Presentación de Katherine Baldwin (FAO), en el marco del “Second Regional Dialogue on Prevention and Reduction of Food Losses and Waste”, realizado el 17 y 18 de noviembre de 2016, en Saint George’s, Granada.
FOOD BALANCE SHEETS (FBS) Lusaka, 12-16 November 2012FAO
This document discusses Food Balance Sheets (FBS), which are used to measure the food supply of a population. An FBS has three components: supply, utilization, and per capita food supply. It shows the quantities and types of food available for human consumption by looking at sources of supply and utilization. An FBS worksheet is presented as an example. Equations are provided to calculate total available supply, food available for human consumption, and per capita food supply in terms of calories, protein, and fat. Limitations of FBS include potential inaccuracies in underlying statistics and incomplete data. In conclusion, FBS are useful for appraising food security situations and informing policy.
This document summarizes a report on Zanzibar's Food Balance Sheet from 2007-2011. Some key findings include:
- Cereals made up the largest portion of food supply, with rice being the most consumed cereal. However, imports accounted for 77% of cereal supply.
- Root crops like cassava, sweet potatoes and yams are grown locally, with cassava making up the majority.
- Fruits are also mostly grown domestically, with banana being the most consumed fruit.
- Vegetables, pulses, sugar, fish and meat also contribute to the food supply, with many relying heavily on imports.
- Carbohydrates provided the majority of calories on average, though protein levels were
This document discusses the Indicator of Food Price Anomalies (IFPA), which is used to measure food price volatility and detect abnormal food price growth. It can help countries monitor food commodity prices and identify price hikes. The IFPA is calculated based on quarterly and annual compound growth rates of key food prices. It is monitored by the FAO and used in their Global Information and Early Warning System to provide early warnings to countries about potential impacts of high food prices. The document outlines the methodology, limitations, and challenges in implementation, as well as FAO's capacity development efforts to help countries calculate and utilize the indicator.
This document discusses the Global Food Loss Index (GFLI) indicator for monitoring progress toward Sustainable Development Goal Target 12.3 of halving food waste and reducing food losses. It defines food losses, outlines the indicator methodology and formula, discusses commodity selection and weighting, limitations, and policy relevance. Challenges include data scarcity, comparability across countries, and implementing representative post-harvest loss surveys. FAO will provide technical assistance to countries to estimate food losses through cost-effective survey methods and capacity development.
FOOD BALANCE SHEETS (FBS) Lusaka, 12-16 November 2012FAO
This document discusses Food Balance Sheets (FBS), which are used to measure the food supply of a population. An FBS has three components: supply, utilization, and per capita food supply. It shows the quantities and types of food available for human consumption by looking at sources of supply and utilization. An FBS worksheet is presented as an example. Equations are provided to calculate total available supply, food available for human consumption, and per capita food supply in terms of calories, protein, and fat. Limitations of FBS include potential inaccuracies in underlying statistics and incomplete data. In conclusion, FBS are useful for appraising food security situations and informing policy.
This document summarizes a report on Zanzibar's Food Balance Sheet from 2007-2011. Some key findings include:
- Cereals made up the largest portion of food supply, with rice being the most consumed cereal. However, imports accounted for 77% of cereal supply.
- Root crops like cassava, sweet potatoes and yams are grown locally, with cassava making up the majority.
- Fruits are also mostly grown domestically, with banana being the most consumed fruit.
- Vegetables, pulses, sugar, fish and meat also contribute to the food supply, with many relying heavily on imports.
- Carbohydrates provided the majority of calories on average, though protein levels were
This document discusses the Indicator of Food Price Anomalies (IFPA), which is used to measure food price volatility and detect abnormal food price growth. It can help countries monitor food commodity prices and identify price hikes. The IFPA is calculated based on quarterly and annual compound growth rates of key food prices. It is monitored by the FAO and used in their Global Information and Early Warning System to provide early warnings to countries about potential impacts of high food prices. The document outlines the methodology, limitations, and challenges in implementation, as well as FAO's capacity development efforts to help countries calculate and utilize the indicator.
This document discusses the Global Food Loss Index (GFLI) indicator for monitoring progress toward Sustainable Development Goal Target 12.3 of halving food waste and reducing food losses. It defines food losses, outlines the indicator methodology and formula, discusses commodity selection and weighting, limitations, and policy relevance. Challenges include data scarcity, comparability across countries, and implementing representative post-harvest loss surveys. FAO will provide technical assistance to countries to estimate food losses through cost-effective survey methods and capacity development.
Methodology, challenges and capacity development activities of Tier I Food se...FAO
Methodology, challenges and capacity development activities of Tier I Food security indicators: 2.1.1 ‘‘Prevalence of undernourishment’’ and 2.1.2 ‘‘Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)’
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-events/afcas/afcas25/en/
The document describes Agricultural Integrated Surveys (AGRIS), a new survey program designed by FAO to provide more timely and relevant agricultural data. AGRIS uses a modular approach with a core annual survey and rotating thematic modules to generate data for indicators like SDGs. It provides a cost-effective way to build sustainable rural information systems. Fifteen countries will implement AGRIS with technical and financial support from FAO and partners like the World Bank and donor agencies.
The increasing costs of nutritious foods in Ethiopia: Evidence and determinantsessp2
This document summarizes a study on trends in prices of nutritious foods in Ethiopia between 2007-2016. Key findings include:
1) Prices of vitamin A-rich foods and animal-source foods significantly increased, making healthy diets less affordable.
2) Prices of sugars and oils/fats decreased, which could contribute to obesity issues.
3) Local supply and demand, as well as border prices and exchange rates, were significant determinants of food prices.
4) Increasing prices of nutritious foods could undermine nutrition goals, so policies should focus on improving production and access to diverse, healthy diets.
Macro-Policy, Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia: Maintai...essp2
This document summarizes an analysis of macro-policy, agricultural growth, and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia has achieved substantial progress in reducing poverty and increasing food security through agricultural investments and reforms. Agricultural growth averaged over 8% annually from 2004-2016 due to increased yields driven by improved seeds, fertilizer, and total factor productivity. However, macroeconomic imbalances including real exchange rate appreciation and rising public debt pose risks. Future scenarios project that land and water constraints may slow agricultural growth, while urbanization and changing diets will shape demand. Sustaining success will depend on balanced investments and managing macroeconomic stability.
Kanat Tilekeyev presented on seed and fertilizer policy development in Kyrgyz Republic. He outlined the country's agricultural profile, including declining GDP contribution from agriculture and low crop productivity. Recent government policies aimed to increase food security through price interventions and agro-processing investments with limited effectiveness. Seed policy focused on infrastructure but unfinished agenda remains. Fertilizer policy centered on import monitoring, market liberalization, and attempted export restrictions with limited impact. Case studies on a seed distribution scheme and fertilizer export duty demonstrated policy gaps. Analysis of farmer surveys in Talas Oblast showed fertilizer use correlated with higher agricultural production. Tilekeyev recommended improved decision-making using deeper information and joint work between researchers and government.
Presentation, ‘Persistence of high food prices in Eastern Africa: What role for policy’ gives reflections by Dr Joseph Karugia on the rising food prices and the need for proactive and timely policy response mechanisms in Kenya. Comparisons between the regional and global price trends of major food crops - maize, cassava, potatoes, bananas and sorghum - are given. Factors affecting supply and demand for food in East African region are discussed including policy interventions that are necessary to bring down or stabilise the escalating regional price increases and those that are likely to compound the already bad situation.
The increasing costs of Animal Source Foods in Ethiopia: Evidence and Implica...essp2
Prices of animal source foods in Ethiopia have been rapidly increasing, which could reduce consumption levels and undermine nutrition goals. Between 2007-2016, prices of beef increased over 40% while prices of eggs, milk, and other animal products rose between 20-35%. These high and rising prices are concerning as animal foods are already 10 times more expensive per calorie than cereals. If prices increased nutrition, consumption of beef and dairy could drop by 25%. The increases are likely due to growing demand straining domestic supply alongside rising costs of livestock rearing. More attention and policy support is needed for Ethiopia's livestock and agriculture sectors to boost animal food availability and affordability.
Beyond agriculture: Measuring agri-food system GDP and employmentIFPRI-PIM
Webinar with James Thurlow (IFPRI/CGIAR-PIM) presenting a new approach for measuring agri-food system GDP and employment. (Recorded on April 8, 2021)
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/mafsGDP
A one-day Strategic Foresight Conference took place at IFPRI Headquarters in Washington DC on November 7, 2014. Participants from leading global modeling groups, collaborating CGIAR centers and research programs, and other partners reviewed new long-term projections for global agriculture from IFPRI and other leading institutions, examined the potential impacts of climate change and other key challenges, and discussed the role of foresight work in identifying and supporting promising solutions.
Topics included:
Long-term outlook and challenges for food & agriculture
Addressing the challenges
Foresight in the CGIAR
Webcast video of morning sessions available on Global Futures program website here: http://globalfutures.cgiar.org/2014/11/03/global-futures-strategic-foresight-conference/
The document summarizes methods for collecting agriculture statistics in Trinidad and Tobago. It discusses the country's economic circumstances and challenges facing the agriculture sector. It then outlines the various surveys conducted by the Central Statistical Office to collect data on food crops, livestock, poultry, tree crops and other areas. These include annual censuses, sample surveys, and collecting administrative records from organizations on a quarterly or tri-annual basis. The collected data is used to monitor and evaluate agriculture plans and policies.
Shocks and agriculture: Impact of the recent droughtessp2
1) The document analyzes the impact of recent droughts in Ethiopia since 2015 on agricultural prices, terms of trade, food consumption, and compares it to a major drought in 1997/98.
2) It finds that while cereal prices declined overall by 11.3% due to large imports, the declines were smaller in the most affected areas. Livestock prices also declined, reducing terms of trade.
3) The cost of food consumption baskets declined by 11% nationally but by smaller amounts in drought-hit regions, unlike large increases seen in 1997/98 drought. Overall, price effects of the recent drought differ from the previous major drought.
This document provides guidelines for the design and implementation of a national agricultural production cost statistics (CoP) program. It discusses the uses and benefits of CoP statistics for farmers, policymakers, national accounts, and research. It covers key aspects of producing CoP statistics such as indicator selection, data collection methods, cost allocation principles, and data dissemination. Countries can use this manual as a reference for building or adapting existing CoP programs to estimate agricultural production costs and ensure quality and international comparability of results. The guidelines are meant to be adapted to each country's specific statistical infrastructure and policy objectives.
The need for monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
To track implementation and outputs systematically and measure project effectiveness
Serves as a basis for reports that contribute to transparency and accountability of projects
To identify most valuable and efficient use of resources
It provides consolidated information that allows for learning and sharing lessons more easily
It adds to the retention and development of institutional memory.
For efficiency and effectivity of ARD projects, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) should adopt business oriented M&E practices
Jobs and Ethiopia’s agri-food system: Reviewing the evidenceessp2
This document reviews evidence on jobs and Ethiopia's agri-food system. It finds that agriculture remains extremely important for employment in Ethiopia, accounting for over 75% of jobs, though this share is declining slowly. Labor productivity in agriculture is increasing over time but remains low, with larger, more commercial farms showing higher productivity. Hired agricultural wage labor constitutes a small share of total agricultural labor. Wages are increasing in rural areas but remain low internationally. Food processing, trade, and transportation make up sizable shares of non-farm employment in Ethiopia's agri-food system.
COMPUTING PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOME OF SMALL-SCALE FOOD PRODUCERS TO MONITOR ...FAO
The document discusses computing productivity and income of small-scale food producers to monitor Target 2.3 of the 2030 Agenda. It proposes defining small-scale producers based on the bottom 40% of land/livestock distributions and total revenues. Productivity (Indicator 2.3.1) is calculated as revenues divided by labor inputs. Income (Indicator 2.3.2) refers to gross on-farm income from crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries expressed in constant purchasing power parity. Challenges include defining small-scale producers, collecting labor and income data, but integrated agricultural surveys and databases may help monitor the indicators. Countries are asked about the definition, data challenges, and interest in capacity building.
This document discusses the methodology used by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to construct Food Balance Sheets (FBS). It describes how Supply and Utilization Accounts (SUAs) are used as the statistical framework to compile data on production, imports, exports, and other supply and utilization of food commodities. SUAs ensure data is internally consistent and can estimate missing information. FBS are then constructed using data from SUAs on commodity supply, utilization, and per capita food supply in terms of calories, protein and fat available for human consumption. While useful, FBS have limitations due to potential inaccuracies and gaps in underlying agricultural and trade statistics.
The presentation Measuring FLW About The FLW Standard Tools And Resources is by Kai Robertson, lead advisor for the FLW Protocol at the World Research Institute.
Presented at the WBCSD Climate Smart Agriculture workshop at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT on 28 March 2018.
Methodology, challenges and capacity development activities of Tier I Food se...FAO
Methodology, challenges and capacity development activities of Tier I Food security indicators: 2.1.1 ‘‘Prevalence of undernourishment’’ and 2.1.2 ‘‘Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)’
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-events/afcas/afcas25/en/
The document describes Agricultural Integrated Surveys (AGRIS), a new survey program designed by FAO to provide more timely and relevant agricultural data. AGRIS uses a modular approach with a core annual survey and rotating thematic modules to generate data for indicators like SDGs. It provides a cost-effective way to build sustainable rural information systems. Fifteen countries will implement AGRIS with technical and financial support from FAO and partners like the World Bank and donor agencies.
The increasing costs of nutritious foods in Ethiopia: Evidence and determinantsessp2
This document summarizes a study on trends in prices of nutritious foods in Ethiopia between 2007-2016. Key findings include:
1) Prices of vitamin A-rich foods and animal-source foods significantly increased, making healthy diets less affordable.
2) Prices of sugars and oils/fats decreased, which could contribute to obesity issues.
3) Local supply and demand, as well as border prices and exchange rates, were significant determinants of food prices.
4) Increasing prices of nutritious foods could undermine nutrition goals, so policies should focus on improving production and access to diverse, healthy diets.
Macro-Policy, Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia: Maintai...essp2
This document summarizes an analysis of macro-policy, agricultural growth, and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. It finds that Ethiopia has achieved substantial progress in reducing poverty and increasing food security through agricultural investments and reforms. Agricultural growth averaged over 8% annually from 2004-2016 due to increased yields driven by improved seeds, fertilizer, and total factor productivity. However, macroeconomic imbalances including real exchange rate appreciation and rising public debt pose risks. Future scenarios project that land and water constraints may slow agricultural growth, while urbanization and changing diets will shape demand. Sustaining success will depend on balanced investments and managing macroeconomic stability.
Kanat Tilekeyev presented on seed and fertilizer policy development in Kyrgyz Republic. He outlined the country's agricultural profile, including declining GDP contribution from agriculture and low crop productivity. Recent government policies aimed to increase food security through price interventions and agro-processing investments with limited effectiveness. Seed policy focused on infrastructure but unfinished agenda remains. Fertilizer policy centered on import monitoring, market liberalization, and attempted export restrictions with limited impact. Case studies on a seed distribution scheme and fertilizer export duty demonstrated policy gaps. Analysis of farmer surveys in Talas Oblast showed fertilizer use correlated with higher agricultural production. Tilekeyev recommended improved decision-making using deeper information and joint work between researchers and government.
Presentation, ‘Persistence of high food prices in Eastern Africa: What role for policy’ gives reflections by Dr Joseph Karugia on the rising food prices and the need for proactive and timely policy response mechanisms in Kenya. Comparisons between the regional and global price trends of major food crops - maize, cassava, potatoes, bananas and sorghum - are given. Factors affecting supply and demand for food in East African region are discussed including policy interventions that are necessary to bring down or stabilise the escalating regional price increases and those that are likely to compound the already bad situation.
The increasing costs of Animal Source Foods in Ethiopia: Evidence and Implica...essp2
Prices of animal source foods in Ethiopia have been rapidly increasing, which could reduce consumption levels and undermine nutrition goals. Between 2007-2016, prices of beef increased over 40% while prices of eggs, milk, and other animal products rose between 20-35%. These high and rising prices are concerning as animal foods are already 10 times more expensive per calorie than cereals. If prices increased nutrition, consumption of beef and dairy could drop by 25%. The increases are likely due to growing demand straining domestic supply alongside rising costs of livestock rearing. More attention and policy support is needed for Ethiopia's livestock and agriculture sectors to boost animal food availability and affordability.
Beyond agriculture: Measuring agri-food system GDP and employmentIFPRI-PIM
Webinar with James Thurlow (IFPRI/CGIAR-PIM) presenting a new approach for measuring agri-food system GDP and employment. (Recorded on April 8, 2021)
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/mafsGDP
A one-day Strategic Foresight Conference took place at IFPRI Headquarters in Washington DC on November 7, 2014. Participants from leading global modeling groups, collaborating CGIAR centers and research programs, and other partners reviewed new long-term projections for global agriculture from IFPRI and other leading institutions, examined the potential impacts of climate change and other key challenges, and discussed the role of foresight work in identifying and supporting promising solutions.
Topics included:
Long-term outlook and challenges for food & agriculture
Addressing the challenges
Foresight in the CGIAR
Webcast video of morning sessions available on Global Futures program website here: http://globalfutures.cgiar.org/2014/11/03/global-futures-strategic-foresight-conference/
The document summarizes methods for collecting agriculture statistics in Trinidad and Tobago. It discusses the country's economic circumstances and challenges facing the agriculture sector. It then outlines the various surveys conducted by the Central Statistical Office to collect data on food crops, livestock, poultry, tree crops and other areas. These include annual censuses, sample surveys, and collecting administrative records from organizations on a quarterly or tri-annual basis. The collected data is used to monitor and evaluate agriculture plans and policies.
Shocks and agriculture: Impact of the recent droughtessp2
1) The document analyzes the impact of recent droughts in Ethiopia since 2015 on agricultural prices, terms of trade, food consumption, and compares it to a major drought in 1997/98.
2) It finds that while cereal prices declined overall by 11.3% due to large imports, the declines were smaller in the most affected areas. Livestock prices also declined, reducing terms of trade.
3) The cost of food consumption baskets declined by 11% nationally but by smaller amounts in drought-hit regions, unlike large increases seen in 1997/98 drought. Overall, price effects of the recent drought differ from the previous major drought.
This document provides guidelines for the design and implementation of a national agricultural production cost statistics (CoP) program. It discusses the uses and benefits of CoP statistics for farmers, policymakers, national accounts, and research. It covers key aspects of producing CoP statistics such as indicator selection, data collection methods, cost allocation principles, and data dissemination. Countries can use this manual as a reference for building or adapting existing CoP programs to estimate agricultural production costs and ensure quality and international comparability of results. The guidelines are meant to be adapted to each country's specific statistical infrastructure and policy objectives.
The need for monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
To track implementation and outputs systematically and measure project effectiveness
Serves as a basis for reports that contribute to transparency and accountability of projects
To identify most valuable and efficient use of resources
It provides consolidated information that allows for learning and sharing lessons more easily
It adds to the retention and development of institutional memory.
For efficiency and effectivity of ARD projects, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) should adopt business oriented M&E practices
Jobs and Ethiopia’s agri-food system: Reviewing the evidenceessp2
This document reviews evidence on jobs and Ethiopia's agri-food system. It finds that agriculture remains extremely important for employment in Ethiopia, accounting for over 75% of jobs, though this share is declining slowly. Labor productivity in agriculture is increasing over time but remains low, with larger, more commercial farms showing higher productivity. Hired agricultural wage labor constitutes a small share of total agricultural labor. Wages are increasing in rural areas but remain low internationally. Food processing, trade, and transportation make up sizable shares of non-farm employment in Ethiopia's agri-food system.
COMPUTING PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOME OF SMALL-SCALE FOOD PRODUCERS TO MONITOR ...FAO
The document discusses computing productivity and income of small-scale food producers to monitor Target 2.3 of the 2030 Agenda. It proposes defining small-scale producers based on the bottom 40% of land/livestock distributions and total revenues. Productivity (Indicator 2.3.1) is calculated as revenues divided by labor inputs. Income (Indicator 2.3.2) refers to gross on-farm income from crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries expressed in constant purchasing power parity. Challenges include defining small-scale producers, collecting labor and income data, but integrated agricultural surveys and databases may help monitor the indicators. Countries are asked about the definition, data challenges, and interest in capacity building.
This document discusses the methodology used by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to construct Food Balance Sheets (FBS). It describes how Supply and Utilization Accounts (SUAs) are used as the statistical framework to compile data on production, imports, exports, and other supply and utilization of food commodities. SUAs ensure data is internally consistent and can estimate missing information. FBS are then constructed using data from SUAs on commodity supply, utilization, and per capita food supply in terms of calories, protein and fat available for human consumption. While useful, FBS have limitations due to potential inaccuracies and gaps in underlying agricultural and trade statistics.
The presentation Measuring FLW About The FLW Standard Tools And Resources is by Kai Robertson, lead advisor for the FLW Protocol at the World Research Institute.
Presented at the WBCSD Climate Smart Agriculture workshop at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT on 28 March 2018.
The Grocery Manufacturers Association and Food Marketing Institute commissioned report ,The GMA and FMI have launched a three-year industry-wide effort focused on addressing food waste, in particular from the food manufacturer to pre-consumer. The initiative aims to decrease the amount of food sent to landfills and increase the amount that is available for higher value diversion elsewhere, including to food banks. The companies and organizations involved in this effort have been undertaking an assessment
that will include a comprehensive survey of the sources of food waste. The initiative is also focusing on identifying public policies that could expand the diversion of food from landfills (whether to food banks or other beneficial uses) and new technologies and industry practices that support its goals.
- The document outlines a new methodology to measure food losses across the entire agricultural production process, from pre-harvest through post-harvest handling and storage.
- Pilot studies in several countries found that food losses ranged significantly depending on the crop and country, with most losses occurring at the farm level due to weather events, pests, and lack of technology adoption.
- Current projects are testing interventions like improved seed and fertilizer provision, market-based contracts, and decision support tools to incentivize quality and reduce losses in beans in Guatemala and Honduras.
Computing productivity and income of small-scale food producers to monitor ta...FAO
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-events/afcas/afcas25/en/
Computing productivity and income of small-scale food producers to monitor target 2.3 of the 2030 agenda
Product specific, non-product-specific or in-between - practices and conseque...Lars Brink
Examines differences among selected WTO members in their reporting of product-specific and non-product-specific Aggregate Measurements of Support (AMSs). Discusses implications for use of limited support space.
Toronto City Region Food Systems: Process and preliminary findingsExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/in-action/food-for-cities-programme/en/
This slide was presented by Alison Bley-Palmer, director of the centre for sustainable food systems, on the occasion of the expert consultation on an indicator framework to assess city region food systems and monitor the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact, held in FAO HQ, on 13-14 April 2016. It gives an overview of the city region food system work that is being done in Toronto, by going through the definition, delimitation, and assessment of the city region food system.
Agenda Item 1.2: THE WORLD PROGRAMME FOR THE CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE 2020FAO
The document summarizes the World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020. Some key points:
- The WCA 2020 provides guidelines for national agriculture censuses between 2016-2025, emphasizing new modalities, essential census items, and use of information technology.
- It distinguishes three types of census items: essential, frame, and additional. 23 items are considered essential that all countries should collect.
- The census aims to provide data for agricultural planning, research/business decisions, monitoring the environment and food security, and gender issues in agriculture. It also underpins national statistical systems.
- The document reviews methodological approaches, items organized by theme, and methods of enumeration/technology use
This document provides a summary of the Secretary-General's report on progress towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. It highlights that while progress has been made in reducing poverty, hunger, and disease since 2000, intensified efforts are still needed to meet all of the SDG targets by 2030, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. Key updates included are that the number of people living in extreme poverty decreased from 1.7 billion in 1999 to 767 million in 2013, and child mortality rates declined globally but remain highest in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Challenges remain such as improving social protections, increasing resilience to disasters, and boosting investments in agriculture.
This document analyzes producer behavior related to post-harvest losses of agricultural and horticultural crops. It discusses the motivation, methodology, analysis, conclusions, and recommendations of the study. The methodology section describes how a survey was conducted of 30 producers from rural and urban areas to collect data on varieties used, transportation methods, knowledge of subsidies and markets, and crops grown. The analysis section uses descriptive statistics and inferential tests like chi-square and ANOVA to analyze the data. It finds that most producers use local varieties, tractors for transportation, have moderate knowledge of subsidies, and grow agricultural crops. This leads to higher post-harvest losses. The conclusion is that appropriate post-harvest handling and storage practices are needed to minimize losses
Global dairy food sales market report 2021mahesh_mali
This report studies sales (consumption) of Dairy Food in Global market, especially in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India, focuses on top players in these regions/countries, with sales, price, revenue and market share for each player in these regions
This analysis was undertaken by the Food Security and Livelihoods Cluster (FSLC) team to highlight the trends of the socio-economic and food security situation in Eastern Ukraine. The report complements the joint food security assessment report and socio-economic analysis report published by FSLC in September, 2017.
The objective of the analysis is to provide an overview of the overall situation, specifically focusing on food security and socio-economic aspects in light of ongoing conflict in Luhanska and Donetska oblasts. The analysis therefore aims to, where possible, show the food security trends (food consumption, food
security index, food prices, food expenditure, vulnerability groups, livelihood coping strategies) as well as the main trends relating to the macro-economic situation, demography, business / enterprise, labour force, poverty, household (HH) income and expenditure since the beginning of the conflict.
Linking Population and Housing Censuses with Agricultural CensusesFAO
Linking population and housing censuses with agricultural censuses can provide benefits by reducing costs, improving frames, and increasing quality. The document discusses ways countries have coordinated these censuses, including using common concepts/classifications, sharing materials, and collecting agricultural data in the population census either as basic or frame items through a module. Country examples show collecting core agricultural data in the population census to provide the frame for a subsequent standalone agricultural census.
Linking public procurement and sustainable production systems: opportunities ...FAO
This document outlines opportunities for linking public food procurement programs to sustainable agricultural production systems in sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses the potential for public demand to support smallholder farmers through predictable purchases. Case studies from Niger and Senegal show purchases from farmers organizations increased productivity and farmer incomes. However, scaling up poses challenges as enabling policies, services and regulations are also needed to operationalize procurement considering production objectives. While public demand may incentivize sustainable practices, other supports are likely required. The relative size of procurement compared to total supply is also important to consider impacts and tradeoffs between objectives of price and promotion of certain farming methods.
The document summarizes Guyana's plans for its first agriculture census since 1952, which will be conducted in July-August 2018. It discusses the country's current system for collecting agricultural data through various agencies, and assessments that this system could be improved. It outlines the census's funding and implementation overseen by Guyana's Ministry of Agriculture and FAO. The census aims to establish an updated baseline on Guyanese agriculture to support improved data collection going forward.
This document discusses economic transformation and agricultural transition experiences in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region based on joint research. It finds that while the share of agriculture in GDP and employment has declined in MENA countries as expected, the shift to manufacturing has been low, particularly in mineral-rich countries. Productivity in agriculture and industry has also increased slowly. This suggests difficulties moving resources from agriculture to more productive sectors. The document then examines agriculture in more depth, noting that water and land constraints limit production across MENA, and the region relies heavily on cereal imports. Agricultural growth has been driven by land productivity increases in a few countries and crops. It questions if MENA needs a new agricultural strategy and industrial policy approach going
The document is the 2014 FAO Statistical Yearbook for Europe and Central Asia. It provides detailed data and trends on food and agriculture in the region. Some key facts:
- Population in the region is aging, with those over 65 making up over 15% of the total in 2010.
- Per capita supply of food was highest for cereals and lowest for fish. Total food production increased between 1995-2011.
- Agricultural land makes up over 50% of total land area. Major crops include wheat, coarse grains, and oil-bearing crops.
- Livestock is also important, with cattle, pigs, and poultry headcounts in the hundreds of millions. Meat and dairy production have
Similar to Losses in Food Balance Sheets: Current Status, Imputation, ans SDG 12.3 (20)
Agenda of the 5th NENA Soil Partnership meetingFAO
The Fifth meeting of the Near East and North African (NENA) Soil Partnership will take place from 1-2 April 2019 in Cairo, Egypt. The objectives of the meeting are to consolidate the NENA Soil Partnership, review the work plan, organize activities to establish National Soil Information Systems, agree to launch a Regional Soil Laboratory for NENA, and strengthen networking. The meeting agenda includes discussions on soil information systems, a soil laboratory network, and implementing the Voluntary Guidelines for Sustainable Soil Management. The performance of the NENA Soil Partnership will also be assessed and future strategies developed.
This document summarizes the proceedings of the first meeting of the Global Soil Laboratory Network (GLOSOLAN). GLOSOLAN was established to harmonize soil analysis methods and strengthen the performance of laboratories through standardized protocols. The meeting discussed the role of National Reference Laboratories in promoting harmonization, and how GLOSOLAN is structured with regional networks feeding into the global network. Progress made in 2018 included registering over 200 laboratories, assessing capacities and needs, and establishing regional networks. The work plan for 2019 includes further developing regional networks, standard methods, a best practice manual, and the first global proficiency testing. The document concludes by outlining next steps to launch the regional network for North Africa and the Near East.
Gamify it until you make it Improving Agile Development and Operations with ...Ben Linders
So many challenges, so little time. While we’re busy developing software and keeping it operational, we also need to sharpen the saw, but how? Gamification can be a way to look at how you’re doing and find out where to improve. It’s a great way to have everyone involved and get the best out of people.
In this presentation, Ben Linders will show how playing games with the DevOps coaching cards can help to explore your current development and deployment (DevOps) practices and decide as a team what to improve or experiment with.
The games that we play are based on an engagement model. Instead of imposing change, the games enable people to pull in ideas for change and apply those in a way that best suits their collective needs.
By playing games, you can learn from each other. Teams can use games, exercises, and coaching cards to discuss values, principles, and practices, and share their experiences and learnings.
Different game formats can be used to share experiences on DevOps principles and practices and explore how they can be applied effectively. This presentation provides an overview of playing formats and will inspire you to come up with your own formats.
Public Art Is (Re)connection: people, heritage and spacesMarta Pucciarelli
Keynote speech at the Public Art Inside Out Symposium, 7-8 May 2024, organized by Getty Conservation Center and MUDEC in Milan. “Public art is (re)connection” is co-authored with Princess Marilyn Douala Bell.
1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
11June 2024. An online pre-engagement session was organized on Tuesday June 11 to introduce the Science Policy Lab approach and the main components of the conceptual framework.
About 40 experts from around the globe gathered online for a pre-engagement session, paving the way for the first SASi-SPi Science Policy Lab event scheduled for June 18-19, 2024 in Malmö. The session presented the objectives for the upcoming Science Policy Lab (S-PoL), which featured a role-playing game designed to simulate stakeholder interactions and policy interventions for food systems transitions. Participants called for the sharing of meeting materials and continued collaboration, reflecting a strong commitment to advancing towards sustainable agrifood systems.
Losses in Food Balance Sheets: Current Status, Imputation, ans SDG 12.3
1. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
November 18, 2016 1
Losses in Food Balance Sheets:
Current Status, Imputation,
and SDG 12.3
Katherine Baldwin
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Production, Trade and Food Balance Sheets Team
FAO Regional FLW Dialogue
November 17, 2016
2. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Roadmap
1. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
1. Background
2. Losses in current FBS
3. Losses in new methodology
2. Imputation of missing data
3. SDG 12.3 and the Food Loss Index
November 18, 2016 2
3. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
November 18, 2016 3
1. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
4. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
What are Food Balance Sheets?
Accounting framework detailing the total supply and use of all
agricultural commodities within a given year within a given country.
• Based on supply = utilization identity
• Related to a commodity balance
• Individual accounts are created for each primary and derived product
• FBS are comprehensive, but only an average picture
• FBS are used to derive a total Dietary Energy Supply (DES) estimate
November 18, 2016 4
5. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
(Current) FBS Methodology
• Basic approach: for every commodity, supply = utilization
• Production + Imports – Exports – Stock changes =
Food + Feed + Loss + Seed + Other utilizations
• Variables are based on measured data, to the extent possible
• Missing values are imputed
• One utilization item must serve as the balancing item
• Balancer includes both a value for that item AND the residual/error
November 18, 2016 5
6. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Sample FBS
November 18, 2016 6
7. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Concept of loss in the FBS context
“Losses are all the crop and livestock human-edible commodity
quantities that, directly or indirectly, completely exit the post-
harvest/slaughter production/supply chain by being discarded,
incinerated or otherwise, and do not re-renter in any other utilization
(such as animal feed, industrial use, etc.), up to, and excluding, the
retail level. Non-edible parts of the commodity as a whole, and losses
that occur during storage, transportation and processing, also of
imported quantities, are therefore all included.”
November 18, 2016 7
-Tayyib and Golini, “The FAO approach to food loss concepts and imputation in the context of Sustainable
Development Goal 12 Target 3,” Discussion Paper, forthcoming.
8. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Concept of loss in the FBS context
• Losses in FBS cover harvest to retail
• Losses cover also quantities not specifically destined for food
• ONLY quantitative losses are estimated. There is no accounting for
qualitative losses in this framework
• Losses include* inedible parts
• Losses are expressed in MT, so must be weighted before they can be
aggregated across commodities
November 18, 2016 8
*FAO is currently exploring the feasibility of publishing both total loss quantities in MT, and loss quantities net of
inedible parts
9. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Why include loss in FBS?
• Goal of FBS is to account for all possible supply and utilizations
• Hallmark of framework is usefulness as a tool for cross-validating
data from various sources
• Framework is well-suited to validating loss estimates by placing them in the
context of other supply/demand elements
• Loss data is increasingly in demand, partly because of the SDGs
November 18, 2016 9
10. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
“Loss” in the current FBS context
November 18, 2016 10
11. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Where does loss data come from in FBS?
• Collected/reported by countries
• Annual Agricultural Production Questionnaire (APQ)
• Data from official websites
• Included with another item (e.g., loss/feed)
• Calculated as a share
• Balancing item
November 18, 2016 11
12. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Measured loss data
Developed Countries 1.6%
Africa 0.2%
Latin America and Caribbean 0.1%
Asia and Oceania 0.1%
World 0.8%
November 18, 2016 12
Proportion of FBS loss data collected from official sources, 2011-2013
Most countries are not providing data on losses
13. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Calculated and balancing item loss data
• Calculated as share of “production + imports”
• From FAO’s Mexico FBS:
• 5% losses – milk, chillies, dry beans
• 10% losses – apple, avocado, eggs, lemon, mango, potato
• 13% losses – bananas
• Shares were likely originally based on some data for Mexico or like
countries/products
• Balancer
• Losses as balancing item in Mexico’s FBS: maize, safflower, wheat
• Presence/calculation of loss is somewhat ad-hoc
• No losses for milled paddy rice, wheat flour, or maize flour
November 18, 2016 13
14. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Loss in the new methodology
• New FBS methodology currently being implemented by FAO
• Single balancer approach will be eliminated
• Each variable will be estimated independently and then balanced by
distributing the residual based on data quality
• Advantage: no variable will be carrying the residual
• Loss in new methodology
• Measured or official/semi-official data
• Imputed data
• Losses will be recorded/imputed for all primary products
November 18, 2016 14
15. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Measured/official data
• FAO is making a push for countries to produce more official data
• Call in APQ
• Methodologies for measurement of PHL
• General universal push for data related to SDG 12.3
• FAO support to countries on measurement/imputation
• But with so few countries currently reporting, most losses in FBS at
present will be imputed…
November 18, 2016 15
16. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
November 18, 2016 16
2. Imputation of missing data
17. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Challenges of imputing loss data
• Model must be universal across commodities and countries
• Model must also taken into account differing nature of loss across
commodities
• Low availability of useful “universal” data on covariates known to be
related to loss
• Infrastructure
• Temperature
• Marketing arrangements
November 18, 2016 17
18. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
FAO approach to imputing loss
• Use all available information from the panel dataset of countries that
are/have been reporting losses
• Acknowledge that characteristics of loss differ amongst products and
product groups
• Utilize this information by clustering products into nested groups
during estimation
• Solution: Missing data are imputed according to a hierarchical
structure, so that the “best available” information is used
November 18, 2016 18
19. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM)
• Mechanics: Data is imputed through a hierarchy:
• Data at level 1 is used. If not available,
• Data at level 2 is used. If not available,
• Data at level 3 is used. ….
• Approach pools information at the different levels to optimize
inference and improve prediction
• Nested linear regression models, where each level is adding a new
predictor
November 18, 2016 19
20. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM)
• Losses imputed as a function of production (or production net of
trade) using parameters estimated from the nested regressions
• First level regression estimates losses using relationship between production
and loss for that country and that commodity in previous years
• Second level regression estimates losses using relationship between
production and loss for that commodity in all countries for which official loss
estimates appear in the panel dataset
• Third level regression estimates losses using relationship between production
and loss for all commodities in that food group in all countries in the panel
dataset
• Fourth level regression estimates losses using relationship between
production and loss for all commodities of the same level of perishability (low,
high, moderate) in all countries in the panel dataset
November 18, 2016 20
21. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
HLM data structure
November 18, 2016 21
Imputed Loss Data
Level 2: Commodity
Level 1: Country and Commodity
Level 3: Food Group
Level 4: Food Perishability Group
If not, then:
If not, then:
If not, then:
22. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Imputing/estimating loss at the country level
• FAO model is designed to be “universal”
• Country-level models (and commodity-specific models) can be
developed that utilize locally-available information
• Models still need to be based on measured loss data
• Global Strategy is working in this area
November 18, 2016 22
23. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
November 18, 2016 23
3. SDG 12.3 and the Food Loss Index
24. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Agenda adopted by United Nations in September 2015, setting 17
overarching goals for sustainable economic, social and environmental
development by 2030
• Goals cover numerous facets of development, including poverty,
hunger, gender equality, and resource use
• Each goal has various dimensions, and progress towards each
dimension is measured by a designated indicator (230 total)
November 18, 2016 24
25. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
SDG indicator tiers
• A tier system to classify indicators was proposed at the Inter-Agency and
Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (IAEG-SDGs)
meeting in March/April 2016.
Tier I: Indicator conceptually clear, established methodology and standards
available and data regularly produced by countries.
Tier II: Indicator conceptually clear, established methodology and standards
available but data are not regularly produced by countries.
Tier III: Indicator for which there are no established methodology and
standards or methodology/standards are being developed/tested.
-“Introduction to Provisional Tiers of Global SDG Indicators”, IAEG-SDG, 2016
November 18, 2016 25
26. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Food loss in SDG 12.3
“By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer
levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains,
including post-harvest losses.”
• Part of Goal 12, “Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns”
• Classified as a Tier III indicator
• FAO assigned as custodian agency
November 18, 2016 26
27. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Progress of work on SDG 12.3
• Draft action plan has been developed for all work under the target
(development of indicator, measurement methodologies, outreach
and capacity-building), in accordance with guidance from IAEG-SDGs
• Clarifying concepts and intent of indicator with IAEG-SDG
• Clarifying timelines for program of work with IAEG-SDG
• Draft indicator, Food Loss Index (FLI), has been developed and is
currently being tested and refined
• Liaising and outreach with countries, other organizations, and private
sector will begin in Q4 of this year
November 18, 2016 27
28. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
What is the draft indicator measuring?
• The indicator is an index that compares the weighted sum of all
commodity quantity losses in a given year to the same weighted sum
in a reference base period
• Data for index comes from FBS loss data, harvest to retail (which will
have already been validated within the FBS supply/demand
framework)
• Waste at retail and consumer level will be measured/reported outside
of FBS context
• Exploring possibility of combining into one indicator or reporting separately
given more specific waste targets in SDG 12.3
November 18, 2016 28
29. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
Next steps for SDG 12.3 indicator
• Finalize approach and work plan with IAEG-SDG
• Liaise with responsible SDG focal points/institutions inside countries
to begin to improve underlying FBS data on losses
• Alert countries when the indicator is finalized, so that progress can
begin to be measured
November 18, 2016 29
30. Losses in Food Balance Sheets
FAO Statistics Division (ESS)
November 18, 2016 30
Thank You!
Questions?
Katherine.Baldwin@fao.org