was 13,600 MT and 11,000 MT respectively over the period 2007-11, of which one fifth was imported. Annual per capita available vegetables for consumption ranged from 9 to 12 kg. Between the years 2007 and 2011, total domestic supply of pulses ranged from 11,000 MT to 18,000 MT. The supply of pulses was determined largely by imports. On average, the volume of pulses imported accounted for 11,400 MT while local production remained at 1,000 MT. Annual per capita supply of pulses available for consumption ranged from 8 to 14 kg. Total domestic supply of other crops such as sugar and sweeteners fluctuated between 14,000MT and 28,000 MT during 2007-11. The imports of sugar and sweeteners sharply increased from 4,000MT in 2007 to 17,000MT in 2009 and thereafter, they declined to 12,000MT in 2010 and but later recovered to 18,000MT in 2011. On average, per capita supply of sugar and sweeteners per year was 17 kg. Between 2007 and 2011, annual supply of fish and seafood, which are major sources of protein and fats in the isles arranged from 38,000 MT to 81,000 MT while per capita supply of fish was 27 kg. The supply of meat showed a volatile trend, ranging from 2,000 MT to 4,000 MT and its average per capita supply was only 2 kg. Supply of eggs was essentially constant at 1,000 MT per year while per capital supply of eggs was 1 kg per year. With respect to domestic Food Utilization about fifty percent of total food supplied was used for food purposes and the rest was utilised for either processing or wasted. Fruits were the only food group registered significant level of wasting. The level of fruits wasting for period under review accounted for 13 to 17 percent of total fruits supply. Availability of nutrients considerably varied across animal and vegetable food sources. After a decline during the years 2007-2009, the total carolic supply
viii per person went up from 1,776 kilocalories (kcal) in 2009 to 2,424kcal in 2011. Average total calories from proteins and fats over 2007-11 were 44 and 38 gms respectively. It is important to note that vegetable-based products contributed 92,73 and 84 percent of calories, proteins and fats supply respectively, over the period 2007-11.Of all the major food groups, cereals were the major source of caloric supply per person per day contributing an average of 44 percent of the average 2,034 kilocalories available over 2007-11. Considering the supply side, rice was the most preferred cereal in the isles and a key contributor of calories (53 percent) in cereals food group and it was followed by wheat (17 percent). Root crops were the second source of caloric supply contributing an average of 18 percent of total calories available in the respective period. Among root crops, the contribution of cassava was noted to be higher, accounting for 78 percent of total calories supplied by root crops groups and followed by sweet potatoes (14 percent) and yams (3 percent). Average contributions of other food groups to caloric supply were as follows: vegetable oils (10 percent), sugar and sweeteners (8 percent) and fruits (5 percent), fish and seafood (2 percent), milk (4 percent) and pulses (3percent). Daily Proteins Supply also largely came from cereals which accounted for an average of 47 percent between the years 2007 and 2011. Other sources of proteins supply in Zanzibar included fish and seafood (16 percent), root crops (10 percent), pulses (9 percent), milk (7 percent) and fruits (4percent). The major source of daily fats supply was vegetable oil, contributing an average of about 60 percent of total fat annual per capita supply in the period 2007-11. Animal fats, milk and meat, which are important sources of fats, registered limited contribution to total fats supply. There was a general increase in the average supply of fats from 29 grams/day/person in 2007 to 70 grams/day/person in 2011 with variations in individual food items. This may have caused increased utilisation of fats related products especially vegetable oil. Analysis of Nutrients Availability between the years 2007 and 2011 showed significant changes in the food consumption patterns. Total daily per capita energy availability ranged from 1,776 kcals (2009) to 2,424kcals (2011). A large share of this energy came from carbohydrates, followed by fats and proteins, which on average in the period under review accounted for 75 percent, 16.6 percent and 8 percent of total daily per capita energy available respectively. Contributions of energy from proteins were far below the FAO/WHO recommended range of (10 – 15 percent) in all years, while those of carbohydrates were over-supplied above the recommended range of (55 – 75 percent) for three years (2007, 2009 and 2010). On the other hand, the supply of proteins was deficient for all reference years.
ix The percentage contribution of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) to total energy supply varied considerably. The percentage share of carbohydrates in total energy supply dropped from 79 percent in 2008 to 72 percent in 2009 and further fell to 66 percent in 2011 after regaining to 79 percent in 2010.The percentage share of fats fluctuated between 12 and 26 percent and in the last two years, it doubled reaching a maximum level of 26 percent over the period 2007-11. Contribution of protein remained essentially constant at an average of eight (8 percent). The significant over supply of carbohydrates as well as the recent changes in energy contribution of fats beyond FAO/WHO standards may increase the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases in the country. The analysis of Import Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios showed that Zanzibar still heavily depends on imports for its food supply. The average Import Dependency Ratio (47 percent) was above the Self-Sufficiency Ratio (44 percent) of the total food products supplied annually during the period 2007- 11. As a result of a considerable rise in the food production levels of some food items, the Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) of the total food products fell from 47 percent in 2008 to 36 percent in 2010 and later regained to 62 percent in 2011. The FBS results further indicate that the isles were more self-sufficient in the supply of animal-based products (58 percent) than vegetable-based products (44 percent) over the period 2007-11. Food consumption preferences of the population; skewed towards rice and wheat, and yet these items are largely imported within the Islands. The IDR of cereals ranged from 65 to 79 percent, while its Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) varied between 8 and 21 percent. Pulses are also largely imported in Zanzibar as indicated by a high average import dependency ratio of 92 percent while vegetables accounted for an average import dependency ratio ranging from 9 to 42 percent over 2007-11. From the analysis of FBS findings, it evident that food availability in the isles is largely determined by importation with major imports including rice and wheat. Supply of cereals from domestic production in particular rice is far below the national demand and imported rice filled the deficit. Higher dependency on cereals imports and the prevailing tendency of prefer rice to other food commodities implies that presence of any factor that hampers the importation of cereals, may place the country in a precarious situation. The immediate effect will be limited food availability at household and individual levels, and consequently poor status of food security in the country. The analysis of total per capita nutrients availability evidenced a predominant over supply of carbohydrates and fats, which significantly contributed by vegetable-source products. This further suggests that Zanzibar has a limited dietary diversity (the number of individual foods consumed over a given period of time) and points to the possibility of poor dietary intake which could increase the risk for non-communicable diseases. The possibility of poor diets
x is reflected by limited per capital supply of foods beneficial to health and good nutrition i.e., vegetables and fruits, animal-source foods and legumes (pulses). The levels of per capital supply of fruits and vegetables (which on average, in the period under review, were 10 kg and 63 kg per year respectively) indicate inadequate intake of these products in Zanzibar. These registered levels of supply are far below the minimum recommended levels by WHO/FAO of 146 kg per year for both food types. Fruits and vegetables are important components of a healthy diet, as such lower levels of consumption are thought to increase the risk of chronic diseases. Based on the FBS findings, it is necessary that various stakeholders scale up nutrition education programmes and other interventions that can enhance dietary diversity supply, value addition, nutrient bio-fortification, stimulate local production and consumption of pulses, fruits and vegetables. Excessive consumption of fats may also need to be controlled.
xi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE.............................................................................................................................................................................i FOREWORD...........................................................................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................................................................iv ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................................................................v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................................................xi 1. ANALYSIS OF FOOD BALANCE SHEET RESULTS, 2007-11.................................................................................1 1.1. Domestic Supply: Total and Per Capita Supply of Major Food Groups by Sources .........................................1 1.1.1. Cereals ..........................................................................................................................................................1 1.1.2. Root Crops (Starchy Roots) ........................................................................................................................2 1.1.3. Fruits.............................................................................................................................................................3 1.1.4. Vegetables and Pulses.................................................................................................................................4 1.1.5. Other Crops (including sugar and sweeteners, fish and seafood, meat and eggs).................................4 1.2. Domestic Utilisation...........................................................................................................................................5 1.3. Availability of Nutrients from Major Food Sources - 2007-11.........................................................................6 1.3.1. Avaliability of Nutrients from Animal and Vegetable-based Foods ........................................................6 1.3.2. Daily Caloric Supply by Main Food Groups ...............................................................................................6 1.3.3. Daily Proteins Supply by Selected Main Food Groups..............................................................................7 1.3.4. Daily Fats Supply by Selected Main Food Groups.....................................................................................8 1.4. Total Nutrients Availability between 2007-11.................................................................................................9 2. ANALYSIS OF IMPORT DEPENDENCY AND SELF SUFFICIENCY RATIOS ......................................................11 3. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS FROM THE FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION PERSPECTIVES .........................12 4. LIMITATION............................................................................................................................................................13 5. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................................13 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................................................15 Annex 1: Principle and Methods of Food Balance Sheet Compilation ..........................................................................15 Annex 2: Total Calories, Protein and Fat Available from Major Food Groups, Per Capita, Per Day 2007 – 2011......17 Annex 3: Zanzibar Food Balance Sheets 2007-11 .........................................................................................................18
1 1. ANALYSIS OFFOOD BALANCE SHEET RESULTS,2007-11 1.1. Domestic Supply: Total and Per Capita Supply of Major Food Groups by Sources 1.1.1. Cereals The average total cereal supply available for consumption in the country between the year 2007 and 2011 was 124,000 Metric Tones (MT) of which imported cereals accounted for 77 percent of its average total domestic supply (Table 1). Availability of cereals for consumption per capita per year ranged between 102 kg in 2007 to 115 kg in 2011. Per capita cereal availability of cereals decreased gradually from 102kg in 2007 to 81 kgin 2010 but later regained at 115kg in 2011. This reduction was attributed by change in the quantity of cereals supplied for domestic consumption. From year 2007 to 2011, the total domestic supply of cereals available for consumption was between 125,000MT and 159,000MT. Table1 TheSupplyofCereal bySources2007 – 2011 Domestic CerealSupply (MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Domestic Supply 125,000 120,000 106,000 110,000 159,000 124,000 49,000 Local Production 16,000 11,000 16,000 18,000 17,000 15,600 -1000 Imports 93,000 94,000 74,000 76,000 126,000 92,600 50,000 Per CapitalCerealSupplyPer Year (Kg) Kg Total Cereal 102 95 81 81 115 95 34 Rice 48 46 28 29 57 42 28 Wheat 19 16 20 22 25 20 3 Maize 4 4 4 3 6 4 3 Supply of Major CerealCrops (MT) Rice 59,000 58,000 37,000 40,000 72,000 53,200 32,000 Wheat 22,000 19,000 25,000 28,000 33,000 25,400 5,000 Maize 6,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 8,000 6,000 3,000 Production of Selected CerealCrops (MT) Rice 13,000 8,000 12,000 14,000 15,000 12,400 1,000 Maize 2,000 2,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,400 -1,000 Source: FSB Data2007 –2011 Available data shows that rice is a major source of cereal supply in the isles followed by far with wheat. On average between the years 2007 and2011, the supply of rice accounted 44 percent of average total cereal available for consumption with an average per capita rice available for utilisation of 42 kg per day. This point to the importance of rice in the isles’ food basket, implying that limited supply of rice can lead to a relatively significant reduction in the supply of food in the country. Owing to low domestic rice production, Zanzibar remained net importer of rice. Domestic rice production has increased steadily between the years 2009 and 2011, however the
2 current level of production is still far below domestic demand. Wheat, which is the second supplied cereal in the isles,is totally imported. After registering a slight decline in 2008, the supply of wheat showed an increasing trend; rising from19,000 MT in 2008 to 33,000 MT in 2011. Thereafter, the quantity of wheat available for consumption per person per year accounted on average at20 kg. 1.1.2. Root Crops (Starchy Roots) As shown in Table 2, the total volume of root crops available for consumption per year ranged from 144,000 MT to 256,000 MT and the average for five years was 218,600 MT. The supply of root crops is mainly determined by domestic production with the exception of Irish potatoes. Irish potatoes accounted for all imports registered in starchy food group; steadily increasing from 1,000 MT in 2008 to 6,000MT in 2011. The observed increase in the importation of Irish potatoes indicates changes in consumption patterns from traditional root crops such as cassava, sweet potatoes and yams to Irish potatoes-based diets. Average food supply from root crops available for consumption per person per year was 175 kg. The volume of root crops available for consumption per person per year gradually reduced from 217 kg in 2007 to 114 kg in 2009. In 2010, it rose to 259 kg per person and then reduced by almost a half (120 kg) in 2011. These fluctuations were caused by a decrease in the production of root crops in particular cassava. Generally, supply of starchy roots (cassava, sweet potatoes and yams) in the study period from local production was generally in surplus despite the evidenced gradual decline in production in some years. This suggests that Zanzibar is self-sufficient in starchy root crops. Cassava was found to be the most root crops available for consumption constituting over 83 percent of the average total domestic supply of root crops food group. On average between the years 2007 and 2011,the quantity of cassava available for food consumption was 182,400 MT (Table 2). At the individual level, available cassava for consumption per person was ranged between 96 kg and 228 kg per year. Only domestic production and stocks determined the supply of cassava over the period Table 2 The Supply of Root Crops 2007 – 2011 Domestic Root Crops Supply (MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT)2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Root Crops Supply 256,000 198,000 144,000 335,000 160,000 218,600 -175,000 Cassava 193,000 155,000 120,000 294,000 150,000 182,400 -144,000 Sweet Potatoes 46,000 27,000 13,000 29,000 4,000 23,800 -25,000 Yams 8,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 NA 6,500 NA Irish Potatoes NA 1,000 1,000 2,000 6,000 2,500 4,000 Per Capital Root CropsSupply Per Year (Kg) Kg Total Root Crops 217 163 114 259 120 175 -139 Cassava 165 128 96 228 113 146 -115 Sweet Potatoes 38 22 10 21 3 19 -17 Yams 7 5 5 4 NA 5 NA Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011; NA: Not available
3 2007 to 2011.However, its production declined steadily between 2007 and 2009 from 187,000 MT to 114,000 MT. Thereafter, cassava production regained to 288,000 MT in 2010 and dropped again to 144,000 MT in 2011. Sweet potatoes were the second major root crop in Zanzibar for period under review with average per capita supply of 19 kg per year. Availability of sweet potatoes was determined by domestic production with average production of 23,800 MT per year. The highest domestic supply of sweet potatoes was recorded in 2007 (46,000MT) while the lowest was observed in 2011(4,000 MT). Annual domestic supply of sweet potatoes was sharply volatile recording a significant decline of 86 percent in the last the last two years(2010-11). 1.1.3. Fruits Table 3 shows the supply of fruits over the period 2007-11. Average total domestic supply of fruits in the period under review was 105,000 MT. It is important to note that more than 95 percent of the fruits supply is produced locally. Fruit production exhibited a sharp declining trend in all the years except in 2008 when it increased by 50,040 MT at 130,040 MT. Average per capita supply of fruits was 63 kg per person per year. Banana contributed a large share of total domestic supply of fruits and its availability was determined by domestic production, which registered a gradual decline from year 2008 to 2011.The quantity of banana available for domestic consumption ranged from 34,000MT to 99,000 MT in the period under review. Average per capita supply of banana was 38kg per person per year. Oranges and mandarins are some of the fruits whose availability is determined by both domestic production and import. Domestic production of oranges and mandarins remained at 4,000MT while the imports were 1,000MT for all the years except in year 2010when they doubled to 2,000 MT. Similarly, total domestic supply of oranges and mandarins was on average 5,200MT. Average per capita supply of oranges and mandarins was4 kg per person per year. Table 3 The Supply of Fruits 2007 – 2011 Domestic Supply of Fruits(MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Domestic Supply 84,000 132,000 119,000 121,000 69,000 105,000 -52,000 Local Production 81,000 130,000 117,000 100,000 66,000 98,000 -34,000 Imports 2,000 2,000 2,000 21,000 4,000 6,200 -17,000 Per Capital FruitsSupply Per Year(Kg) Total fruits 58 84 74 77 43 63 -34 Banana 30 58 46 38 18 38 -20 Orangeand mandarins 4 4 4 5 5 4 - Supply of Fruits Crops (MT) Banana 50,000 99,000 86,000 69,000 34,000 67,600 -35,000 Orangeand mandarins 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 5,200 -1,000
4 Other fruits 30,000 29,000 29,000 47,000 31,000 33,200 -16,000 Production of Selected Fruits Crops (MT) Banana 50,000 99,000 86,000 69,000 34,000 67,600 -35,000 Orangeand mandarins 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 - Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011 1.1.4. Vegetables and Pulses Average domestic supply and production of vegetables was 13,600 MT and 11,000 MT over the period 2007-11. Annual per capita available vegetables for consumption ranged from 9 to 12 kg. However, the supply of vegetables was mainly determined by local production with vegetable imports accounting for 21 percent of total domestic vegetable supply (Table 4). Between the years 2007 and 2011, total domestic supply of pulses ranged from 11,000 MT to 18,000 MT. The supply of pulses was determined largely by imports. On average, the volume of pulses imported accounted for 11,400 MT while local production remained at 1,000 MT. Annual per capita supply of pulses available for consumption ranged from 8 to 14 kg (see Table 4) Table 4 The Supply of Vegetables and Pulses 2007 – 2011 Domestic Supply of Vegetables and Pulses (MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT)2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Supply of Vegetable 12,000 12,000 12,000 17,000 15,000 13,600 -2,000 Production of Vegetables 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 - Imports 1,000 2,000 2,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 -2,000 Supply of Pulses 12,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 18,000 12,600 7,000 Production of Pulses 1,000 NA 1,000 1,000 NA 1,000 NA Imports 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 17,000 11,400 7,000 Per Capital Vegetables and Pulses Supply Per Year (Kg) Vegetable 9 10 9 12 9 10 -3 Pulses 9 9 8 9 14 10 4 Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011, NA-Not Available 1.1.5. Other Crops(including sugar and sweeteners, fish and seafood, meat and eggs) Total domestic supply of sugar and sweeteners fluctuated between 14,000MT and 28,000 MT over the period 2007 to 2011 (Table 5). Sugar and sweeteners are some of the other food groups that are generally imported in Zanzibar. The imports of sugar and sweeteners sharply increased from 4,000MT in 2007 to 17,000MT in 2009 and thereafter, they declined to 12,000MT in 2010 but later recovered to 18,000MT in 2011. On average, per capita supply of sugar and sweeteners per year was 17 kg. Fish and seafood are major sources of protein and fats in the isles. A large size of the population in Zanzibar very often consumes these products. Fish and seafood are not
5 imported, as shown in Table 5 annual supply of these commodities ranged from 38,000 MT to 81,000 MT between the years 2007 and 2011. On the other hand, annual per capita supply of fish and sea food over the period2007 and 2011 was 27 kg. The supply of meat showed a volatile trend, ranging from 2,000 MT to 4,000 MT. Average per capital supply of meat per year was 2 kg only. Supply of eggs was essentially constant at 1,000 MT per year while per capital supply of eggs was 1 kg per year. Table 5 The Supply of Other Crops 2007 – 2011 Domestic Supply of Other Crops (MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT)2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Sugar and Sweeteners 14,000 21,000 27,000 22,000 28,000 22,400 6,000 Fish and Sea Foods 76,000 77,000 60,000 38,000 81,000 66,400 43,000 Meat 2,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 4,000 2,800 2,000 Eggs 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0 Per CapitalPer Year (Kg) Kg Sugar and Sweeteners 11 17 21 17 20 17 3 Fish and Sea Foods 23 28 41 20 24 27 4 Meat 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 Eggs 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011 1.2. Domestic Utilisation About fifty percent of total food supplied in the isles is used for food purposes (Table 6). Other registered forms of domestic utilisation were processing and wasting. Significant amount of wastage registered in the fruits group. Wastages of total fruits supplied per year ranged 13 to 17 percent. Food processing was evidently limited over the period 2007 to 2011 even for cassava-a crop that registered sustained production levels relative to other crops. Table 6 Domestic Utilization of Food Products 2007-11 by Major Food Group (%) Food Group Category of Utilisation Levelof Utilisation per year for different categories of Utilisation (%) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Cereals Food 94 95 94 94 95 Processed 1.6 1.6 1 1.2 1.3 Waste 1.6 1.6 1 1.2 1.9 Other Utilisation 1.6 1.6 1 1.2 1.3 Root Crops Food 98 98 97 98 99 Processed 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 Waste 1 1 0.7 0.9 0.6 Other Utilisation 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 Fruits Food 79 76 76 81 82 Processed 0 8 8 6 4 Waste 14 17 16 13 13
6 Other Utilisation 6 0 0 0 0 Vegetables Food 83 92 92 88 80 Processed 0 0 0 0 0 Waste 8 8 8 6 6 Other Utilisation 0 0 0 0 0 Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011 1.3. Availability of Nutrients from Major Food Sources - 2007-11 1.3.1. Availability of Nutrients from Animal and Vegetable-based Foods Table 7 shows the avaialbility of nutrients form animal and vegetable-based food over the period 2007-11. After a decline in year 2008, the total carolic supply per personexhibited an increasing trend in 2009 from1776 kilocalories (kcal) to 2,424 kcal in 2011. Average total calories from proteins and fats over 2007 to 2011 were 44 and 38 gms respectively. Vegetable-based products were a major source of calories, proteins and fats supply compared to animal-based products. For instance, the percentage share or contribution of calories, proteins and fats from vegetable based products over the period 2007 to 2011 was 92,73 and 84 respectively. Table 7 Per capital Nutrients Avaliability from Animal and Vegetable-based Foods 2007 – 2011 Total Calories Animal-based products Vegetable-based products Calories (kcal) Protein (gm) Fats (gm) Calories (kcal) Protein (gm) Fats (gm) Calories (kcal) Protein (gm) Fats (gm) 2007 2,072 46 29 164 11 6 1,907 34 23 2008 1,941 42 26 129 10 4 1,812 32 22 2009 1,776 43 37 193 17 7 1,583 26 30 2010 1,955 41 28 154 11 6 1,800 31 22 2011 2,424 48 70 161 12 6 2,263 36 64 Average 2,034 44 38 160 12 6 1,873 32 32 Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011 1.3.2. Daily Caloric Supply by Main Food Groups Cereals were the major source of caloric supply per person per day contributing an average of 44 percent of the average 2,034 kcal available from year 2007 to 2011 (Figure 1). Rice was a key contributor of calories in cereals food groupfollowed by wheat. On average, rice alone contributed 53 percent of the total calories supplied by the cereals group between the years 2007 and 2011 and as such evidently continued to be the most preffered cereal in the isles. The contribution of wheat to total calories from cereals was on average 17 percent.This figure is fairly higher as compared to the contribution of other cerelas such as maize, barley, sorghum and millet.
7 Root crops were the second source of caloric supplycontributing an average of 18 percent of total calories availabe in the period under review. Among root crops, the contribution of cassavawas noted to be higher,accounting for 78 percent of total calories supplied by root crops groups and followed by sweet potatoes (14 percent) and yams (3 percent). Average contributions of other food groups to caloric supply were as follows: vegetable oils (10percent), sugar and sweeteners (8percent) and fruits (5percent), fish and sea food (2percent), milk (4percent) and pulses (4percent) (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Calories Supply by Main Food Groups by percentage during the period,2007 – 2011 Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011 1.3.3. Daily Proteins Supply by Selected Main Food Groups As shown in Figure 2, cereals constituted the largest source of protein supply accounting for an average of 47 percent between the years 2007 and 2011. Other sources of proteins supply in Zanzibar included fish and sea food (16 percent), root crops (10 percent),pulses (9 percent), starchy (9 percent), milk (7percent) and fruits (4percent). Available FBS data shows that there is a marked dependence on cereals as sources of protein in the isles in spite of the fact that it is not protein-enriched food. With the exception to fish and sea food which recorded a moderate supply of proteins, other protein-enriched foods such as meat, milk, fruits and pulses contributed a less share of proteins to the country’s food supply. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Cereals 49.1 49.3 40.9 37.4 45.2 44 Root Crops 21.7 17.2 12.9 26.2 9.6 18 Fruits 3.8 6.3 6 7.7 2.2 5 Pulses 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.4 4.9 4 Sugar and sweeteners 5.3 8.3 11.7 8.1 8.3 8 Fish and seafood 2 2.2 4.3 1.9 1.9 2 Milk 5.3 3.4 5.8 5.3 4.2 5 Vegetable oils 6.4 6.6 11.6 5.7 20.8 10 Other 2.9 3.4 3.2 4.3 2.9 3
8 Figure 2 Protein Supply by Selected Main Food Groups by percentage during the period 2007–11 Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011 1.3.4. Daily Fats Supply by Selected Main Food Groups Figure 3 shows the supply of fat from selected food groups. Vegetable oil was the largest source of fats, an average contributing about 60 percent of total fat supply per capita per year in the period 2007 and 2011. Animal fats, milk and meat which are important sources of fats registered limited contribution to total fats supply. Generally, between the years 2007 and 2011,the average supply of fats showed an increasing trend from 29 grams/day/person in 2007 to 70 grams/day/person in 2011 despite the variations in individual food items. This suggests that there is an increase in the utilisation of fats related products especially vegetable oil which evident as an important sources. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Cereals 50 50 42 41 52 47.0 Root Crops 11 10 7 15 6 10 Fruits 2 5 5 5 2 4 Pulses 9 7 7 10 15 9 Fish and Sea Food 15 7 30 15 15 16 Milk 9 5 7 7 6 7 Meat 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other 2 5 0 5 2 3
9 Figure 3 Fats Supply by Selected Main Food Groups by percentage during the period 2007–11 Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011 1.4. Total Nutrients Availability between 2007-11 Between the years 2007 and 2011, total daily per capita energy availability fluctuated with the lowest and highest amount of energy available being 1776 kcals (2009) and 2424kcals (2011) respectively (Table 8).The respective energy availability was largely contributed by the following nutrients: carbohydrates, followed by fats and protein as shown in table 8below. However, availability of these nutrients (with exception to fats) did not follow the norms recommended by FAO/WHO for a balance diet consisting of 55 – 75 percent carbohydrates, 10 – 15 percent protein and 15 – 30 percent fats. The contributions of protein were far below the recommendedrange in all years, while those of carbohydrates were above the recommended range in particular for the years 2007, 2009 and 2010. Based on the results, it is evident that carbohydrates are a major supply of energy in the isles and their supply during some of the years went up beyond the FAO recommended levels. The deficiency of protein supply in all reference years is quite critical and requiresurgent action. Table 8 Total Nutrients AvailabilityPer CapitaPer Dayand PercentageContributionto Total EnergySupply 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Cereals 10 12 11 5 4 8 Vegetable oil 52 58 46 62 80 60 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 7 8 7 3 1 5 Milk 14 4 11 8 4 22 Meat 3 4 4 3 1 3 Other 14 15 21 19 9 16
10 Year Total(kcals) Carbohydrates (%) Protein(%) Fats(%) 2007 2,072 79 8 13 2008 1,941 79 9 12 2009 1,776 72 9 19 2010 1,955 79 8 13 2011 2,424 66 8 26 Average 2,034 75 8.4 16.6 WHO/FAO Standards 2,100 Kcal* 55 – 75% 10 – 15% 15 – 30% Source: FBS Data 2007-11 * Minimal daily per capital caloric intake recommended by FAO Significant changes in the food consumption pattern were observed between the years 2010 and 2011. Figure 4illustrates these changes in terms of the share of nutrients in total energy supply. The percentage share of carbohydrates decreased significantly by 13 percent since year 2007.Thereafter, it regained the same level recorded in year 2007. The percentage share of fats fluctuated between 12 and 26 percent. In the last two years, the percentage share of fats doubled reaching a maximum level of 26 percent over the period 2007 to 11.Contribution of protein remained essentially constant. The significant over supply of carbohydrates as well as the recent changes in energy contribution of fats may increase the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases in country.The percentage share of supply carbohydrates dropped to 72 percent in 2009 and further fell to 66 percent in 2011 after regaining to 79 percent in 2010. Figure 4 Pattern of Energy Supply from Carbohydrates, Fats and Protein 2007 to 2011 (%) Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ContributionofNutrientstoTotalEnergySupply (%) Carbohydrates (%) Protein (%) Fats (%)
11 2. ANALYSIS OF IMPORT DEPENDENCY AND SELF SUFFICIENCY RATIOS Zanzibar heavily depends on imports for its food supply as evidenced by a higher average of its Import Dependency Ratio (47 percent) compared to the Self-Sufficiency Ratio (44 percent) of the total food products supplied annually during the period 2007 and 2011 (Table 9).The import dependency ratio of the total food products declined from 47 percent in 2008 to 36 percent in year 2010 and later rose to 62 percent in year 2011. The declining import dependency ratio in these respective years could be attributed to considerable increases in domestic production as evidenced by the increase in self-sufficiency ratio. The isles are more self-sufficient in the supply of animal-based products than vegetable- based products1. On average the self-sufficiency ratio of animal-based products and vegetable-based products were 58 and 44 percent respectively (table 9). This indicates that the overall supply of animal-based products is largely determined by domestic production compared to vegetable-based products. Table 9 ImportDependency Ratios and Self-SufficiencyRatios for Total Food Products and Vegetable-based and Animal-based Products 2007-11 Import Dependency Ratio Self Sufficiency Ratio Year Total Food Products Vegetable-based Products Animal- based Products Total Food Products Vegetable- based Products Animal- based Products 2007 42.5 43.9 20.4 47.5 46.8 59.9 2008 47.3 48.2 29 42.3 42.2 45 2009 44.7 47.2 16.7 44.3 42.2 67.1 2010 36.3 37.1 24.3 54.2 54.1 56.3 2011 62.1 64.3 22 30 28.3 59.5 Average 47 48 22 44 43 58 Source: FBS Data 2007-11 Results on specific food groups indicated that between 2007 and 2011, the import dependency ratio of cereals has remained relatively high (Table 10). The average import dependency ratio for cereals fluctuated between 65 and 83 percent despite being a major source of daily caloric and proteins supply in Zanzibar. Pulses are also largely imported in Zanzibar as indicated by a high average import dependency ratio of 92 percent while vegetables accounted for an average import dependency ratio ranging from 9to 42percent over the period 2007 and 2011. In the same period, the import dependency ratio of cereals ranged from 65 to 79percent, while the self- sufficiency ratio varied between 8 and21 percent. The higher cereals import dependency ratio is attributed to the changes in food consumption preferences of Zanzibaris, which currently favour a consumption of rice and wheat, and yet these items are largely produced across the Islands, 1Animal products and vegetableproducts arethe two main food categories referring to animal related food groups (such as meat, animal fats, milk, fish and sea food etc.); and plant related food groups (such as cereals, starch roots/root crops, fruits, vegetables etc.)
12 For vegetable products, the import dependency ratio declined from 48 percent in year 2008 to 37 percent in year 2010 and thereafter sharply increased by 29 percent at 66 percent in year 2011. The trend of import dependency ratio for animal products fluctuated between 17 and 29 percent while the self-sufficiency ratio of the same food items oscillated between 45 and 67 percent between 2007 and 2011. The self- sufficiency ratio of starchy roots was above 97 percent during the last five years. Other food items for which Zanzibar is relatively self-sufficient include fish and seafood (99 percent), eggs (98 percent), oil crops (99 percent), sugar crops (100 percent), fruits (90 percent) and meat (89 percent). Table 10 Importand ExportDependencyRatios for Major Food Crops2007 – 2011 Cereals Root crops Vegetables Fruits Fish and Sea Foods Year IDR* SSR** IDR SSR IDR SSR IDR SSR IDR SSR 2007 73.8 15.3 0 98.6 8.6 95.1 5.2 94.8 0.5 99.5 2008 78.2 10.4 0.2 97.9 20.4 82.7 1.9 98.1 0.5 99.6 2009 66.0 19.8 0.4 97.1 14.9 88.5 3.0 97.0 0.3 99.8 2010 65.1 21.3 0.3 98.6 41.5 60.8 36.8 63.2 0.5 99.6 2011 78.7 12.7 2.5 95.2 20.8 82.3 3.0 97.0 0.4 99.6 Average 73.25 14.9 0.68 97.48 21.24 81.88 9.98 90.02 0.44 99.62 * IDR: Import Dependency Ratio ** SSR: Self Sufficiency Ratios: expresses themagnitudeof production in relation todomestic utilisation, it indicatesthe extent to which a country relies on its own production. Thehigher the% of SSR, thegreater thecommodityself- sufficiency Source: FBS Data 2007-11 3. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS FROM THE FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION PERSPECTIVES Analysis of findings shows that availability of cereals (which is the most preferred food in the isles) is largely determined by importation with major imports including rice and wheat. Supply of cereals from domestic production in particular rice is far below the national demand and this imported rice filled the deficit. The import dependency ratios of rice and wheat over the period 2007 to 2011 averaged 78 and 100 percent respectively. Higher dependency on cereals imports and the prevailing tendency of prefer rice to other food commodities implies that presence of anyfactor that hampers the importation of cereals, may place the country in a precarious situation. The immediate effect will be limited food availability at household and individual levels, and poor status offood security in the country. The analysis of total per capita nutrients availability evidenced a predominant over- supply of carbohydrates and fats, which significantly contributed by vegetable-source products. This further suggests that Zanzibar has a limited dietary diversity (the number of individual foods consumed over a given period of time) and points to the possibility of poor dietary intake which could increase the risk for non-communicable diseases. The
13 possibility of poor diets is reflected by limited per capital supply of foods beneficial to health and nutrition i.e., vegetable andfruits, animal-source foods andlegumes (pulses). For example, the levels of per capital supply of fruits and vegetables (which on average, during the study period, were 10 kg and 63 kg per year respectively) indicate inadequate intake of these products in Zanzibar. These registered levels of supply are far below the minimum recommended levels by WHO/FAO of 146 kg per year. Fruits and vegetables are important components of a healthy diet. Therefore, the consumption was below the recommended levels, as such could increase the risk of chronic diseases. 4. LIMITATION (i) The results FBS results only provided estimates of food supplies for utilization and per capita nutrient supply available based on the annual population size and do not provide a complete picture of food security situation at the regional, district, household and individual levels. Therefore, customized food security assessments will be necessary to compliment the FBSresults; (ii) The data used for stocks, food wastages and exports of certain food items was often held constant across the period under review in light of unavailability of updated and valid data. Underestimation is expected on this account; (iii) Crop and livestock statistics may not be very accurate given the weak data collection methodologies, poor processing and storage facilities, and the inadequate capacity of data management personnel. The Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources is currently making efforts to addresstheseshortcomings. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS (i) More efforts in value addition of food crops in order to reduce food wasting and increase the shelf life of food commodities needed: food processing was evidently limited over the period 2007-11 even for cassava-a crop that registered sustained production levels relative to other crops. It is necessary for government to double its efforts in value addition of food crops in order to increase the shelf life of food commodities. (ii) Promote increased investments in rice production and support competition in food import to stabilize and reduce prices at local markets and raise rice availability: although, rice is the most preferred food and therefore, very important in the food basket of the Isles, its production (22 percent) is far below the domestic demand. High dependence on cereals imports, moreover from a limited number of sources and the relatively high preference to other food commodities, implies that any failures in the external supply of these food items may place the household food security in a precarious situation. Sustainable supplies of rice will definitely drive down the relatively high and increasing prices of rice.
14 (iii) Increase the purchasing power of low income households through rural based programmes to expand their access to protein rich foods such as fish and sea foods as well as implement policies that will increase the supply and consumption of pulses: available FBS data showed a marked dependence on cereals as sources of protein in the isles instead of protein rich items such as fish, sea food, meat, milk, fruits and pulses. Sources of incomes are narrow and skewed towards urbancenters with poverty remaining largely a rural phenomenon. (iv) Conduct campaigns to discourage excessive consumption of fats beyond the FAO/WHO recommended levels: deviations from the recommended levels established by FAO/WHO were observed in the supply of animal-source products and pulses (legume). The rapid growth in the average supply of fats may be contributing to increasedutilisation offats relatedproducts. (v) Initiate programmes that have the potential to enhance dietary diversity, supply and consumption of protein rich foods such as pulses, milk, eggs, fish and sea foods: the FBS results show that energy supply of carbohydrates from vegetable-source products during some of the years went up beyond the FAO/WHO recommended levels. In addition, there was a deficiency of protein supply all reference years coupled with limited domestic production of pulses and vegetables. This fragile situation may place the population at a high risk of non-communicable diseases. (vi) Implement import-substitution agricultural based programmes to curtail the high import dependency ratio: the analysis of Import Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios showed that Zanzibar still heavily depends on imports especially vegetable-basedproducts for its foodsupply. (vii) Put in place policies that encourage the private sector to invest into the production and processing of fruits and vegetables: the supply of fruits and vegetables was far below the requirements and yet they are important components of a healthy diet. Inadequate intake of these food items could increase the risk of chronic diseases. (viii)Enhance linkages among food security information providers and capacity in food security monitoring and analysis: the accuracy and validity of food security and early warning data and information from various sources such as Government, Private Sector and Civil Society Organizations has a positive bearing on the soundness of the FBS results, usage and further targeting of groups vulnerable to food insecurity. A strong linkage between Central Policy and Planning Departments of Sector Ministries and OCGS need to be strengthened to avoid conflicting sets of data, improve authenticity and ownership of data from sector ministries
15 ANNEXES Annex 1: Principle and Methods of Food Balance Sheet Compilation 1. Sources of Basic Data for Food Balance Sheet Report The compilation of the Food Balance Sheet requires basic data on production, stocks, imports, domestic utilization, nutrient values, dietary allowances and population which were obtained from the routine data systems of various government institutions. These data includes: i. Domestic Production: this comprises amounts of domestic production of primary commodity of agricultural, fishery and livestock. ii. Stock: this comprises of amount of commodity held in store during the reference period. iii. Imports: this covers the amounts of imports of agricultural commodities and processed products. iv. Population: the number of people estimated based on the 2002 Population and Housing Census. This is used for the estimation of the per capita food supply and the per capita food nutrients. 2. Estimation Methodology i. Total Domestic Supply (TDS): This is computed by the following equation: TDS = Production + Imports + Stocks - Exports ii. Total Domestic Utilisation: computed by the following equation: TDU = Food (a) + Seed (b) + Processed (c) + Waste (d) +Feed (e) + Other utilisations (f) a) Food Utilisation: comprises the amount of commodity supplied which are used for human consumption; b) Seed Utilization: this represents the amounts of all the commodities in question of domestic supply, which are used during the reference period for reproduction purposes. The amounts of seed utilization of a specific crop can be first estimated by multiplying the quantity of seed utilization of the crop with the area in hectare under the crop plantation during the reference year, and then followed by the deduction of the amounts of imported seeds; c) Processed Food Utilization: this covers the amounts of domestic food supply that are used for food manufacture; d) Waste/Loss: this comprises the amounts of commodity in question wasted or lost at all stages between the level at which production is recorded and the retail shop, i.e. the waste or loss and thrown-way taking place in the household, e.g. in the kitchen, is excluded.
16 e) Feed Utilization: comprises the amounts of commodity in question for domestic supply, which are fed to livestock during the reference period; f) Other Utilisation: this covers the amounts of domestic food supply that are used the non-food purposes iii. Per Capita Food (net) Supply: are provided estimates for per capita food (net) supplies available for human consumption during the reference period which are expressed in terms of quantity in two ways: (1) in kilogram per year per person; and (2) in gram per day per person. iv. Nutrient Supply: equivalent of the food supply in terms of energy, protein and fats computed by multiplying the daily per capita food supply in grams by the corresponding nutrients value per 100 grams. v. Food sufficiency: is a measure of the adequacy of available food supply to meet the food requirements of the population. Expressed in percentage. It is calculated by dividing the available supply for daily consumption by the recommended dietary allowances multiplied by 100. The greater the sufficiency value indicates that the available food supply is adequate to meet the food requirements of the population while the lower value indicates otherwise.
17 Annex 2: Total Calories, Protein and Fat Available from Major Food Groups, Per Capita, Per Day 2007 – 11 Calories(kcals) Protein (gms) Fats (gms) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Cereals 1016 955 725 725 1119 23 21 18 17 25 3 3 2 3 3 Roots 449 334 229 509 228 5 4 3 6 4 1 1 1 1 1 Sugar 4 3 3 3 198 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 72 64 64 66 116 4 3 3 4 7 1 1 1 1 1 OilCrop 16 16 16 16 14 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 1 Vegetable oil 133 129 207 111 494 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 23 13 56 Vegetable 6 7 6 8 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruits 79 121 107 148 53 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 15 14 13 29 23 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Meat 9 14 8 11 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Milk 110 66 103 102 99 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 3 3 3 Eggs 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fish and Seafood 41 42 77 37 44 7 7 13 6 7 1 1 3 1 1 Animalfats 2 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 2 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 2072 1941 1776 1955 2424 46 42 43 41 48 29 26 37 28 70
18 Annex 3: Zanzibar Food Balance Sheets 2007-11 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet2007Population (‘000)1,1555 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock change Exports Total DS Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR FOOD PER DAY Calories Protein Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 2072 46 29 Vegetable prod. 1907 34 23 Animal prod. 164 11 6 Cereals (excl. beer) 16 93 19 3 125 0 2 2 2 0 118 102 1016 23 3 Wheat 0 13 11 1 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 19 143 4 1 Maize 2 3 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 38 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 13 40 7 2 59 0 2 0 2 0 55 48 592 11 1 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 20 1 0 Rye 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sorghum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 25 213 6 1 Starchy roots 250 0 6 0 256 0 0 2 3 1 251 217 449 5 1 Cassava 187 0 6 0 193 0 0 2 0 1 191 165 309 3 1 Potatoes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 46 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 2 0 43 38 99 1 0 Yams 8 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 18 0 0 Roots, other 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 22 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 5 4 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 5 4 0 0 Sugar beet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar & Sweeteners 0 4 10 0 14 0 0 0 0 1 13 11 109 0 0
19 Sugar non- centrifugal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 3 10 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 11 109 0 0 Sweeteners, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Honey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 1 10 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 11 9 72 4 1 Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Pulses, other 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 11 9 70 4 1 Treenuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 32 4 0 4 4 16 0 2 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sunflowerseed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 40 0 0 32 4 0 4 4 14 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 5 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 133 0 15 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sunflower seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cottonseed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Palm kernel oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 39 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 Oilcrops oil, other 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 67 0 8 Vegetables 11 1 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 10 9 6 0 0 Tomatoes 6 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 6 5 3 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 Vegetables, other 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Fruits 81 2 0 0 84 0 0 5 12 0 66 58 79 1 0 Oranges & mandarins 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 0 0 Lemons & limes 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Citrus, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 5 10 0 35 30 50 1 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 Dates 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruit, other 22 1 0 0 23 0 0 0 2 0 21 18 18 0 0 Stimulants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 15 0 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 13 0 1 Spices, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 6 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Beer 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 9 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poultry meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 Offals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Butter, ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fats, animal, raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Fish, body oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fish, liver oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Milk 29 21 58 0 108 0 0 0 1 0 108 93 110 4 4 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 76 0 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 50 26 23 41 7 1 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 0 Demersal fish 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 9 2 0 Pelagic fish 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 9 21 3 1 Marine fish, other 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 1 0 Crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cephalopods 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Aquatic plants 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0
22 Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2007 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 42.5 -40.2 -12.3 47.5 Vegetables 8.6 -4.9 0.0 95.1 Vegetable products 43.9 -41.5 -11.8 46.8 Fruits 5.2 -5.2 0.0 94.8 Animal products 20.4 -20.4 -20.1 59.5 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 4.6 141.8 -104.6 137.2 Cereals (excl. beer) 73.8 -70.6 -14.1 15.3 Alcoholic beverages 40.3 -40.3 0.0 59.7 Starchy roots 0.0 0.0 -1.4 98.6 Meat 4.3 -4.3 0.0 95.7 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 0.2 -0.2 0.0 99.8 Sugar & Sw eeteners 39.7 -39.5 -60.5 0.0 Animal fats 53.5 -53.5 0.0 46.5 Pulses 86.1 -86.1 0.0 13.9 Milk (excluding butter) 29.2 -71.4 0.0 40.7 Treenuts 89.2 -89.2 0.0 10.8 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 0.4 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Fish & sea food 0.5 -0.5 0.0 99.5 Vegetable oils 54.8 -54.1 -10.0 35.9 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude ofproduction in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to which a country relies on its own production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodityself-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficientto meetutilization,and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium;thatproduction meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization,and thatthe country is a net exporter of a commodity,or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production + imports + stock change - exports): - TDR value between -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer ofthe commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and thatstock change and utilization are covered by imports only; - TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks,or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.
23 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet 2008 Population ('000): 1,193 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock Exports Total Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR FOOD PER DAY change DS Calories Proteins Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 1941 42 26 Vegetable prod. 1812 32 22 Animal prod. 129 10 4 Cereals (excl. beer) 11 94 19 3 120 0 2 2 2 0 114 95 955 21 3 Wheat 0 9 11 1 19 0 0 0 0 0 19 16 116 3 1 Maize 2 2 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 33 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 8 45 7 2 58 0 2 0 2 0 55 46 571 11 1 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 19 1 0 Rye 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 24 206 6 1 Starchy roots 192 1 6 0 198 0 0 1 2 1 194 163 334 4 1 Cassava 149 0 6 0 155 0 0 1 0 1 153 128 240 3 1 Potatoes 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 27 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 1 0 26 22 57 1 0 Yams 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 14 0 0 Roots, other 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 22 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 5 3 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 5 3 0 0 Sugar beet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar & Sweeteners 0 11 10 0 21 0 0 0 0 1 20 17 161 0 0 Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 10 10 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 17 161 0 0 Sweeteners, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
24 Honey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 0 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 10 9 64 3 1 Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pulses, other 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 0 10 8 61 3 1 Treenuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 33 4 0 4 4 16 0 2 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Sunflowerseed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 41 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 14 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 5 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 129 0 15 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 38 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 Rice bran oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maize germ oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 Oilcrops oil, other 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 65 0 7 Vegetables 11 2 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 11 10 7 0 0 Tomatoes 6 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 6 5 3 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetables, other 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 0 0 Fruits 130 2 0 0 132 0 0 10 22 0 100 84 121 2 0 Oranges & mandarins 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Lemons & limes 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25 Citrus, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 99 0 0 0 99 0 0 10 20 0 69 58 95 2 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 Dates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruit, other 22 1 0 0 23 0 0 0 2 0 21 18 18 0 0 Stimulants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 14 0 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 13 0 1 Spices, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Beer 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meat 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 14 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poultry meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 1 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Butter, ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fats, animal, raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
26 Milk 0 22 58 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 80 67 66 2 1 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 77 0 0 0 77 0 0 0 0 50 28 23 42 7 1 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 0 Demersal fish 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 8 2 0 Pelagic fish 11 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 10 23 3 1 Marine fish, other 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 1 0 Crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cephalopods 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Aquatic plants 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
27 Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2008 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 47.3 -44.9 -12.8 42.3 Vegetables 20.4 -17.3 0.0 82.7 Vegetable products 48.2 -45.7 -12.1 42.2 Fruits 1.9 -1.9 0.0 98.1 Animal products 29.0 -29.0 -26.0 45.0 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 4.9 141.2 -104.3 136.9 Cereals (excl. beer) 78.2 -74.9 -14.7 10.4 Alcoholic beverages 25.9 -25.9 0.0 74.1 Starchy roots 0.2 -0.2 -1.8 97.9 Meat 3.7 -3.7 0.0 96.3 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 0.2 -0.2 0.0 99.8 Sugar & Sw eeteners 57.1 -57.0 -43.0 0.0 Animal fats 77.6 -77.6 0.0 22.4 Pulses 96.0 -96.0 0.0 4.0 Milk (excluding butter) 49.8 -71.4 0.0 0.0 Treenuts 89.2 -89.2 0.0 10.8 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 0.4 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Fish & sea food 0.5 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Vegetable oils 54.7 -54.0 -10.0 36.0 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to w hich a country relies on its ow n production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodity self-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficient to meet utilization, and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium; that production meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization, and that the country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production +imports + stockchange - exports): - TDR value betw een -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer of the commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and that stockchange and utilization are covered by imports only; - TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks, or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.
28 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet 2009 Population ('000):1,232 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock Exports Total Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR PER DAY change D.S FOOD Calories Proteins Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 1776 43 37 Vegetable prod. 1583 26 30 Animal prod. 193 17 7 Cereals (excl. beer) 16 74 19 3 106 0 1 2 2 0 100 81 725 18 2 Wheat 0 15 11 1 25 0 0 0 0 0 25 20 151 4 1 Maize 3 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 36 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 12 20 7 2 37 0 1 0 2 0 35 28 310 6 0 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 4 18 1 0 Rye 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sorghum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 23 200 5 1 Starchy roots 137 1 6 0 144 0 0 1 1 1 141 114 229 3 1 Cassava 114 0 6 0 120 0 0 1 0 1 118 96 179 2 0 Potatoes 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 13 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 1 0 12 10 26 0 0 Yams 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 14 0 0 Roots, other 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 8 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar beet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar & Sweeteners 0 17 10 0 27 0 0 0 0 1 26 21 207 0 0 Sugar non- centrifugal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 16 10 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 26 21 207 0 0
29 Sweeteners, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Honey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 10 8 64 3 1 Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses, other 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 10 8 63 3 1 Treenuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 33 4 0 4 3 16 0 1 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Sunflowerseed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 41 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 13 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 9 1 0 13 0 0 0 0 3 11 9 207 0 23 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sunflower seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cottonseed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Palm kernel oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 37 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 Maize germ oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 Oilcrops oil, other 0 8 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 1 7 6 145 0 16 Vegetables 11 2 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 11 9 6 0 0 Tomatoes 6 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 6 5 3 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetables, other 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Fruits 117 2 0 0 119 0 0 9 19 0 91 74 107 2 0 Oranges 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0
30 &mandarins Lemons & limes 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Citrus, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 86 0 0 0 86 0 0 9 17 0 60 49 80 1 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 Dates 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruit, other 22 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 2 0 20 16 17 0 0 Stimulants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 13 0 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 12 0 1 Spices, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beer 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 8 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poultry meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
31 Butter, ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fats, animal, raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Milk (excluding butter) 29 21 58 0 108 0 0 0 1 0 108 88 103 3 3 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 60 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 10 50 41 77 13 3 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 0 Demersal fish 16 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 16 13 15 3 0 Pelagic fish 22 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 18 42 6 2 Marine fish, other 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 8 1 0 Crustaceans 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Molluscs other - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephalopods 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 6 1 0 Aquatic plants 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0
32 Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2009 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 44.7 -42.2 -13.5 44.3 Vegetables 14.9 -11.5 0.0 88.5 Vegetable products 47.2 -44.5 -13.3 42.2 Fruits 3.0 -3.0 0.0 97.0 Animal products 16.7 -16.7 -16.2 67.1 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 2.9 146.2 -106.5 139.7 Cereals (excl. beer) 66.0 -61.9 -18.3 19.8 Alcoholic beverages 16.1 -16.1 0.0 83.9 Starchy roots 0.4 -0.4 -2.5 97.1 Meat 4.3 -4.3 0.0 95.7 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 0.2 -0.2 0.0 99.8 Sugar & Sw eeteners 67.0 -66.9 -33.1 0.0 Animal fats 66.3 -66.3 0.0 33.7 Pulses 91.0 -91.0 0.0 9.0 Milk (excluding butter) 29.2 -71.4 0.0 40.7 Treenuts 89.2 -89.2 0.0 10.8 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 0.5 -0.5 0.0 99.5 Fish & sea food 0.3 -0.2 0.0 99.8 Vegetable oils 70.3 -69.8 -6.5 23.6 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to w hich a country relies on its ow n production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodity self-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficient to meet utilization, and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium; that production meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization, and that the country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production +imports + stockchange - exports): - TDR value betw een -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer of the commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and that stockchange and utilization are covered by imports only; - TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks, or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity. `
33 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet 2010 Population ('000):1,273 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock Exports Total Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR PER DAY change D.S. FOOD Calories Proteins Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 1955 41 28 Vegetable prod. 1800 31 22 Animal prod. 154 11 6 Cereals (excl. beer) 18 76 19 3 110 0 2 2 2 0 103 81 725 17 3 Wheat 0 18 11 1 28 0 0 0 0 0 28 22 166 5 2 Maize 3 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 28 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 14 21 7 2 40 0 2 0 2 0 37 29 318 6 1 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 4 18 0 0 Rye 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sorghum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 23 193 5 1 Starchy roots 328 2 6 0 335 0 0 3 2 1 329 259 509 6 1 Cassava 288 0 6 0 294 0 0 3 0 1 290 228 427 4 1 Potatoes 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 29 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 1 0 27 21 56 1 0 Yams 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 11 0 0 Roots, other 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 12 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar & Sweeteners 0 12 10 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 17 157 0 0 Sugar non- centrifugal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 11 10 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 17 156 0 0
34 Sweeteners, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Honey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 11 9 66 4 1 Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pulses, other 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 11 8 63 3 1 Treenuts 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 10 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 33 4 0 4 3 16 0 2 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 40 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 13 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 5 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 111 0 13 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 36 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Rice bran oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maize germ oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Oilcrops oil, other 0 5 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 61 0 7 Vegetables 11 6 0 0 17 0 0 0 1 0 15 12 8 0 0 Tomatoes 6 3 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 8 6 4 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetables, other 6 3 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 7 6 5 0 0 Fruits 100 21 0 0 121 0 0 7 16 0 98 77 148 2 0 Oranges & mandarins 4 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 4 0 0 Lemons & limes 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
35 Citrus, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 69 0 0 0 69 0 0 7 14 0 48 38 62 1 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 3 0 0 Dates 0 11 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 8 54 1 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 10 0 0 Fruit, other 22 1 0 0 23 0 0 0 2 0 21 16 16 0 0 Stimulants 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 9 0 1 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 Tea 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 3 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 29 1 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 15 0 1 Spices, other 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 13 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Beer 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Meat 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 11 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 8 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Poultry meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Butter, ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
36 Fats, animal, raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Milk 29 22 58 0 109 0 0 0 1 0 109 86 102 3 3 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 38 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 13 25 20 37 6 1 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 0 Demersal fish 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 8 2 0 Pelagic fish 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 17 2 1 Marine fish, other 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 1 0 Crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cephalopods 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 Aquatic plants 13 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 0
37 Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2010 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 36.3 -34.2 -11.6 54.2 Vegetables 41.5 -39.2 0.0 60.8 Vegetable products 37.1 -34.8 -11.1 54.1 Fruits 36.8 -36.8 0.0 63.2 Animal products 24.3 -24.2 -19.5 56.3 Stimulants 100.0 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 55.9 11.9 -48.4 63.5 Cereals (excl. beer) 65.1 -61.1 -17.6 21.3 Alcoholic beverages 31.5 -31.5 0.0 68.5 Starchy roots 0.3 -0.3 -1.1 98.6 Meat 29.4 -29.4 0.0 70.6 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 35.3 -35.3 0.0 64.7 Sugar & Sw eeteners 53.3 -53.1 -46.9 0.0 Animal fats 60.1 -60.1 0.0 39.9 Pulses 89.8 -89.8 0.0 10.2 Milk (excluding butter) 31.8 -71.4 0.0 39.2 Treenuts 99.6 -99.6 0.0 0.4 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 1.3 -1.3 0.0 98.7 Fish & sea food 0.5 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Vegetable oils 36.3 -34.2 -11.6 54.2 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to w hich a country relies on its ow n production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodity self-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficient to meet utilization, and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium; that production meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization, and that the country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production +imports + stockchange - exports): - TDR value betw een -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer of the commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and that stockchange and utilization are covered by imports only;
38 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet 2011Population ('000):1,312 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock Exports Total Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR PER DAY change D.S. FOOD Calories Proteins Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 2424 48 70 Vegetable prod. 2263 36 64 Animal prod. 161 12 6 Cereals (excl. beer) 17 126 19 3 159 0 2 2 3 0 151 115 1119 25 3 Wheat 0 24 11 1 33 0 0 0 0 0 33 25 189 6 1 Maize 2 5 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 50 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 15 60 7 2 72 0 2 0 2 0 68 57 665 13 1 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 4 17 0 0 Rye 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 22 187 5 1 Starchy roots 148 6 6 0 160 0 0 1 1 1 158 120 228 3 1 Cassava 144 0 6 0 150 0 0 1 0 1 148 113 211 2 1 Potatoes 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 6 4 8 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 7 0 0 Yams 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roots, other 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar beet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar & Sweeteners 0 18 10 0 28 0 0 0 0 1 27 20 198 0 0 Sugar non-centrifugal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 17 10 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 27 20 198 0 0
39 Sweeteners, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Honey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 0 17 0 0 18 0 0 0 1 0 18 14 116 7 1 Beans 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 18 1 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses, other 0 14 0 0 15 0 0 0 1 0 16 12 98 5 1 Treenuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 14 0 1 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 40 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 12 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 25 1 0 29 0 0 0 0 2 27 20 494 0 56 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sunflower seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cottonseed oil 0 21 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 21 16 380 0 43 Palm kernel oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 34 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Rice bran oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maize germ oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 Oilcrops oil, other 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 59 0 7 Vegetables 11 4 0 0 15 0 0 0 1 0 12 9 6 0 0 Tomatoes 6 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 7 5 3 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetables, other 6 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Fruits 66 4 0 0 69 0 0 3 9 0 57 43 53 1 0 Oranges & mandarins 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0
40 Lemons & limes 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Citrus, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 34 0 0 0 34 0 0 3 7 0 24 18 30 1 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 Dates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruit, other 22 3 0 0 25 0 0 0 2 0 23 17 17 0 0 Stimulants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 2 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 23 0 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 15 0 1 Spices, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 3 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 6 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beer 3 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meat 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 13 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 8 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Poultry meat 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 4 0 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Butter, ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
41 Fats, animal, raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Fish, body oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fish, liver oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Milk (excludingbutter) 29 22 58 0 109 0 0 0 1 0 109 83 99 3 3 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 81 0 0 0 81 0 0 0 0 50 32 24 44 7 1 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 1 0 Demersal fish 12 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 12 9 10 2 0 Pelagic fish 11 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 9 20 3 1 Marine fish, other 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 7 1 0 Crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Molluscs other - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephalopods 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 Aquatic plants 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
42 Import, Trade and Stock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2011 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 62.1 -60.3 -9.7 30.0 Vegetables 20.8 -17.7 0.0 82.3 Vegetable products 64.3 -62.4 -9.2 28.3 Fruits 3.0 -3.0 0.0 97.0 Animal products 22.0 -22.0 -18.4 59.5 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 45.8 37.3 -59.4 77.9 Cereals (excl. beer) 73.7 -76.2 -11.1 12.7 Alcoholic beverages 48.1 -48.1 0.0 51.9 Starchy roots 2.5 -2.5 -2.2 95.2 Meat 15.3 -15.3 0.0 84.7 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 31.3 -31.3 0.0 68.7 Sugar & Sweeteners 67.5 -67.4 -32.6 0.0 Animal fats 55.9 -55.9 0.0 44.1 Pulses 94.5 -94.5 0.0 5.5 Milk (excluding butter) 31.7 -71.4 0.0 39.2 Treenuts 89.6 -89.6 0.0 10.4 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 1.3 -1.3 0.0 98.7 Fish & sea food 0.4 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Vegetable oils 86.4 -86.2 -3.0 10.8 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to which a country relies on its own production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodityself-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficientto meetutilization,and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium;thatproduction meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization,and thatthe country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production + imports + stock change - exports): - TDR value between -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer ofthe commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and thatstock change and utilization are covered by imports only; - TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks,or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.

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Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet Report, 2007-2012

  • 1.
    i TITLE PAGEE ZANZIBAR FOODBALANCE SHEET REPORT 2007 – 11 Prepared by The Food Security and Nutrition Department MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES ZANZIBAR UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA December 2012
  • 2.
    ii FOREWORD his is thesecond edition of the Food Balance Sheet (FBS)report published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The first report was published in October 2009. A Food Balance Sheet presents a pattern of a country’s food supply and utilisation for a given period of time. It provides estimates of the overall food supply situation in the country that is available for consumption of the population and shows sources of food supply, the type of food available for consumption and the use of both primary and processed commodities. The daily per capita food supplies are presented and expressed in terms of quantity and nutrient values. These are calculated using FAO International Nutritive Factors. The compilation of the FBS requires basic data on production, stocks, imports, domestic utilization, nutrient values, dietary allowances and population which were obtained from relevant government institutions. Regular compilation of the FBS show the trends in the overall national food supply over time, reveal changes taking place in the types of food consumed i.e. the pattern of diet, and gives indications of the adequacy of food supply relative to nutritional requirements of the population. It establishes the Supply Utilisation Account (SUA) of which two indicators namely Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) and Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) depict the extent to which a country depends on local production and food import respectively to feed its population. These indicators are critical in highlighting the food security situation in a country. In this regard, on the availability the accurate statistics, FBS remains a useful tool in the analysis of progress in improving the food security situation in a country as such provides a sound basis for the policy analysis and decision making needed to ensure food security in the country. However, it is important to note that the FBS reports do not give any indication of food consumption patterns and situation at individual level, and on different geographical areas and social economic groups within a country. Therefore to obtain a complete glimpse of food security situation in a country, food consumption surveys showing the distribution of national food supply among different groups of the population and geographical areas should be conducted. Zanzibar started publishing the FBS since 2007, as an output for monitoring of national food supply and availability, which is carried-out as part of the implementation of Food Security and Nutrition (FSN) policy. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) embarked on the implementation of FSN policy as an instrument to facilitate the attainment of food security and improved T
  • 3.
    iii nutrition at nationaland household levels. The implementation of FSN policy marked an important milestone in the development agenda of the country. The FSN policy aims atreducing vulnerability to food insecurity; promoting availability of adequate and nutritious quality food; increasing household access to food; promoting consumption and utilisation of safe and nutritious foods; and protect the vulnerable population from any disaster or shocks that may push them into chronic food insecurity and humanitarian crises. Key to the implementation of FSN policy was the development of food security and nutrition monitoring systems to provide the government with reliable mechanism to measure the efficiency of FSN policy and related programmes in achieving stated objectives. This report presents the evidence needed for evaluation of the changes in the overall domestic food supply, food utilization and per capita supply over the years 2007-11. It will play a key role in aiding policy makers, development partners and other information users to make appropriate decisions in ensuring that every person in Zanzibar at all times, has physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’ (World Food Summit (October 1996).
  • 4.
    iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS he Ministry ofAgriculture and Natural Resources presents this Food Balance Sheet report that was prepared by a team of staff from the Department of Food Security and Nutrition. This report is a product of food security and nutrition monitoring conducted within the framework of food security and nutrition information and early warning system. Findings presented in this report used routine data collected by various institutions over the period2007 and 2011, in particular these are: (i) The Office of Chief Government Statistician; (ii) Ministry of Livestock and Fishery Development; (iii) Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing; (iv) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources; (v) Tanzania Revenue Authority We therefore, would like to thank all institutions and individuals involved for their valuable assistance in the preparation of the second Food Balance Sheet Report for Zanzibar. As a tool to monitor the national food availability and supply, it is our hope that this report provides useful information and data to help in proper implementation of government policiesand programmes to promote domestic production, food availability and supply in the country as well as to improve nutrition of the population. We sincerely wish to point out that we would be grateful to receive any comments or suggestions concerning the content of this report, as this will help us to improve future publications. ……………………………………………….. Affan O Maalim Principal Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Zanzibar United Republic of Tanzania T
  • 5.
    v ABBREVIATIONS FBS Food BalanceSheet FSN Food Security and Nutrition IDR Import Dependency Ratio SSR Self-Sufficiency Ratio SUA Supply Utilisation Account
  • 6.
    vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This FoodBalance Sheet (FBS) report presents estimated trends in food supply and patterns of utilization, the extent of dependence on local production and food import respectively to feed the population, and per capita supply of Zanzibar for the period 2007-11. The report used basic data from relevant government institutions on production, stocks, imports, domestic utilization, nutrient values, dietary allowances and population. The major food groups as well as sources of domestic food supply were cereals, starchy root crops, fruits, vegetables, pulses and others, which included sugar and sweeteners, fish and seafood, meat and eggs. Analysis of food balance sheet results, 2007–11, revealed that Total Domestic Supply of cereals available for consumption was between 125,000 Metric Tones (MT) and 159,000MT. The average total cereal supply available for consumption in Zanzibar between 2007 and 2011 was 124,000 (MT). However, the volume of imported cereals accounted for 77 percent of its average total domestic supply. Availability of cereals for consumption per capita per year ranged between 102 kg in 2007 to 115 kg in 2011. Per capita availability of cereals decreased gradually from 102kg in 2007 to 81 kg in 2010 but later regained at 115 kg in 2011. This reduction was attributed to change in the quantity of cereals supplied for domestic consumption. Available FBS data further shows that rice was the major source of cereal supply in the isles followed by far with wheat. Rice accounted for 44 percent of average total cereal available for consumption and an average per capita available for utilisation of 42 kg per day. The supply of wheat also showed an increasing trend; rising from 19,000 MT in 2008 to 33,000 MT in 2011. The average quantity of wheat available for consumption per person per year was 20 kg. Zanzibar is self-sufficient in starchy root crops (cassava, sweet potatoes and yams). The total volume of root crops available for consumption per year ranged from 144,000 MT to 256,000 MT while the average for five years was 218,600 MT. Irish potatoes which accounted for all imports registered in starchy food group; steadily increasing from 1,000 MT in 2008 to 6,000MT in 2011. The amount of root crops available for consumption per person per year was on average 175 kg and it gradually reduced from 217 kg in 2007 to 114 kg in 2009. Cassava constituted over 83 percent of the average total domestic supply of root crops. On average, the volume of cassava available for food consumption was 182,400 MT at macro-level and (96-228) kg per year at the individual level. Cassava production notably declined steadily from 187,000 MT in 2007 to 114,000 MT in 2009, but later regained to 288,000 MT in 2010 and finally, fell at 144,000 MT in 2011. On the other hand, Sweet potato was the second major root crop in Zanzibar for period under review, recording an average per capita supply of 19 kg per year and average annual production of
  • 7.
    vii 23,800 MT. Annualdomestic supply of sweet potato was sharply volatile recording a significant decline of 86 percent in the last two years (2010-2011). Average total domestic supply of fruits was 105,000 MT while per capita supply of fruits was 63 kg per person per year over 2007-11. It is important to note that more than 95 percent of the fruits are grown locally. Fruit production exhibited a sharp declining trend in all the years except in 2008. Notable also was a gradual decline in banana production over 2008-2011. The quantity of banana available for domestic consumption ranged from 34,000MT to 99,000 MT while its average per capita supply was 38 kg per person per year. Furthermore, domestic production of Oranges and Mandarins remained at 4,000MT while the imports were 1,000MT for all the years except in 2010 when they doubled to 2,000 MT. Similarly, total domestic supply of oranges and mandarins was on average 5,200MT while the average per capita supply of the two food items was 4 kg per person per year. Average domestic supply and production of vegetables was 13,600 MT and 11,000 MT respectively over the period 2007-11, of which one fifth was imported. Annual per capita available vegetables for consumption ranged from 9 to 12 kg. Between the years 2007 and 2011, total domestic supply of pulses ranged from 11,000 MT to 18,000 MT. The supply of pulses was determined largely by imports. On average, the volume of pulses imported accounted for 11,400 MT while local production remained at 1,000 MT. Annual per capita supply of pulses available for consumption ranged from 8 to 14 kg. Total domestic supply of other crops such as sugar and sweeteners fluctuated between 14,000MT and 28,000 MT during 2007-11. The imports of sugar and sweeteners sharply increased from 4,000MT in 2007 to 17,000MT in 2009 and thereafter, they declined to 12,000MT in 2010 and but later recovered to 18,000MT in 2011. On average, per capita supply of sugar and sweeteners per year was 17 kg. Between 2007 and 2011, annual supply of fish and seafood, which are major sources of protein and fats in the isles arranged from 38,000 MT to 81,000 MT while per capita supply of fish was 27 kg. The supply of meat showed a volatile trend, ranging from 2,000 MT to 4,000 MT and its average per capita supply was only 2 kg. Supply of eggs was essentially constant at 1,000 MT per year while per capital supply of eggs was 1 kg per year. With respect to domestic Food Utilization about fifty percent of total food supplied was used for food purposes and the rest was utilised for either processing or wasted. Fruits were the only food group registered significant level of wasting. The level of fruits wasting for period under review accounted for 13 to 17 percent of total fruits supply. Availability of nutrients considerably varied across animal and vegetable food sources. After a decline during the years 2007-2009, the total carolic supply
  • 8.
    viii per person wentup from 1,776 kilocalories (kcal) in 2009 to 2,424kcal in 2011. Average total calories from proteins and fats over 2007-11 were 44 and 38 gms respectively. It is important to note that vegetable-based products contributed 92,73 and 84 percent of calories, proteins and fats supply respectively, over the period 2007-11.Of all the major food groups, cereals were the major source of caloric supply per person per day contributing an average of 44 percent of the average 2,034 kilocalories available over 2007-11. Considering the supply side, rice was the most preferred cereal in the isles and a key contributor of calories (53 percent) in cereals food group and it was followed by wheat (17 percent). Root crops were the second source of caloric supply contributing an average of 18 percent of total calories available in the respective period. Among root crops, the contribution of cassava was noted to be higher, accounting for 78 percent of total calories supplied by root crops groups and followed by sweet potatoes (14 percent) and yams (3 percent). Average contributions of other food groups to caloric supply were as follows: vegetable oils (10 percent), sugar and sweeteners (8 percent) and fruits (5 percent), fish and seafood (2 percent), milk (4 percent) and pulses (3percent). Daily Proteins Supply also largely came from cereals which accounted for an average of 47 percent between the years 2007 and 2011. Other sources of proteins supply in Zanzibar included fish and seafood (16 percent), root crops (10 percent), pulses (9 percent), milk (7 percent) and fruits (4percent). The major source of daily fats supply was vegetable oil, contributing an average of about 60 percent of total fat annual per capita supply in the period 2007-11. Animal fats, milk and meat, which are important sources of fats, registered limited contribution to total fats supply. There was a general increase in the average supply of fats from 29 grams/day/person in 2007 to 70 grams/day/person in 2011 with variations in individual food items. This may have caused increased utilisation of fats related products especially vegetable oil. Analysis of Nutrients Availability between the years 2007 and 2011 showed significant changes in the food consumption patterns. Total daily per capita energy availability ranged from 1,776 kcals (2009) to 2,424kcals (2011). A large share of this energy came from carbohydrates, followed by fats and proteins, which on average in the period under review accounted for 75 percent, 16.6 percent and 8 percent of total daily per capita energy available respectively. Contributions of energy from proteins were far below the FAO/WHO recommended range of (10 – 15 percent) in all years, while those of carbohydrates were over-supplied above the recommended range of (55 – 75 percent) for three years (2007, 2009 and 2010). On the other hand, the supply of proteins was deficient for all reference years.
  • 9.
    ix The percentage contributionof nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) to total energy supply varied considerably. The percentage share of carbohydrates in total energy supply dropped from 79 percent in 2008 to 72 percent in 2009 and further fell to 66 percent in 2011 after regaining to 79 percent in 2010.The percentage share of fats fluctuated between 12 and 26 percent and in the last two years, it doubled reaching a maximum level of 26 percent over the period 2007-11. Contribution of protein remained essentially constant at an average of eight (8 percent). The significant over supply of carbohydrates as well as the recent changes in energy contribution of fats beyond FAO/WHO standards may increase the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases in the country. The analysis of Import Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios showed that Zanzibar still heavily depends on imports for its food supply. The average Import Dependency Ratio (47 percent) was above the Self-Sufficiency Ratio (44 percent) of the total food products supplied annually during the period 2007- 11. As a result of a considerable rise in the food production levels of some food items, the Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) of the total food products fell from 47 percent in 2008 to 36 percent in 2010 and later regained to 62 percent in 2011. The FBS results further indicate that the isles were more self-sufficient in the supply of animal-based products (58 percent) than vegetable-based products (44 percent) over the period 2007-11. Food consumption preferences of the population; skewed towards rice and wheat, and yet these items are largely imported within the Islands. The IDR of cereals ranged from 65 to 79 percent, while its Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) varied between 8 and 21 percent. Pulses are also largely imported in Zanzibar as indicated by a high average import dependency ratio of 92 percent while vegetables accounted for an average import dependency ratio ranging from 9 to 42 percent over 2007-11. From the analysis of FBS findings, it evident that food availability in the isles is largely determined by importation with major imports including rice and wheat. Supply of cereals from domestic production in particular rice is far below the national demand and imported rice filled the deficit. Higher dependency on cereals imports and the prevailing tendency of prefer rice to other food commodities implies that presence of any factor that hampers the importation of cereals, may place the country in a precarious situation. The immediate effect will be limited food availability at household and individual levels, and consequently poor status of food security in the country. The analysis of total per capita nutrients availability evidenced a predominant over supply of carbohydrates and fats, which significantly contributed by vegetable-source products. This further suggests that Zanzibar has a limited dietary diversity (the number of individual foods consumed over a given period of time) and points to the possibility of poor dietary intake which could increase the risk for non-communicable diseases. The possibility of poor diets
  • 10.
    x is reflected bylimited per capital supply of foods beneficial to health and good nutrition i.e., vegetables and fruits, animal-source foods and legumes (pulses). The levels of per capital supply of fruits and vegetables (which on average, in the period under review, were 10 kg and 63 kg per year respectively) indicate inadequate intake of these products in Zanzibar. These registered levels of supply are far below the minimum recommended levels by WHO/FAO of 146 kg per year for both food types. Fruits and vegetables are important components of a healthy diet, as such lower levels of consumption are thought to increase the risk of chronic diseases. Based on the FBS findings, it is necessary that various stakeholders scale up nutrition education programmes and other interventions that can enhance dietary diversity supply, value addition, nutrient bio-fortification, stimulate local production and consumption of pulses, fruits and vegetables. Excessive consumption of fats may also need to be controlled.
  • 11.
    xi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLEPAGE.............................................................................................................................................................................i FOREWORD...........................................................................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................................................................iv ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................................................................v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................................................xi 1. ANALYSIS OF FOOD BALANCE SHEET RESULTS, 2007-11.................................................................................1 1.1. Domestic Supply: Total and Per Capita Supply of Major Food Groups by Sources .........................................1 1.1.1. Cereals ..........................................................................................................................................................1 1.1.2. Root Crops (Starchy Roots) ........................................................................................................................2 1.1.3. Fruits.............................................................................................................................................................3 1.1.4. Vegetables and Pulses.................................................................................................................................4 1.1.5. Other Crops (including sugar and sweeteners, fish and seafood, meat and eggs).................................4 1.2. Domestic Utilisation...........................................................................................................................................5 1.3. Availability of Nutrients from Major Food Sources - 2007-11.........................................................................6 1.3.1. Avaliability of Nutrients from Animal and Vegetable-based Foods ........................................................6 1.3.2. Daily Caloric Supply by Main Food Groups ...............................................................................................6 1.3.3. Daily Proteins Supply by Selected Main Food Groups..............................................................................7 1.3.4. Daily Fats Supply by Selected Main Food Groups.....................................................................................8 1.4. Total Nutrients Availability between 2007-11.................................................................................................9 2. ANALYSIS OF IMPORT DEPENDENCY AND SELF SUFFICIENCY RATIOS ......................................................11 3. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS FROM THE FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION PERSPECTIVES .........................12 4. LIMITATION............................................................................................................................................................13 5. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................................13 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................................................15 Annex 1: Principle and Methods of Food Balance Sheet Compilation ..........................................................................15 Annex 2: Total Calories, Protein and Fat Available from Major Food Groups, Per Capita, Per Day 2007 – 2011......17 Annex 3: Zanzibar Food Balance Sheets 2007-11 .........................................................................................................18
  • 12.
    1 1. ANALYSIS OFFOODBALANCE SHEET RESULTS,2007-11 1.1. Domestic Supply: Total and Per Capita Supply of Major Food Groups by Sources 1.1.1. Cereals The average total cereal supply available for consumption in the country between the year 2007 and 2011 was 124,000 Metric Tones (MT) of which imported cereals accounted for 77 percent of its average total domestic supply (Table 1). Availability of cereals for consumption per capita per year ranged between 102 kg in 2007 to 115 kg in 2011. Per capita cereal availability of cereals decreased gradually from 102kg in 2007 to 81 kgin 2010 but later regained at 115kg in 2011. This reduction was attributed by change in the quantity of cereals supplied for domestic consumption. From year 2007 to 2011, the total domestic supply of cereals available for consumption was between 125,000MT and 159,000MT. Table1 TheSupplyofCereal bySources2007 – 2011 Domestic CerealSupply (MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Domestic Supply 125,000 120,000 106,000 110,000 159,000 124,000 49,000 Local Production 16,000 11,000 16,000 18,000 17,000 15,600 -1000 Imports 93,000 94,000 74,000 76,000 126,000 92,600 50,000 Per CapitalCerealSupplyPer Year (Kg) Kg Total Cereal 102 95 81 81 115 95 34 Rice 48 46 28 29 57 42 28 Wheat 19 16 20 22 25 20 3 Maize 4 4 4 3 6 4 3 Supply of Major CerealCrops (MT) Rice 59,000 58,000 37,000 40,000 72,000 53,200 32,000 Wheat 22,000 19,000 25,000 28,000 33,000 25,400 5,000 Maize 6,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 8,000 6,000 3,000 Production of Selected CerealCrops (MT) Rice 13,000 8,000 12,000 14,000 15,000 12,400 1,000 Maize 2,000 2,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,400 -1,000 Source: FSB Data2007 –2011 Available data shows that rice is a major source of cereal supply in the isles followed by far with wheat. On average between the years 2007 and2011, the supply of rice accounted 44 percent of average total cereal available for consumption with an average per capita rice available for utilisation of 42 kg per day. This point to the importance of rice in the isles’ food basket, implying that limited supply of rice can lead to a relatively significant reduction in the supply of food in the country. Owing to low domestic rice production, Zanzibar remained net importer of rice. Domestic rice production has increased steadily between the years 2009 and 2011, however the
  • 13.
    2 current level ofproduction is still far below domestic demand. Wheat, which is the second supplied cereal in the isles,is totally imported. After registering a slight decline in 2008, the supply of wheat showed an increasing trend; rising from19,000 MT in 2008 to 33,000 MT in 2011. Thereafter, the quantity of wheat available for consumption per person per year accounted on average at20 kg. 1.1.2. Root Crops (Starchy Roots) As shown in Table 2, the total volume of root crops available for consumption per year ranged from 144,000 MT to 256,000 MT and the average for five years was 218,600 MT. The supply of root crops is mainly determined by domestic production with the exception of Irish potatoes. Irish potatoes accounted for all imports registered in starchy food group; steadily increasing from 1,000 MT in 2008 to 6,000MT in 2011. The observed increase in the importation of Irish potatoes indicates changes in consumption patterns from traditional root crops such as cassava, sweet potatoes and yams to Irish potatoes-based diets. Average food supply from root crops available for consumption per person per year was 175 kg. The volume of root crops available for consumption per person per year gradually reduced from 217 kg in 2007 to 114 kg in 2009. In 2010, it rose to 259 kg per person and then reduced by almost a half (120 kg) in 2011. These fluctuations were caused by a decrease in the production of root crops in particular cassava. Generally, supply of starchy roots (cassava, sweet potatoes and yams) in the study period from local production was generally in surplus despite the evidenced gradual decline in production in some years. This suggests that Zanzibar is self-sufficient in starchy root crops. Cassava was found to be the most root crops available for consumption constituting over 83 percent of the average total domestic supply of root crops food group. On average between the years 2007 and 2011,the quantity of cassava available for food consumption was 182,400 MT (Table 2). At the individual level, available cassava for consumption per person was ranged between 96 kg and 228 kg per year. Only domestic production and stocks determined the supply of cassava over the period Table 2 The Supply of Root Crops 2007 – 2011 Domestic Root Crops Supply (MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT)2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Root Crops Supply 256,000 198,000 144,000 335,000 160,000 218,600 -175,000 Cassava 193,000 155,000 120,000 294,000 150,000 182,400 -144,000 Sweet Potatoes 46,000 27,000 13,000 29,000 4,000 23,800 -25,000 Yams 8,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 NA 6,500 NA Irish Potatoes NA 1,000 1,000 2,000 6,000 2,500 4,000 Per Capital Root CropsSupply Per Year (Kg) Kg Total Root Crops 217 163 114 259 120 175 -139 Cassava 165 128 96 228 113 146 -115 Sweet Potatoes 38 22 10 21 3 19 -17 Yams 7 5 5 4 NA 5 NA Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011; NA: Not available
  • 14.
    3 2007 to 2011.However,its production declined steadily between 2007 and 2009 from 187,000 MT to 114,000 MT. Thereafter, cassava production regained to 288,000 MT in 2010 and dropped again to 144,000 MT in 2011. Sweet potatoes were the second major root crop in Zanzibar for period under review with average per capita supply of 19 kg per year. Availability of sweet potatoes was determined by domestic production with average production of 23,800 MT per year. The highest domestic supply of sweet potatoes was recorded in 2007 (46,000MT) while the lowest was observed in 2011(4,000 MT). Annual domestic supply of sweet potatoes was sharply volatile recording a significant decline of 86 percent in the last the last two years(2010-11). 1.1.3. Fruits Table 3 shows the supply of fruits over the period 2007-11. Average total domestic supply of fruits in the period under review was 105,000 MT. It is important to note that more than 95 percent of the fruits supply is produced locally. Fruit production exhibited a sharp declining trend in all the years except in 2008 when it increased by 50,040 MT at 130,040 MT. Average per capita supply of fruits was 63 kg per person per year. Banana contributed a large share of total domestic supply of fruits and its availability was determined by domestic production, which registered a gradual decline from year 2008 to 2011.The quantity of banana available for domestic consumption ranged from 34,000MT to 99,000 MT in the period under review. Average per capita supply of banana was 38kg per person per year. Oranges and mandarins are some of the fruits whose availability is determined by both domestic production and import. Domestic production of oranges and mandarins remained at 4,000MT while the imports were 1,000MT for all the years except in year 2010when they doubled to 2,000 MT. Similarly, total domestic supply of oranges and mandarins was on average 5,200MT. Average per capita supply of oranges and mandarins was4 kg per person per year. Table 3 The Supply of Fruits 2007 – 2011 Domestic Supply of Fruits(MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Domestic Supply 84,000 132,000 119,000 121,000 69,000 105,000 -52,000 Local Production 81,000 130,000 117,000 100,000 66,000 98,000 -34,000 Imports 2,000 2,000 2,000 21,000 4,000 6,200 -17,000 Per Capital FruitsSupply Per Year(Kg) Total fruits 58 84 74 77 43 63 -34 Banana 30 58 46 38 18 38 -20 Orangeand mandarins 4 4 4 5 5 4 - Supply of Fruits Crops (MT) Banana 50,000 99,000 86,000 69,000 34,000 67,600 -35,000 Orangeand mandarins 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,000 5,000 5,200 -1,000
  • 15.
    4 Other fruits 30,00029,000 29,000 47,000 31,000 33,200 -16,000 Production of Selected Fruits Crops (MT) Banana 50,000 99,000 86,000 69,000 34,000 67,600 -35,000 Orangeand mandarins 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 - Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011 1.1.4. Vegetables and Pulses Average domestic supply and production of vegetables was 13,600 MT and 11,000 MT over the period 2007-11. Annual per capita available vegetables for consumption ranged from 9 to 12 kg. However, the supply of vegetables was mainly determined by local production with vegetable imports accounting for 21 percent of total domestic vegetable supply (Table 4). Between the years 2007 and 2011, total domestic supply of pulses ranged from 11,000 MT to 18,000 MT. The supply of pulses was determined largely by imports. On average, the volume of pulses imported accounted for 11,400 MT while local production remained at 1,000 MT. Annual per capita supply of pulses available for consumption ranged from 8 to 14 kg (see Table 4) Table 4 The Supply of Vegetables and Pulses 2007 – 2011 Domestic Supply of Vegetables and Pulses (MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT)2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Supply of Vegetable 12,000 12,000 12,000 17,000 15,000 13,600 -2,000 Production of Vegetables 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 - Imports 1,000 2,000 2,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 -2,000 Supply of Pulses 12,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 18,000 12,600 7,000 Production of Pulses 1,000 NA 1,000 1,000 NA 1,000 NA Imports 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 17,000 11,400 7,000 Per Capital Vegetables and Pulses Supply Per Year (Kg) Vegetable 9 10 9 12 9 10 -3 Pulses 9 9 8 9 14 10 4 Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011, NA-Not Available 1.1.5. Other Crops(including sugar and sweeteners, fish and seafood, meat and eggs) Total domestic supply of sugar and sweeteners fluctuated between 14,000MT and 28,000 MT over the period 2007 to 2011 (Table 5). Sugar and sweeteners are some of the other food groups that are generally imported in Zanzibar. The imports of sugar and sweeteners sharply increased from 4,000MT in 2007 to 17,000MT in 2009 and thereafter, they declined to 12,000MT in 2010 but later recovered to 18,000MT in 2011. On average, per capita supply of sugar and sweeteners per year was 17 kg. Fish and seafood are major sources of protein and fats in the isles. A large size of the population in Zanzibar very often consumes these products. Fish and seafood are not
  • 16.
    5 imported, as shownin Table 5 annual supply of these commodities ranged from 38,000 MT to 81,000 MT between the years 2007 and 2011. On the other hand, annual per capita supply of fish and sea food over the period2007 and 2011 was 27 kg. The supply of meat showed a volatile trend, ranging from 2,000 MT to 4,000 MT. Average per capital supply of meat per year was 2 kg only. Supply of eggs was essentially constant at 1,000 MT per year while per capital supply of eggs was 1 kg per year. Table 5 The Supply of Other Crops 2007 – 2011 Domestic Supply of Other Crops (MT) Average Supply Growth Rate 2010 – 2011 (MT)2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Sugar and Sweeteners 14,000 21,000 27,000 22,000 28,000 22,400 6,000 Fish and Sea Foods 76,000 77,000 60,000 38,000 81,000 66,400 43,000 Meat 2,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 4,000 2,800 2,000 Eggs 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0 Per CapitalPer Year (Kg) Kg Sugar and Sweeteners 11 17 21 17 20 17 3 Fish and Sea Foods 23 28 41 20 24 27 4 Meat 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 Eggs 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011 1.2. Domestic Utilisation About fifty percent of total food supplied in the isles is used for food purposes (Table 6). Other registered forms of domestic utilisation were processing and wasting. Significant amount of wastage registered in the fruits group. Wastages of total fruits supplied per year ranged 13 to 17 percent. Food processing was evidently limited over the period 2007 to 2011 even for cassava-a crop that registered sustained production levels relative to other crops. Table 6 Domestic Utilization of Food Products 2007-11 by Major Food Group (%) Food Group Category of Utilisation Levelof Utilisation per year for different categories of Utilisation (%) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Cereals Food 94 95 94 94 95 Processed 1.6 1.6 1 1.2 1.3 Waste 1.6 1.6 1 1.2 1.9 Other Utilisation 1.6 1.6 1 1.2 1.3 Root Crops Food 98 98 97 98 99 Processed 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 Waste 1 1 0.7 0.9 0.6 Other Utilisation 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 Fruits Food 79 76 76 81 82 Processed 0 8 8 6 4 Waste 14 17 16 13 13
  • 17.
    6 Other Utilisation 60 0 0 0 Vegetables Food 83 92 92 88 80 Processed 0 0 0 0 0 Waste 8 8 8 6 6 Other Utilisation 0 0 0 0 0 Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011 1.3. Availability of Nutrients from Major Food Sources - 2007-11 1.3.1. Availability of Nutrients from Animal and Vegetable-based Foods Table 7 shows the avaialbility of nutrients form animal and vegetable-based food over the period 2007-11. After a decline in year 2008, the total carolic supply per personexhibited an increasing trend in 2009 from1776 kilocalories (kcal) to 2,424 kcal in 2011. Average total calories from proteins and fats over 2007 to 2011 were 44 and 38 gms respectively. Vegetable-based products were a major source of calories, proteins and fats supply compared to animal-based products. For instance, the percentage share or contribution of calories, proteins and fats from vegetable based products over the period 2007 to 2011 was 92,73 and 84 respectively. Table 7 Per capital Nutrients Avaliability from Animal and Vegetable-based Foods 2007 – 2011 Total Calories Animal-based products Vegetable-based products Calories (kcal) Protein (gm) Fats (gm) Calories (kcal) Protein (gm) Fats (gm) Calories (kcal) Protein (gm) Fats (gm) 2007 2,072 46 29 164 11 6 1,907 34 23 2008 1,941 42 26 129 10 4 1,812 32 22 2009 1,776 43 37 193 17 7 1,583 26 30 2010 1,955 41 28 154 11 6 1,800 31 22 2011 2,424 48 70 161 12 6 2,263 36 64 Average 2,034 44 38 160 12 6 1,873 32 32 Source: FSB Data 2007 – 2011 1.3.2. Daily Caloric Supply by Main Food Groups Cereals were the major source of caloric supply per person per day contributing an average of 44 percent of the average 2,034 kcal available from year 2007 to 2011 (Figure 1). Rice was a key contributor of calories in cereals food groupfollowed by wheat. On average, rice alone contributed 53 percent of the total calories supplied by the cereals group between the years 2007 and 2011 and as such evidently continued to be the most preffered cereal in the isles. The contribution of wheat to total calories from cereals was on average 17 percent.This figure is fairly higher as compared to the contribution of other cerelas such as maize, barley, sorghum and millet.
  • 18.
    7 Root crops werethe second source of caloric supplycontributing an average of 18 percent of total calories availabe in the period under review. Among root crops, the contribution of cassavawas noted to be higher,accounting for 78 percent of total calories supplied by root crops groups and followed by sweet potatoes (14 percent) and yams (3 percent). Average contributions of other food groups to caloric supply were as follows: vegetable oils (10percent), sugar and sweeteners (8percent) and fruits (5percent), fish and sea food (2percent), milk (4percent) and pulses (4percent) (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Calories Supply by Main Food Groups by percentage during the period,2007 – 2011 Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011 1.3.3. Daily Proteins Supply by Selected Main Food Groups As shown in Figure 2, cereals constituted the largest source of protein supply accounting for an average of 47 percent between the years 2007 and 2011. Other sources of proteins supply in Zanzibar included fish and sea food (16 percent), root crops (10 percent),pulses (9 percent), starchy (9 percent), milk (7percent) and fruits (4percent). Available FBS data shows that there is a marked dependence on cereals as sources of protein in the isles in spite of the fact that it is not protein-enriched food. With the exception to fish and sea food which recorded a moderate supply of proteins, other protein-enriched foods such as meat, milk, fruits and pulses contributed a less share of proteins to the country’s food supply. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Cereals 49.1 49.3 40.9 37.4 45.2 44 Root Crops 21.7 17.2 12.9 26.2 9.6 18 Fruits 3.8 6.3 6 7.7 2.2 5 Pulses 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.4 4.9 4 Sugar and sweeteners 5.3 8.3 11.7 8.1 8.3 8 Fish and seafood 2 2.2 4.3 1.9 1.9 2 Milk 5.3 3.4 5.8 5.3 4.2 5 Vegetable oils 6.4 6.6 11.6 5.7 20.8 10 Other 2.9 3.4 3.2 4.3 2.9 3
  • 19.
    8 Figure 2 Protein Supplyby Selected Main Food Groups by percentage during the period 2007–11 Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011 1.3.4. Daily Fats Supply by Selected Main Food Groups Figure 3 shows the supply of fat from selected food groups. Vegetable oil was the largest source of fats, an average contributing about 60 percent of total fat supply per capita per year in the period 2007 and 2011. Animal fats, milk and meat which are important sources of fats registered limited contribution to total fats supply. Generally, between the years 2007 and 2011,the average supply of fats showed an increasing trend from 29 grams/day/person in 2007 to 70 grams/day/person in 2011 despite the variations in individual food items. This suggests that there is an increase in the utilisation of fats related products especially vegetable oil which evident as an important sources. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Cereals 50 50 42 41 52 47.0 Root Crops 11 10 7 15 6 10 Fruits 2 5 5 5 2 4 Pulses 9 7 7 10 15 9 Fish and Sea Food 15 7 30 15 15 16 Milk 9 5 7 7 6 7 Meat 2 2 2 2 2 2 Other 2 5 0 5 2 3
  • 20.
    9 Figure 3 Fats Supplyby Selected Main Food Groups by percentage during the period 2007–11 Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011 1.4. Total Nutrients Availability between 2007-11 Between the years 2007 and 2011, total daily per capita energy availability fluctuated with the lowest and highest amount of energy available being 1776 kcals (2009) and 2424kcals (2011) respectively (Table 8).The respective energy availability was largely contributed by the following nutrients: carbohydrates, followed by fats and protein as shown in table 8below. However, availability of these nutrients (with exception to fats) did not follow the norms recommended by FAO/WHO for a balance diet consisting of 55 – 75 percent carbohydrates, 10 – 15 percent protein and 15 – 30 percent fats. The contributions of protein were far below the recommendedrange in all years, while those of carbohydrates were above the recommended range in particular for the years 2007, 2009 and 2010. Based on the results, it is evident that carbohydrates are a major supply of energy in the isles and their supply during some of the years went up beyond the FAO recommended levels. The deficiency of protein supply in all reference years is quite critical and requiresurgent action. Table 8 Total Nutrients AvailabilityPer CapitaPer Dayand PercentageContributionto Total EnergySupply 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average Cereals 10 12 11 5 4 8 Vegetable oil 52 58 46 62 80 60 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 7 8 7 3 1 5 Milk 14 4 11 8 4 22 Meat 3 4 4 3 1 3 Other 14 15 21 19 9 16
  • 21.
    10 Year Total(kcals) Carbohydrates(%) Protein(%) Fats(%) 2007 2,072 79 8 13 2008 1,941 79 9 12 2009 1,776 72 9 19 2010 1,955 79 8 13 2011 2,424 66 8 26 Average 2,034 75 8.4 16.6 WHO/FAO Standards 2,100 Kcal* 55 – 75% 10 – 15% 15 – 30% Source: FBS Data 2007-11 * Minimal daily per capital caloric intake recommended by FAO Significant changes in the food consumption pattern were observed between the years 2010 and 2011. Figure 4illustrates these changes in terms of the share of nutrients in total energy supply. The percentage share of carbohydrates decreased significantly by 13 percent since year 2007.Thereafter, it regained the same level recorded in year 2007. The percentage share of fats fluctuated between 12 and 26 percent. In the last two years, the percentage share of fats doubled reaching a maximum level of 26 percent over the period 2007 to 11.Contribution of protein remained essentially constant. The significant over supply of carbohydrates as well as the recent changes in energy contribution of fats may increase the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases in country.The percentage share of supply carbohydrates dropped to 72 percent in 2009 and further fell to 66 percent in 2011 after regaining to 79 percent in 2010. Figure 4 Pattern of Energy Supply from Carbohydrates, Fats and Protein 2007 to 2011 (%) Source: FBS Data 2007 – 2011 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ContributionofNutrientstoTotalEnergySupply (%) Carbohydrates (%) Protein (%) Fats (%)
  • 22.
    11 2. ANALYSIS OFIMPORT DEPENDENCY AND SELF SUFFICIENCY RATIOS Zanzibar heavily depends on imports for its food supply as evidenced by a higher average of its Import Dependency Ratio (47 percent) compared to the Self-Sufficiency Ratio (44 percent) of the total food products supplied annually during the period 2007 and 2011 (Table 9).The import dependency ratio of the total food products declined from 47 percent in 2008 to 36 percent in year 2010 and later rose to 62 percent in year 2011. The declining import dependency ratio in these respective years could be attributed to considerable increases in domestic production as evidenced by the increase in self-sufficiency ratio. The isles are more self-sufficient in the supply of animal-based products than vegetable- based products1. On average the self-sufficiency ratio of animal-based products and vegetable-based products were 58 and 44 percent respectively (table 9). This indicates that the overall supply of animal-based products is largely determined by domestic production compared to vegetable-based products. Table 9 ImportDependency Ratios and Self-SufficiencyRatios for Total Food Products and Vegetable-based and Animal-based Products 2007-11 Import Dependency Ratio Self Sufficiency Ratio Year Total Food Products Vegetable-based Products Animal- based Products Total Food Products Vegetable- based Products Animal- based Products 2007 42.5 43.9 20.4 47.5 46.8 59.9 2008 47.3 48.2 29 42.3 42.2 45 2009 44.7 47.2 16.7 44.3 42.2 67.1 2010 36.3 37.1 24.3 54.2 54.1 56.3 2011 62.1 64.3 22 30 28.3 59.5 Average 47 48 22 44 43 58 Source: FBS Data 2007-11 Results on specific food groups indicated that between 2007 and 2011, the import dependency ratio of cereals has remained relatively high (Table 10). The average import dependency ratio for cereals fluctuated between 65 and 83 percent despite being a major source of daily caloric and proteins supply in Zanzibar. Pulses are also largely imported in Zanzibar as indicated by a high average import dependency ratio of 92 percent while vegetables accounted for an average import dependency ratio ranging from 9to 42percent over the period 2007 and 2011. In the same period, the import dependency ratio of cereals ranged from 65 to 79percent, while the self- sufficiency ratio varied between 8 and21 percent. The higher cereals import dependency ratio is attributed to the changes in food consumption preferences of Zanzibaris, which currently favour a consumption of rice and wheat, and yet these items are largely produced across the Islands, 1Animal products and vegetableproducts arethe two main food categories referring to animal related food groups (such as meat, animal fats, milk, fish and sea food etc.); and plant related food groups (such as cereals, starch roots/root crops, fruits, vegetables etc.)
  • 23.
    12 For vegetable products,the import dependency ratio declined from 48 percent in year 2008 to 37 percent in year 2010 and thereafter sharply increased by 29 percent at 66 percent in year 2011. The trend of import dependency ratio for animal products fluctuated between 17 and 29 percent while the self-sufficiency ratio of the same food items oscillated between 45 and 67 percent between 2007 and 2011. The self- sufficiency ratio of starchy roots was above 97 percent during the last five years. Other food items for which Zanzibar is relatively self-sufficient include fish and seafood (99 percent), eggs (98 percent), oil crops (99 percent), sugar crops (100 percent), fruits (90 percent) and meat (89 percent). Table 10 Importand ExportDependencyRatios for Major Food Crops2007 – 2011 Cereals Root crops Vegetables Fruits Fish and Sea Foods Year IDR* SSR** IDR SSR IDR SSR IDR SSR IDR SSR 2007 73.8 15.3 0 98.6 8.6 95.1 5.2 94.8 0.5 99.5 2008 78.2 10.4 0.2 97.9 20.4 82.7 1.9 98.1 0.5 99.6 2009 66.0 19.8 0.4 97.1 14.9 88.5 3.0 97.0 0.3 99.8 2010 65.1 21.3 0.3 98.6 41.5 60.8 36.8 63.2 0.5 99.6 2011 78.7 12.7 2.5 95.2 20.8 82.3 3.0 97.0 0.4 99.6 Average 73.25 14.9 0.68 97.48 21.24 81.88 9.98 90.02 0.44 99.62 * IDR: Import Dependency Ratio ** SSR: Self Sufficiency Ratios: expresses themagnitudeof production in relation todomestic utilisation, it indicatesthe extent to which a country relies on its own production. Thehigher the% of SSR, thegreater thecommodityself- sufficiency Source: FBS Data 2007-11 3. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS FROM THE FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION PERSPECTIVES Analysis of findings shows that availability of cereals (which is the most preferred food in the isles) is largely determined by importation with major imports including rice and wheat. Supply of cereals from domestic production in particular rice is far below the national demand and this imported rice filled the deficit. The import dependency ratios of rice and wheat over the period 2007 to 2011 averaged 78 and 100 percent respectively. Higher dependency on cereals imports and the prevailing tendency of prefer rice to other food commodities implies that presence of anyfactor that hampers the importation of cereals, may place the country in a precarious situation. The immediate effect will be limited food availability at household and individual levels, and poor status offood security in the country. The analysis of total per capita nutrients availability evidenced a predominant over- supply of carbohydrates and fats, which significantly contributed by vegetable-source products. This further suggests that Zanzibar has a limited dietary diversity (the number of individual foods consumed over a given period of time) and points to the possibility of poor dietary intake which could increase the risk for non-communicable diseases. The
  • 24.
    13 possibility of poordiets is reflected by limited per capital supply of foods beneficial to health and nutrition i.e., vegetable andfruits, animal-source foods andlegumes (pulses). For example, the levels of per capital supply of fruits and vegetables (which on average, during the study period, were 10 kg and 63 kg per year respectively) indicate inadequate intake of these products in Zanzibar. These registered levels of supply are far below the minimum recommended levels by WHO/FAO of 146 kg per year. Fruits and vegetables are important components of a healthy diet. Therefore, the consumption was below the recommended levels, as such could increase the risk of chronic diseases. 4. LIMITATION (i) The results FBS results only provided estimates of food supplies for utilization and per capita nutrient supply available based on the annual population size and do not provide a complete picture of food security situation at the regional, district, household and individual levels. Therefore, customized food security assessments will be necessary to compliment the FBSresults; (ii) The data used for stocks, food wastages and exports of certain food items was often held constant across the period under review in light of unavailability of updated and valid data. Underestimation is expected on this account; (iii) Crop and livestock statistics may not be very accurate given the weak data collection methodologies, poor processing and storage facilities, and the inadequate capacity of data management personnel. The Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources is currently making efforts to addresstheseshortcomings. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS (i) More efforts in value addition of food crops in order to reduce food wasting and increase the shelf life of food commodities needed: food processing was evidently limited over the period 2007-11 even for cassava-a crop that registered sustained production levels relative to other crops. It is necessary for government to double its efforts in value addition of food crops in order to increase the shelf life of food commodities. (ii) Promote increased investments in rice production and support competition in food import to stabilize and reduce prices at local markets and raise rice availability: although, rice is the most preferred food and therefore, very important in the food basket of the Isles, its production (22 percent) is far below the domestic demand. High dependence on cereals imports, moreover from a limited number of sources and the relatively high preference to other food commodities, implies that any failures in the external supply of these food items may place the household food security in a precarious situation. Sustainable supplies of rice will definitely drive down the relatively high and increasing prices of rice.
  • 25.
    14 (iii) Increase thepurchasing power of low income households through rural based programmes to expand their access to protein rich foods such as fish and sea foods as well as implement policies that will increase the supply and consumption of pulses: available FBS data showed a marked dependence on cereals as sources of protein in the isles instead of protein rich items such as fish, sea food, meat, milk, fruits and pulses. Sources of incomes are narrow and skewed towards urbancenters with poverty remaining largely a rural phenomenon. (iv) Conduct campaigns to discourage excessive consumption of fats beyond the FAO/WHO recommended levels: deviations from the recommended levels established by FAO/WHO were observed in the supply of animal-source products and pulses (legume). The rapid growth in the average supply of fats may be contributing to increasedutilisation offats relatedproducts. (v) Initiate programmes that have the potential to enhance dietary diversity, supply and consumption of protein rich foods such as pulses, milk, eggs, fish and sea foods: the FBS results show that energy supply of carbohydrates from vegetable-source products during some of the years went up beyond the FAO/WHO recommended levels. In addition, there was a deficiency of protein supply all reference years coupled with limited domestic production of pulses and vegetables. This fragile situation may place the population at a high risk of non-communicable diseases. (vi) Implement import-substitution agricultural based programmes to curtail the high import dependency ratio: the analysis of Import Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios showed that Zanzibar still heavily depends on imports especially vegetable-basedproducts for its foodsupply. (vii) Put in place policies that encourage the private sector to invest into the production and processing of fruits and vegetables: the supply of fruits and vegetables was far below the requirements and yet they are important components of a healthy diet. Inadequate intake of these food items could increase the risk of chronic diseases. (viii)Enhance linkages among food security information providers and capacity in food security monitoring and analysis: the accuracy and validity of food security and early warning data and information from various sources such as Government, Private Sector and Civil Society Organizations has a positive bearing on the soundness of the FBS results, usage and further targeting of groups vulnerable to food insecurity. A strong linkage between Central Policy and Planning Departments of Sector Ministries and OCGS need to be strengthened to avoid conflicting sets of data, improve authenticity and ownership of data from sector ministries
  • 26.
    15 ANNEXES Annex 1: Principleand Methods of Food Balance Sheet Compilation 1. Sources of Basic Data for Food Balance Sheet Report The compilation of the Food Balance Sheet requires basic data on production, stocks, imports, domestic utilization, nutrient values, dietary allowances and population which were obtained from the routine data systems of various government institutions. These data includes: i. Domestic Production: this comprises amounts of domestic production of primary commodity of agricultural, fishery and livestock. ii. Stock: this comprises of amount of commodity held in store during the reference period. iii. Imports: this covers the amounts of imports of agricultural commodities and processed products. iv. Population: the number of people estimated based on the 2002 Population and Housing Census. This is used for the estimation of the per capita food supply and the per capita food nutrients. 2. Estimation Methodology i. Total Domestic Supply (TDS): This is computed by the following equation: TDS = Production + Imports + Stocks - Exports ii. Total Domestic Utilisation: computed by the following equation: TDU = Food (a) + Seed (b) + Processed (c) + Waste (d) +Feed (e) + Other utilisations (f) a) Food Utilisation: comprises the amount of commodity supplied which are used for human consumption; b) Seed Utilization: this represents the amounts of all the commodities in question of domestic supply, which are used during the reference period for reproduction purposes. The amounts of seed utilization of a specific crop can be first estimated by multiplying the quantity of seed utilization of the crop with the area in hectare under the crop plantation during the reference year, and then followed by the deduction of the amounts of imported seeds; c) Processed Food Utilization: this covers the amounts of domestic food supply that are used for food manufacture; d) Waste/Loss: this comprises the amounts of commodity in question wasted or lost at all stages between the level at which production is recorded and the retail shop, i.e. the waste or loss and thrown-way taking place in the household, e.g. in the kitchen, is excluded.
  • 27.
    16 e) Feed Utilization:comprises the amounts of commodity in question for domestic supply, which are fed to livestock during the reference period; f) Other Utilisation: this covers the amounts of domestic food supply that are used the non-food purposes iii. Per Capita Food (net) Supply: are provided estimates for per capita food (net) supplies available for human consumption during the reference period which are expressed in terms of quantity in two ways: (1) in kilogram per year per person; and (2) in gram per day per person. iv. Nutrient Supply: equivalent of the food supply in terms of energy, protein and fats computed by multiplying the daily per capita food supply in grams by the corresponding nutrients value per 100 grams. v. Food sufficiency: is a measure of the adequacy of available food supply to meet the food requirements of the population. Expressed in percentage. It is calculated by dividing the available supply for daily consumption by the recommended dietary allowances multiplied by 100. The greater the sufficiency value indicates that the available food supply is adequate to meet the food requirements of the population while the lower value indicates otherwise.
  • 28.
    17 Annex 2: TotalCalories, Protein and Fat Available from Major Food Groups, Per Capita, Per Day 2007 – 11 Calories(kcals) Protein (gms) Fats (gms) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Cereals 1016 955 725 725 1119 23 21 18 17 25 3 3 2 3 3 Roots 449 334 229 509 228 5 4 3 6 4 1 1 1 1 1 Sugar 4 3 3 3 198 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 72 64 64 66 116 4 3 3 4 7 1 1 1 1 1 OilCrop 16 16 16 16 14 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 1 Vegetable oil 133 129 207 111 494 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 23 13 56 Vegetable 6 7 6 8 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruits 79 121 107 148 53 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 15 14 13 29 23 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Meat 9 14 8 11 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Milk 110 66 103 102 99 4 2 3 3 3 4 1 3 3 3 Eggs 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fish and Seafood 41 42 77 37 44 7 7 13 6 7 1 1 3 1 1 Animalfats 2 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 2 2 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 2072 1941 1776 1955 2424 46 42 43 41 48 29 26 37 28 70
  • 29.
    18 Annex 3: ZanzibarFood Balance Sheets 2007-11 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet2007Population (‘000)1,1555 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock change Exports Total DS Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR FOOD PER DAY Calories Protein Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 2072 46 29 Vegetable prod. 1907 34 23 Animal prod. 164 11 6 Cereals (excl. beer) 16 93 19 3 125 0 2 2 2 0 118 102 1016 23 3 Wheat 0 13 11 1 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 19 143 4 1 Maize 2 3 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 38 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 13 40 7 2 59 0 2 0 2 0 55 48 592 11 1 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 20 1 0 Rye 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sorghum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 25 213 6 1 Starchy roots 250 0 6 0 256 0 0 2 3 1 251 217 449 5 1 Cassava 187 0 6 0 193 0 0 2 0 1 191 165 309 3 1 Potatoes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 46 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 2 0 43 38 99 1 0 Yams 8 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 18 0 0 Roots, other 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 22 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 5 4 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 5 4 0 0 Sugar beet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar & Sweeteners 0 4 10 0 14 0 0 0 0 1 13 11 109 0 0
  • 30.
    19 Sugar non- centrifugal - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 3 10 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 11 109 0 0 Sweeteners, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Honey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 1 10 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 11 9 72 4 1 Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Pulses, other 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 11 9 70 4 1 Treenuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 32 4 0 4 4 16 0 2 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sunflowerseed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 40 0 0 32 4 0 4 4 14 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 5 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 133 0 15 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sunflower seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cottonseed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Palm kernel oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 39 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 Oilcrops oil, other 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 67 0 8 Vegetables 11 1 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 10 9 6 0 0 Tomatoes 6 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 6 5 3 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • 31.
    20 Vegetables, other 60 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Fruits 81 2 0 0 84 0 0 5 12 0 66 58 79 1 0 Oranges & mandarins 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 0 0 Lemons & limes 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Citrus, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 5 10 0 35 30 50 1 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 Dates 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruit, other 22 1 0 0 23 0 0 0 2 0 21 18 18 0 0 Stimulants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 15 0 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 13 0 1 Spices, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 6 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Beer 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 9 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poultry meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • 32.
    21 Offals 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Butter, ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fats, animal, raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Fish, body oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fish, liver oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Milk 29 21 58 0 108 0 0 0 1 0 108 93 110 4 4 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 76 0 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 50 26 23 41 7 1 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 0 Demersal fish 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 9 2 0 Pelagic fish 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 9 21 3 1 Marine fish, other 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 1 0 Crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cephalopods 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Aquatic plants 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0
  • 33.
    22 Import, Trade andStock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2007 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 42.5 -40.2 -12.3 47.5 Vegetables 8.6 -4.9 0.0 95.1 Vegetable products 43.9 -41.5 -11.8 46.8 Fruits 5.2 -5.2 0.0 94.8 Animal products 20.4 -20.4 -20.1 59.5 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 4.6 141.8 -104.6 137.2 Cereals (excl. beer) 73.8 -70.6 -14.1 15.3 Alcoholic beverages 40.3 -40.3 0.0 59.7 Starchy roots 0.0 0.0 -1.4 98.6 Meat 4.3 -4.3 0.0 95.7 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 0.2 -0.2 0.0 99.8 Sugar & Sw eeteners 39.7 -39.5 -60.5 0.0 Animal fats 53.5 -53.5 0.0 46.5 Pulses 86.1 -86.1 0.0 13.9 Milk (excluding butter) 29.2 -71.4 0.0 40.7 Treenuts 89.2 -89.2 0.0 10.8 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 0.4 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Fish & sea food 0.5 -0.5 0.0 99.5 Vegetable oils 54.8 -54.1 -10.0 35.9 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude ofproduction in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to which a country relies on its own production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodityself-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficientto meetutilization,and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium;thatproduction meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization,and thatthe country is a net exporter of a commodity,or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production + imports + stock change - exports): - TDR value between -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer ofthe commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and thatstock change and utilization are covered by imports only; - TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks,or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.
  • 34.
    23 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet2008 Population ('000): 1,193 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock Exports Total Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR FOOD PER DAY change DS Calories Proteins Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 1941 42 26 Vegetable prod. 1812 32 22 Animal prod. 129 10 4 Cereals (excl. beer) 11 94 19 3 120 0 2 2 2 0 114 95 955 21 3 Wheat 0 9 11 1 19 0 0 0 0 0 19 16 116 3 1 Maize 2 2 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 33 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 8 45 7 2 58 0 2 0 2 0 55 46 571 11 1 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 5 19 1 0 Rye 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 24 206 6 1 Starchy roots 192 1 6 0 198 0 0 1 2 1 194 163 334 4 1 Cassava 149 0 6 0 155 0 0 1 0 1 153 128 240 3 1 Potatoes 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 27 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 1 0 26 22 57 1 0 Yams 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 14 0 0 Roots, other 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 22 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 5 3 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 5 3 0 0 Sugar beet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar & Sweeteners 0 11 10 0 21 0 0 0 0 1 20 17 161 0 0 Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 10 10 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 17 161 0 0 Sweeteners, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
  • 35.
    24 Honey 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 0 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 10 9 64 3 1 Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pulses, other 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 0 10 8 61 3 1 Treenuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 33 4 0 4 4 16 0 2 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Sunflowerseed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 41 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 14 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 5 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 129 0 15 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 38 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 Rice bran oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maize germ oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 Oilcrops oil, other 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 65 0 7 Vegetables 11 2 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 11 10 7 0 0 Tomatoes 6 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 6 5 3 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetables, other 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 4 0 0 Fruits 130 2 0 0 132 0 0 10 22 0 100 84 121 2 0 Oranges & mandarins 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Lemons & limes 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • 36.
    25 Citrus, other 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 99 0 0 0 99 0 0 10 20 0 69 58 95 2 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 Dates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruit, other 22 1 0 0 23 0 0 0 2 0 21 18 18 0 0 Stimulants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 14 0 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 13 0 1 Spices, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Beer 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meat 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 14 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poultry meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 1 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Butter, ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fats, animal, raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
  • 37.
    26 Milk 0 2258 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 80 67 66 2 1 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 77 0 0 0 77 0 0 0 0 50 28 23 42 7 1 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 0 Demersal fish 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 8 2 0 Pelagic fish 11 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 10 23 3 1 Marine fish, other 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 1 0 Crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cephalopods 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Aquatic plants 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
  • 38.
    27 Import, Trade andStock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2008 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 47.3 -44.9 -12.8 42.3 Vegetables 20.4 -17.3 0.0 82.7 Vegetable products 48.2 -45.7 -12.1 42.2 Fruits 1.9 -1.9 0.0 98.1 Animal products 29.0 -29.0 -26.0 45.0 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 4.9 141.2 -104.3 136.9 Cereals (excl. beer) 78.2 -74.9 -14.7 10.4 Alcoholic beverages 25.9 -25.9 0.0 74.1 Starchy roots 0.2 -0.2 -1.8 97.9 Meat 3.7 -3.7 0.0 96.3 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 0.2 -0.2 0.0 99.8 Sugar & Sw eeteners 57.1 -57.0 -43.0 0.0 Animal fats 77.6 -77.6 0.0 22.4 Pulses 96.0 -96.0 0.0 4.0 Milk (excluding butter) 49.8 -71.4 0.0 0.0 Treenuts 89.2 -89.2 0.0 10.8 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 0.4 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Fish & sea food 0.5 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Vegetable oils 54.7 -54.0 -10.0 36.0 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to w hich a country relies on its ow n production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodity self-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficient to meet utilization, and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium; that production meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization, and that the country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production +imports + stockchange - exports): - TDR value betw een -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer of the commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and that stockchange and utilization are covered by imports only; - TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks, or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.
  • 39.
    28 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet2009 Population ('000):1,232 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock Exports Total Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR PER DAY change D.S FOOD Calories Proteins Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 1776 43 37 Vegetable prod. 1583 26 30 Animal prod. 193 17 7 Cereals (excl. beer) 16 74 19 3 106 0 1 2 2 0 100 81 725 18 2 Wheat 0 15 11 1 25 0 0 0 0 0 25 20 151 4 1 Maize 3 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 36 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 12 20 7 2 37 0 1 0 2 0 35 28 310 6 0 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 4 18 1 0 Rye 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sorghum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 23 200 5 1 Starchy roots 137 1 6 0 144 0 0 1 1 1 141 114 229 3 1 Cassava 114 0 6 0 120 0 0 1 0 1 118 96 179 2 0 Potatoes 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 13 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 1 0 12 10 26 0 0 Yams 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 14 0 0 Roots, other 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 8 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar beet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar & Sweeteners 0 17 10 0 27 0 0 0 0 1 26 21 207 0 0 Sugar non- centrifugal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 16 10 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 26 21 207 0 0
  • 40.
    29 Sweeteners, other 01 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Honey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 10 8 64 3 1 Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses, other 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 10 8 63 3 1 Treenuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 33 4 0 4 3 16 0 1 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Sunflowerseed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 41 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 13 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 9 1 0 13 0 0 0 0 3 11 9 207 0 23 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sunflower seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cottonseed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Palm kernel oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 37 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 Maize germ oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 Oilcrops oil, other 0 8 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 1 7 6 145 0 16 Vegetables 11 2 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 11 9 6 0 0 Tomatoes 6 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 6 5 3 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetables, other 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Fruits 117 2 0 0 119 0 0 9 19 0 91 74 107 2 0 Oranges 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0
  • 41.
    30 &mandarins Lemons & limes2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Citrus, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 86 0 0 0 86 0 0 9 17 0 60 49 80 1 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 Dates 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruit, other 22 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 2 0 20 16 17 0 0 Stimulants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 13 0 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 12 0 1 Spices, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beer 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 8 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poultry meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
  • 42.
    31 Butter, ghee 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fats, animal, raw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Milk (excluding butter) 29 21 58 0 108 0 0 0 1 0 108 88 103 3 3 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 60 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 10 50 41 77 13 3 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 0 Demersal fish 16 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 16 13 15 3 0 Pelagic fish 22 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 18 42 6 2 Marine fish, other 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 8 1 0 Crustaceans 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Molluscs other - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephalopods 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 6 1 0 Aquatic plants 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0
  • 43.
    32 Import, Trade andStock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2009 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 44.7 -42.2 -13.5 44.3 Vegetables 14.9 -11.5 0.0 88.5 Vegetable products 47.2 -44.5 -13.3 42.2 Fruits 3.0 -3.0 0.0 97.0 Animal products 16.7 -16.7 -16.2 67.1 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 2.9 146.2 -106.5 139.7 Cereals (excl. beer) 66.0 -61.9 -18.3 19.8 Alcoholic beverages 16.1 -16.1 0.0 83.9 Starchy roots 0.4 -0.4 -2.5 97.1 Meat 4.3 -4.3 0.0 95.7 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 0.2 -0.2 0.0 99.8 Sugar & Sw eeteners 67.0 -66.9 -33.1 0.0 Animal fats 66.3 -66.3 0.0 33.7 Pulses 91.0 -91.0 0.0 9.0 Milk (excluding butter) 29.2 -71.4 0.0 40.7 Treenuts 89.2 -89.2 0.0 10.8 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 0.5 -0.5 0.0 99.5 Fish & sea food 0.3 -0.2 0.0 99.8 Vegetable oils 70.3 -69.8 -6.5 23.6 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to w hich a country relies on its ow n production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodity self-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficient to meet utilization, and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium; that production meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization, and that the country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production +imports + stockchange - exports): - TDR value betw een -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer of the commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and that stockchange and utilization are covered by imports only; - TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks, or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity. `
  • 44.
    33 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet2010 Population ('000):1,273 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock Exports Total Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR PER DAY change D.S. FOOD Calories Proteins Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 1955 41 28 Vegetable prod. 1800 31 22 Animal prod. 154 11 6 Cereals (excl. beer) 18 76 19 3 110 0 2 2 2 0 103 81 725 17 3 Wheat 0 18 11 1 28 0 0 0 0 0 28 22 166 5 2 Maize 3 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 28 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 14 21 7 2 40 0 2 0 2 0 37 29 318 6 1 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 4 18 0 0 Rye 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sorghum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 23 193 5 1 Starchy roots 328 2 6 0 335 0 0 3 2 1 329 259 509 6 1 Cassava 288 0 6 0 294 0 0 3 0 1 290 228 427 4 1 Potatoes 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 29 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 1 0 27 21 56 1 0 Yams 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 11 0 0 Roots, other 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 12 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar & Sweeteners 0 12 10 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 17 157 0 0 Sugar non- centrifugal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 11 10 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 17 156 0 0
  • 45.
    34 Sweeteners, other 01 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Honey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 11 9 66 4 1 Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Pulses, other 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 11 8 63 3 1 Treenuts 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 10 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 33 4 0 4 3 16 0 2 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 40 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 13 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 5 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 2 6 5 111 0 13 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 36 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Rice bran oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maize germ oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Oilcrops oil, other 0 5 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 61 0 7 Vegetables 11 6 0 0 17 0 0 0 1 0 15 12 8 0 0 Tomatoes 6 3 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 8 6 4 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetables, other 6 3 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 7 6 5 0 0 Fruits 100 21 0 0 121 0 0 7 16 0 98 77 148 2 0 Oranges & mandarins 4 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 4 0 0 Lemons & limes 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • 46.
    35 Citrus, other 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 69 0 0 0 69 0 0 7 14 0 48 38 62 1 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 3 0 0 Dates 0 11 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 8 54 1 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 10 0 0 Fruit, other 22 1 0 0 23 0 0 0 2 0 21 16 16 0 0 Stimulants 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 9 0 1 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 Tea 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 3 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 29 1 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 15 0 1 Spices, other 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 13 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Beer 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Meat 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 11 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 8 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Poultry meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Butter, ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • 47.
    36 Fats, animal, raw0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Milk 29 22 58 0 109 0 0 0 1 0 109 86 102 3 3 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 38 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 13 25 20 37 6 1 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 0 Demersal fish 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 8 2 0 Pelagic fish 9 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 17 2 1 Marine fish, other 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 1 0 Crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cephalopods 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 Aquatic plants 13 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 0 0
  • 48.
    37 Import, Trade andStock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2010 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 36.3 -34.2 -11.6 54.2 Vegetables 41.5 -39.2 0.0 60.8 Vegetable products 37.1 -34.8 -11.1 54.1 Fruits 36.8 -36.8 0.0 63.2 Animal products 24.3 -24.2 -19.5 56.3 Stimulants 100.0 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 55.9 11.9 -48.4 63.5 Cereals (excl. beer) 65.1 -61.1 -17.6 21.3 Alcoholic beverages 31.5 -31.5 0.0 68.5 Starchy roots 0.3 -0.3 -1.1 98.6 Meat 29.4 -29.4 0.0 70.6 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 35.3 -35.3 0.0 64.7 Sugar & Sw eeteners 53.3 -53.1 -46.9 0.0 Animal fats 60.1 -60.1 0.0 39.9 Pulses 89.8 -89.8 0.0 10.2 Milk (excluding butter) 31.8 -71.4 0.0 39.2 Treenuts 99.6 -99.6 0.0 0.4 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 1.3 -1.3 0.0 98.7 Fish & sea food 0.5 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Vegetable oils 36.3 -34.2 -11.6 54.2 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to w hich a country relies on its ow n production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodity self-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficient to meet utilization, and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium; that production meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization, and that the country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production +imports + stockchange - exports): - TDR value betw een -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer of the commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and that stockchange and utilization are covered by imports only;
  • 49.
    38 ZANZIBAR Food Balance Sheet2011Population ('000):1,312 DOMESTIC SUPPLY (1000 MT) DOMESTIC UTILIZATION (1000 MT) PER CAPITA SUPPLY Prod. Imports Stock Exports Total Feed Seed Processed Waste Oth.Util. Food PER YEAR PER DAY change D.S. FOOD Calories Proteins Fats Products 1000 Metric Tons Kg. units grams grams Grand total 2424 48 70 Vegetable prod. 2263 36 64 Animal prod. 161 12 6 Cereals (excl. beer) 17 126 19 3 159 0 2 2 3 0 151 115 1119 25 3 Wheat 0 24 11 1 33 0 0 0 0 0 33 25 189 6 1 Maize 2 5 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 50 1 0 Rice (MilledEq.) 15 60 7 2 72 0 2 0 2 0 68 57 665 13 1 Barley 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 5 4 17 0 0 Rye 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 Oats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cereals, other 0 30 0 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 29 22 187 5 1 Starchy roots 148 6 6 0 160 0 0 1 1 1 158 120 228 3 1 Cassava 144 0 6 0 150 0 0 1 0 1 148 113 211 2 1 Potatoes 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 6 4 8 0 0 Sweet Potatoes 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 7 0 0 Yams 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roots, other 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Sugar crops 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar cane 7 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Sugar beet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar & Sweeteners 0 18 10 0 28 0 0 0 0 1 27 20 198 0 0 Sugar non-centrifugal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sugar (raw equivalent) 0 17 10 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 27 20 198 0 0
  • 50.
    39 Sweeteners, other 01 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Honey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses 0 17 0 0 18 0 0 0 1 0 18 14 116 7 1 Beans 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 18 1 0 Peas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pulses, other 0 14 0 0 15 0 0 0 1 0 16 12 98 5 1 Treenuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops 41 0 0 0 41 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 14 0 1 Soybeans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Groundnuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coconuts (incl. copra) 40 0 0 0 40 0 0 32 4 0 4 3 12 0 1 Sesame seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oilcrops, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetable oils 3 25 1 0 29 0 0 0 0 2 27 20 494 0 56 Soybean oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Groundnutoil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sunflower seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cottonseed oil 0 21 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 21 16 380 0 43 Palm kernel oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Palm oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 Copra oil 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 34 0 4 Sesame seed oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olive oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 Rice bran oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maize germ oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 Oilcrops oil, other 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 59 0 7 Vegetables 11 4 0 0 15 0 0 0 1 0 12 9 6 0 0 Tomatoes 6 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 7 5 3 0 0 Onions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vegetables, other 6 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0 Fruits 66 4 0 0 69 0 0 3 9 0 57 43 53 1 0 Oranges & mandarins 4 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 0 0
  • 51.
    40 Lemons & limes2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 Grapefruit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Citrus, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bananas 34 0 0 0 34 0 0 3 7 0 24 18 30 1 0 Plantains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Apples (excl. cider) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pineapples 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 Dates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grapes (excl. wine) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruit, other 22 3 0 0 25 0 0 0 2 0 23 17 17 0 0 Stimulants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Coffee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cocoa Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Tea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spices 3 2 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 23 0 1 Pepper 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cloves 2 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 15 0 1 Spices, other 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 Alcoholic beverages 4 3 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 6 0 0 Wine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beer 3 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 5 0 0 Beverages, fermented 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Beverages, alcoholic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meat 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 13 1 1 Bovine meat 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 8 1 1 Mutton & goat meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pig meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Poultry meat 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 4 0 0 Other meat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Offals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Animal fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Butter, ghee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cream 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  • 52.
    41 Fats, animal, raw0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Fish, body oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fish, liver oil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Milk (excludingbutter) 29 22 58 0 109 0 0 0 1 0 109 83 99 3 3 Eggs 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 Fish & sea food 81 0 0 0 81 0 0 0 0 50 32 24 44 7 1 Freshwater fish 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 1 0 Demersal fish 12 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 12 9 10 2 0 Pelagic fish 11 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 11 9 20 3 1 Marine fish, other 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 7 1 0 Crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Molluscs other - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cephalopods 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 Aquatic plants 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Infant food 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous, other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
  • 53.
    42 Import, Trade andStock Dependency and Self Sufficiency Ratios (based on calorie content) 2011 FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR FOOD GROUPS IDR TDR SDR SSR Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio Import Dependency Ratio Trade Depend. Ratio Stock Depend. Ratio Self sufficiency Ratio % % % % % % % % Grand total 62.1 -60.3 -9.7 30.0 Vegetables 20.8 -17.7 0.0 82.3 Vegetable products 64.3 -62.4 -9.2 28.3 Fruits 3.0 -3.0 0.0 97.0 Animal products 22.0 -22.0 -18.4 59.5 Stimulants 100.2 -100.0 0.0 0.0 Spices 45.8 37.3 -59.4 77.9 Cereals (excl. beer) 73.7 -76.2 -11.1 12.7 Alcoholic beverages 48.1 -48.1 0.0 51.9 Starchy roots 2.5 -2.5 -2.2 95.2 Meat 15.3 -15.3 0.0 84.7 Sugar crops 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Offals 31.3 -31.3 0.0 68.7 Sugar & Sweeteners 67.5 -67.4 -32.6 0.0 Animal fats 55.9 -55.9 0.0 44.1 Pulses 94.5 -94.5 0.0 5.5 Milk (excluding butter) 31.7 -71.4 0.0 39.2 Treenuts 89.6 -89.6 0.0 10.4 Eggs 2.0 -2.0 0.0 98.0 Oilcrops 1.3 -1.3 0.0 98.7 Fish & sea food 0.4 -0.4 0.0 99.6 Vegetable oils 86.4 -86.2 -3.0 10.8 Miscellaneous 100.1 -100.0 0.0 0.0 The Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) expresses the magnitude of production in relation to domestic utilization. In the context of food security, the SSR is often taken to indicate the extent to which a country relies on its own production resources. The higher the % SSR, the greater the commodityself-sufficiency: - SSR values below 100% indicates production is insufficientto meetutilization,and that the country is a net importer of a commodity; - SSR values of 100% indicates equilibrium;thatproduction meets the same level as utilization; - SSR values higher than 100% indicates production exceeds utilization,and thatthe country is a net exporter of a commodity, or that there is a net transfer to stocks. The Trade Dependency Ratio (TDR) measures the ratio of the sum of export and imports to (production + imports + stock change - exports): - TDR value between -100% to 0% indicates the country is a net importer ofthe commodity; - TDR value of 0% indicates no domestic production and thatstock change and utilization are covered by imports only; - TDR values higher than 100% indicates a positive net transfer to stocks,or that the country is a net exporter of the commodity.