Fish SDGs 14.4.1, 14.6.1, 14.b.1, & 4.17.1_ENGLISH

SDG Indicators 14.4.1, 14.6.1, 14.b.1, and 14.17
a pathway for States to reconcile environmental,
economic, and social sustainability in fisheries
Marc Taconet
Head, Statistics and Information Branch,
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, Italy,
marc.taconet@fao.org
FAO-OEA/CIE-IICA working group on agricultural and livestock statistics
for Latin America and the Caribbean
Quito, Ecuador, 24 - 26 October 2017

Outline
1. International framework for SDG14
2. Importance of fisheries in South Asia
3. SDG 14.4.1
4. SDG 14.b.1
5. SDG 14.6.1
6. SDG 14.7.1
a) SDG indicators status
b) Methodological and reporting aspects
c) FAO’s supporting actions
d) Discussion – countries feedback

14.1. By 2025, reduce pollution
14.2. By 2020, protect ecosystems
14.3. , impact of ocean acidification
14.4. By 2020, rebuild fisheries / restore fish stocks
14.5. By 2020, conservation through MPAs
14.6. By 2020, prohibit … fisheries subsidies
14.7. By 2030, economic benefits
14.a , research and technology transfer
14.b , access rights for SSF
14.c , international laws implementation (UNCLOS)
An holistic set of indicators for Life under water
Interagency concertation at the recent UN Oceans Conference (NY – June 2017)
Worked on Partnerships and Commitments

Sustainable Development Goal
Indicator 14.4.1
“By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based
management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible,
at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their
biological characteristics”
Indicator 14.4.1 - Proportion of fish
stocks within biologically sustainable
levels
Contacts: Yimin.ye@fao.org

FAO SOFIA - Global Trends in World Marine Fish Stock since 1974
5
• ~30% overfished in 2013
• 70% sustainable in 2013
• The decreasing trend is
worrying
FAO regularly
reports as part
of its biennial
SOFIA
publication the
state of fish
stocks at global
level
Status regarding SDG14.4.1
Global fisheries are declining
31.3%
58.1%
10.5%

6
Global fisheries are declining
The decline is particularly in the developing world
– sustainability is achievable
31.3%
58.1%
10.5%
Rebuilding stocks can yield 16.5 Mt/yr
and USD $35-50 billion yr
World Bank and FAO. 2008. The Sunken Billions. World Bank.
Ye,Y., et al. 2013. Rebuilding global fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 14: 174-185
FAO SOFIA - Global Trends in World Marine Fish Stock since 1974
FAO regularly
reports as part
of its biennial
SOFIA
publication the
state of fish
stocks at global
level

SOFIA’s indicator is the result of a methodology based on::
 granularity for stock units: FAO Major Fishing Areas x Species
 list of shared or straddling stocks assessed under RFMO/RFBs
mandates
 list of national stocks assessed under national mandates
and in absence of stock assessment
 Analysis of Species catch trends by FAO area (FAO catch statistics)
SOFIA’s indicator is not owned / reported by countries
Is a tier I indicator – needs to be adapted for compliance with UNSD

FIRMS is an information sharing partnership to facilitate the monitoring of stocks status among:
• 14 International organizations
• 19 RFBs
FIRMS – the Fisheries and Resources Monitoring System

Monitoring is based on inventories of stocks and fisheries
Each stock
inventoried include
information on the
identification of
single marine
resources/stocks
plus the indicators
of Stock State and
total catch (or
landings)
Status regarding SDG14.4.1Status regarding SDG14.4.1

Mandate to promote development and extension of fisheries status and trends
reporting to all fisheries resources (Article 1.1 of the FIRMS Partnership Arrangement )
FIRMS database currently covers:
 shared stocks under RFBs mandates
but also
 national stocks / assessment units
 status of national fisheries
FIRMS has set Information Standards:
To facilitate transparency and comparability among single stock status reports
provide a unique reference framework for implementation of SDG14.4.1
Under RFBs monitoring capacity

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
reference point against which stocks are to be classified as ‘biologically
sustainable’ or not
MSY has been constantly referred to in the international agreements for decades:
SDG 14.4.1 – Methodological aspects
 UNCLOS
 … measures should also be designed to maintain or restore populations of harvest species at level which can
produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), … (Article 61.3)
 UNFSA
 maintain or restore stocks to levels that can produce MSY (Par 30a)
 the fishing mortality rate which generates MSY should be regarded as a minimum standard for limited
reference points (Annex II, par 7)
Maximum Sustainable Yield as main reference point

Maximum Sustainable Yield as main reference point
 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF, 1995)
 long-term sustainable use of fisheries resources is the overriding objective of conservation and management, States and
sub-regional or regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements should, inter alia, adopt appropriate
measures, based on the best scientific evidence available, which are designed to maintain or restore stocks at levels
capable of producing MSY,…
 Millennium Summit (2000)
 Goal 7- Environmental Sustainability
 Indicator 7.4 – Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
 WSSD (2002)
 Maintain/restore stocks to levels that can produce the MSY with the aim of achieving these goals for depleted stocks on
an urgent basis and where possible no later than 2015
 SDG (2030 Agenda)
 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
 Indicator 14.4.1 – by 2020, restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum
sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics
Constantly referred to in the international agreements for decades

With SDG14.4.1, countries will report on the status of stocks within their EEZs
Shared / straddling stocks under RFMO/RFBs mandates are excluded
from SDG14.4.1
For shared / straddling stocks outside of RFMO/RFBs mandates, FAO
should come-up with attribution rules
The reporting on national stocks implies:
a selection of species and identification of national stock units  national inventories of
relevant fish stocks
stocks are individually assessed
assessment results of individual stocks are published in monitoring systems
the proportion of sustainable fish stocks is compiled in time/space consistent ways
Scope : national stocks

Low capacities in developing countries for assessing individual stocks
Complex processing:
- traditional assessment methods are based on mathematical Models
- which methods to apply / who will do the assessment
Catch / effort data not of sufficient quality:
- Catch often not available by species ; Effort often not available by fleet segment
- geographic distribution often not enough precise
- if available, time series are often short or difficult to reconstitute consistently in long term
Framework required for consistent monitoring across stocks and time – challenges :
How to select species, and stock units – not overlapping with those monitored under RFB
mandates
Accept transparency rules
Availability of monitoring system
Challenges : complex issue in low capacity context

A possible scenario is:
For Individual Stock status
• countries assess themselves the status of stocks under their responsibility
• countries are fully engaged and delegate the assessment e.g. as part of RFB process
• countries are consulted and in a position to understand why stocks are presented with given status
For SDG monitoring / reporting – a standard-based fish stocks inventory mechanism
• FAO offers facility for unique global stock identifiers (through FIRMS);
• Publishing of such Unique Identifier constitutes a validation mechanism by FAO
• These unique global identifiers are then used as references for countries:
• To publish the Status of individual stocks on national web-sites,
and./or in case of low capacity
• To publish the Status of individual stocks through FIRMS
• To facilitate reporting of the indicator, a tool will assist in computing the percentage and provide an indicator report for final validation by
the country
SDG 14.4.1 – Methodological and reporting aspects
Challenges: how will countries fulfil their SDG14.4.1 ownership

FAO is developing a capacity building plan for its member countries
Identification of a suitable set of stock assessment methods in Data
Poor situations
Guidelines on the monitoring / reporting framework
Expansion of the FIRMS model / partnership to support national stock
status monitoring
Development of an e-training curriculum
Convening of a global expert workshop (Nov. 2017) involving regional
experts:
• methods will be peer reviewed for endorsement
• experts will be trained as trainers
• reporting framework and options will be reviewed

On the overall reporting methodology
On the methods …, what species … , how data collected … ,
who should do the assessment … , … reporting framework
On the role of RFBs:
• in facilitating the capacity building process,
• in ensuring consistency in an inventory based approach (should
this option be selected).
COFI33 key milestone for countries to reach agreement

COFI33 key milestone for countries to reach agreement
Baseline: Ownership of consistent and comparable reporting lies in
countries.
Need to ensure comparability among countries and
consistency globally
As Option for COFI33: a standards’ based inventory mechanism:
traceability and transparency
comparability across national … regional … global level
expected to strengthen SOFIA’s indicator on the state of stocks

Action – FAO support to countries to achieve SDG 14.4.1
Support to fisheries management, stock assessment
 Direct assessment from Scientific cruises, e.g. with FAO’s Fritdjoff
Nansen research vessel
 Training courses on stock assessment based on Data Limited
methods
 Development of fishery management plans based on Ecosystem
Approach to Fisheries (EAF)
 Support to regional capacity building workshops in collaboration
with RFBs

Support to national data collection systems
Guidelines, Training courses, Tools  >80 African
experts already
trained in this
course
in English @
LegonUniv.,
Accra, Ghana
and in French @
ISSEA, Yaoundé,
Cameroon
 OpenArtFish software (since 1990s). The new version
allows tailoring to the existing national data collection
system. It is paired with a tablet-based mobile data
collection capacity. It will be published very soon. ARTFISH

IT partnerships for innovative technologies
Catch statistics with
• Higher species breakdown
• Known geographic distribution
• Consistent time series
Stock assessment and SDG reporting
• Training more accessible and efficient
• Data services for monitoring of stock status
Objectives
Effort statistics
• More available with geographic breakdown
• For better estimation of CPUEs
Fishery statistics
• Integrated and harmonized
• Ease of reporting

Questions?
Training or technical assistance needs
to successfully produce the indicator?
Feedback from participants welcomed

Indicator 14.b.1
Provide access for small-scale artisanal
fishers to marine resources and markets
Indicator 14.6.1 – progress by countries in the degree of
application of a legal/regulatory/policy/institutional
framework which recognizes and protects access rights
for small-scale fisheries
 progress in achieving
enablers of access rights
for SSF
Contact: Nicole.franz@fao.org
Jennifer.gee@fao.org

The only SDG that directly addresses small-scale fisheries
SSF subsector: 90% of the full-time / part-time workers directly depend
on commercial capture fisheries value chains for their livelihoods.
• Near 50% are women
• 90-95% of the catch are for local human consumption.
 Small-scale fisheries actors have to be key actors in sustainable use of marine
resources
SSF are keys in livelihood  linkages with:
• SDG 1 (No poverty), SGDs 2 (End hunger), SDG 5 (Women empowerment),
SDG 12 (Ensure sustainable consumption and production) and SDG 13 (Take
urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts).
SDG14.b - rational and purpose
The target

Is a tier III indicator – builds on FAO VGSSF
Status regarding SDG14.b.1
Composite indicator based on FAO member country responses
to the CCRF survey
 Since 2016, survey is administered in electronic form and includes a new section in
relation to small-scale fisheries and the implementation of the SSF Guidelines
 Circulated every two years to FAO members (194 + EU) and observers (regional
organizations, IGOs and INGOs)
 CCRF survey usually compiled by national fisheries administrations
 Survey responses are reviewed and presented by FAO to the Committee on
Fisheries (COFI) with aggregation of results at regional and global level

Process for Indicator Reporting
SDG 14.b.1 – Methodological aspects
• Data will be collected through FAO Members’
responses to relevant sections of the biennial
web-based questionnaire on the implementation
of the CCRF
• The unit of measurement of the indicator is a
score on a scale of 0 to 1, computed through
scores and weights assigned to three main
variables
• To facilitate reporting of the indicator, a tool will
automatically process the responses and provide
an indicator report for final validation by the
country
http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166326/en

The questions specifically focus on actual efforts to promote and facilitate access rights for
small scale fisheries
Based on the responses to those questions, states will score an indicator value between 0 and
1
Indicato
r Scoring
Existence of Instruments that
specifically target or address
the small-scale fisheries sector
On-going Specific Initiatives
to implement the SSF
Guidelines30% -
Mechanisms for small-scale
fishers and fish workers to
contribute to decision-making
processes
30% -
40% -
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variables proposed to be covered by Indicator and scoring
The indicator value is computed
through scores and weights
assigned to the three questions.

Yes No
Law
Regulation
Policy
Plan/strategy
Other (please specify)
Proportion of number elements with ‘Yes’ multiplied with weighting factor of 0.4
No – 0
Full score: 0.4
Variable 1
Question: Are there any laws,
regulations, policies, plans or
strategies that specifically
target or address the small-
scale fisheries sector?
Variables covered by Indicator and scoring

Improving tenure security for small-scale fishers and fish workers in accordance with SSF Guidelines paras 5.2-
5.12 [add note: please see chapter 5a of the SSF Guidelines]
Supporting small-scale fisheries actors to take an active part in sustainable resource management in
accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 5.13-5.20 [add note: please see chapter 5b of the SSF Guidelines]
Promoting social development, employment and decent work in small-scale fisheries in accordance
with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 6.2-6.18 [add note: please see chapter 6 of the SSF Guidelines]
Enhancing small-scale fisheries value chains, post-harvest operations and trade in accordance with SSF
Guidelines paragraphs 7.1-7.10 [add note: please see chapter 7 of the SSF Guidelines]
Ensuring gender equality in small-scale fisheries in accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 8.1-8.4 [add note:
please see chapter 8 of the SSF Guidelines]
Addressing disaster risks and climate change in small-scale fisheries in accordance with SSF Guidelines
paragraphs 9.1-9.9 [add note: please see chapter 9 of the SSF Guidelines]
Strengthening institutions in support of SSF and to promote policy coherence, coordination and collaboration
in accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 10.1-10.8 [add note: please see chapter 10 of the SSF Guidelines]
Improving information, research and communication on the contribution of SSF to food security
and poverty eradication in accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 11.1-11.11 [add note: please see chapter 11 of
the SSF Guidelines]
Implementing capacity development of fisheries organizations and other stakeholders in accordance
with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 12.1-12.4 [add note: please see chapter 12 of the SSF Guidelines]
Establishing or improving monitoring mechanisms and promoting SSF Guidelines implementation in
accordance with SSF Guidelines paragraphs 13.1-13.6 [add note: please see chapter 13 of the SSF Guidelines]
Other( please specify)
__Yes
__No
If yes, please indicate what type of
activities are included in the initiative:
Proportion of elements with ‘Yes’
multiplied with weighting factor of 0.3
No – 0
Full score: 0.3
Variable 2
Question: Does your country
have a specific initiative to
implement the SSF Guidelines?

__ Yes
__ No
__ n.a.
Yes - 0.3
No – 0
Full score 0.3
Variable 3
Question: Does your country
have mechanisms through
which small-scale fishers and
fish workers contribute to
decision-making processes ?

• FAO supports countries in relation to the implementation of the SSF Guidelines
1. Raising
awareness
:
knowledge
products
and
outreach
2. Strengthening
the science-policy
interface: sharing
of knowledge and
supporting policy
reform
3. Empowering
stakeholders:
capacity
development and
institutional
strengthening
4.
Supporting
implementa
tion:
collaboratio
n and
monitoring
Action – FAO support to countries to achieve SDG14.b.1
Under the FAO SSF Umbrella Programme

• FAO Traceable, High Quality, Predictable Supply
• Reducing harmful subsidies
• Working with UNCTAD, WTO
• Catch Documentation Scheme approved in June at the FAO
Technical consultation
Exports
Africa Americas Asia
Europe Oceania
(US$148b in 2014 – 55% to
Developing Countries)
Action – FAO support to countries to achieve SDG 14.b.1
FAO supports SIDS and LDC countries get market access
On Trade and Subsidies

Statistical data collection methods and guidelines
• Gender disaggregated data collection
• Fisheries & aquaculture in Agriculture census
• Target socio-economic surveys/assessments
• Use of Household surveys
• Development of statistical standards on definition of SSFs
Indicators for contribution of fish to FSN
Evidence base and monitoring
Objectives

Action – FAO support to countries to achieve SDG 14.b.1

Indicator 14.6.1
Indicator 14.6.1 - Progress by countries in
the degree of implementation of international
instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing
By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to
overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated
fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective
special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral
part of the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation
 progress in achieving
enablers for
fight against IUU
Contacts: matthew.camillieri@fao.org
blaise.kuemlangan@fao.org

Process followed: in preparation for the submission to the Inter Agency Group on SDG indicators for
upgrading the indicator from tier III, several steps are being followed:
• The 32nd Session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries (COFI, 2016) approved the use of the CCRF
questionnaire by Members for reporting on SDG indicators
• The methodology for the indicator was reviewed and later approved by the COFI Bureau
• A pilot study is to being carried out by participants from FAO Member States
• Through dedicated hands-on session at relevant workshops (e.g. PSMA workshop)
Is a tier III indicator – will require an upgrading

• Data will be collected through FAO Members’
responses to relevant sections in the biennial web-
based questionnaire on the implementation of the
CCRF
• The unit of measurement of the indicator is a score on
a scale of 0 to 1, computed through scores and weights
assigned to three main variables
• To facilitate reporting of the indicator, a tool will
automatically process the responses and provide an
indicator report for final validation by the country
Process for Indicator Reporting
http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166326/en

Focus and calculation method
Indicator
14.6.1
The questions specifically focus on the adherence and
implementation of different instruments used to combat
IUU fishing
Based on the responses to those questions, States will
score an indicator value between 0 and 1

Instruments covered by Indicator and Weighting
Adherence (binding instruments) and implementation of the
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (10%)
Development and implementation of a
national plan of action (NPOA) to combat IUU fishing in line with the IPOA-
IUU (30%)
2009 FAO Agreement on Port State Measures (30%)
Implementation of Flag State Responsibilities in the context of the
1993 FAO Compliance Agreement, and
FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance (20%)
1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (10%)

Methodology – Instrument applicability (scenarios)
Purpose: determine if any of the instruments are not applicable to their State
• initial set of questions define certain fishery related characteristics of the State
• Instruments that are not applicable will not be considered in the indicator score and the weighting
redistributed to applicable instruments

Questions covering adherence (binding instruments) and implementation of instruments
• The indicator score will develop as the user fills out the questionnaire
• Upon completion, the user will receive a report of the indicator for validation
Example instrument question set:
Methodology – Scoring

• 48 members (incl. EU) Party to the PSMA agreement
• 1st meeting of the Parties held in May 2017
• Capacity building programme in place, with financial
support from FAO, USA, Norway, Korea and Sweden
• Global Record of Fishing Vessels, Refrigerated Transport
Vessels and Supply Vessels launched in May 2017
• Catch Documentation Scheme has been approved in June
2017 by technical consultation
FAO program on Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated Fishing

Questions ?

Indicator 14.7.1
By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island
developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable
use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of
fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
Indicator 14.7.1 – Sustainable fisheries as a
percentage of GDP in small island developing States,
least developed countries and all countries
Contacts: joseph.catanzano@fao.org
william.emerson@fao.org
kim.friedman@fao.org
 Sustainable
fisheries as % of
GDP

Is a pipeline indicator – custodianship to be confirmed by FAO
Difficulties faced
Formulation of the indicator is unclear
Definition of income from ‘sustainable’ and ‘non sustainable is likely to be problematic
In consultation with SIDS, FAO started a reflection on a surrogate indicator that would:
 better reflect the target
 be feasible in terms of data collection
:

Is a pipeline indicator – custodianship to be confirmed by FAO
Some thoughts
GDP (a production indicator) doesn’t reflect well the complexity of modern society and
its social and cultural changes
Could we move to an indicator reflecting better well-being indicators, including
measures of income, consumption and wealth
Could we follow the …
Ocean delivered GDP growth as indicator of changes to living standards in SIDS
• Creates the possibility of a positive-sum game for society
• It should not be a percentage of total GDP as this changes for various reasons that
have no bearing on Ocean delivered GDP

Thanks for your attention – Q/A, e.g.
What have your country initiated towards SDG 14 indicators ?
What are main challenges which you perceive for their implementation ?
What kind of support do you expect from FAO ?
Contacts for SDG14 at FAO
SDG14.4.7 - joseph.catanzano@fao.org
william.emerson@fao.org
kim.friedman@fao.org
14.4.1 - Yimin.ye@fao.org
SDG14.4.6 - matthew.camillieri@fao.org
blaise.kuemlangan@fao.org
14.b.1 - Nicole.franz@fao.org
Jennifer.gee@fao.org

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