3. What is Life?
• Biology is the scientific
study of life
• Define life by listing basic
components
– Cell is basic unit of life
– Every organism is one or
more cells
– DNA used to produce
proteins
Figure 1.1 Informational
Molecule of Life.
4. Properties of Life
1. Organized
2. Uses energy
3. Maintains internal environment
4. Reproduces
5. Responds to the Environment
6. Grows, and develops
7. Evolves
5. Properties of Life
1) Order 2) Reproduction 3) Growth & Development
4) Energy Processing 5) Response to the Environment 6) Regulation
7) Evolutionary Adaptation
6. Properties of Life: Order
• Life has order and energy is required to
maintain this order
1) Order
7. Properties of Life: Reproduction
• Life Reproduces Itself, Grows, and Develops
– Asexual reproduction
• All offspring identical
– Sexual reproduction
• Offspring have new combination of traits
– Growth and development
9. Properties of Life: Growth and
Development
• Grow and Develop – cell division and
specialization until maturity
10. Properties of Life: Energy
• Every living thing needs energy to live
– Metabolism – sum of the chemical reactions in an
organisms that produce and use energy
• Living things classified by how get energy
– Producers – Autotrophs, make own food from nutrients
and non-living sources (sun)
– Consumer – Heterotroph, get energy by consuming other
organisms (dead or alive)
– Decomposer – Heterotroph, get energy from dead
organisms or wastes
• All types of organisms live together in ecosystem and
make a food web
12. Simple Food Web
Producers extract
energy
and nutrients from the
nonliving environment
Consumers obtain
energy and nutrients by
eating other organisms.
Decomposers are consumers
that obtain nutrients from dead
organisms and organic wastes.
15. Properties of Life: Respond to
Environment
• Life can sense and react to stimuli
• To do this, cells have to be in constant
environment (relatively!)
16. Properties of Life:
Regulation/Homeostasis
• Homeostasis – Process by which cell or
organisms maintains a state of internal
constancy or EQUILIBRIUM
• Ex. Your internal temperature is 37⁰C or 98.6⁰F
17. Properties of Life/Adaptation
• How life changes over time to become best
suited to its environment
– Adaptation – Inherited trait that make organisms
better suited to environment
• Better survival
• More successful reproduction
– Natural Selection – Through adaptation, a set of
traits that make one organism more successful
than another
• Enhanced reproductive success leading to more
individuals
21. Life is Organized
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Organelles
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organisms
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere
• Emergent Properties
– Interacting properties that
give an organisms a complex
function
– Change the structure, change
the function
– Interrupt the function too
much, structure breaks down
22. ATOM: The smallest chemical unit of
a type of pure substance (element).
Example: Lithium atom
MOLECULE: A group of joined
atoms.
Example: DNA
ORGANELLE: A membrane-bounded
structure that has a specific function
within a cell.
Example: Chloroplast
CELL: The fundamental unit of life.
Example: Leaf cell
TISSUE: A collection of specialized
cells that function in a coordinated
fashion.
Example: Epidermis of leaf
ORGAN: A structure consisting of
tissues organized to interact and
carry out specific functions.
Example: Leaf
COMMUNITY: All populations that
occupy the same region.
Example: All populations in a savanna
ECOSYSTEM: The living and nonliving
components of an area.
Example: The savanna
BIOSPHERE: The global ecosystem;
the parts of the planet and its
atmosphere where life is possible.
ORGANISM: A single living
individual.
Example: One tree
ORGAN SYSTEM: Organs connected
physically or chemically that function
together.
Example: Aboveground part of a plant
POPULATION: A group of the same
species of organism living in the same
place and time.
Example: Multiple acacia trees
30. Experimental Design
• Used to test hypotheses
– Can be controlled (in a lab) or in the natural environment
• What you need to consider
– Sample size – How many individuals or observations do
you have to make
– Variables – What can change in your experiment
• Independent Variable – The thing you change
• Dependent Variable – The response
• Standardized Variable – Constant
– Control – Provides basis for comparison
– Statistical Analysis – Math using your data to prove or or
disprove your hypotheses
31. Sample Experiment
Observations –
Fish community
looks different
when you change
the shoreline
Hypothesis – A change
in shoreline structure
will change the fish
community
Data Collection –
Seine sampling to
collect fish at sites
Sample Size –
Measure 10 fish
per species, total
count, total
biomass of all
fish in each haul
Control –
Control Sites –
those with no
change in shoreline
Impact Sites – those
with shoreline
change
Data Analysis –
Metrics (diversity,
species richness,
biomass), Statistical
analysis
Theory – Based
on data, the
fish community
is different at
control sites
than impact
sites
32. Case Study on the Scientific Method
Question: Why do baby coots have ornamental
plumage during the first three weeks of life?
Hypothesis: Bright ornamental plumage makes the
chicks more attractive to the parents and increases
survival
Prediction: If the hypothesis is supported, then
removing the ornamental plumage will decrease
survival (and body weight) of the chicks.
33. Case Study on the Scientific Method
Experimental Design: removed colorful plumage
None trimmed (control) All
trimmed (control)
½ trimmed (experimental)
34. Case Study on the Scientific Method
Data: Measured weight and survival of the chicks
CONCLUSIONS?
35. Basic vs. Applied Science
• Basic: “pure science,” gain knowledge
• Applied: “technology,” solve real-world
problems
Editor's Notes
Image from open stax
By Dr. Richard Feldmann (Photographer) [Public domain or Public domain], via Wiki,
This image was released by the National Cancer Institute, an agency part of the National Institutes of Health, with the ID 2130
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_DNA_molecule.jpg
"Helianthus whorl" by L. Shyamal - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helianthus_whorl.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Helianthus_whorl.jpg
Mother and baby sperm whale: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mother_and_baby_sperm_whale.jpg#filelinks
By Steve Hillebrand, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABrown_bear_eating_fish_in_river.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg
By Beatrice Murch from South America (Chomp) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Meal_worm_in_venus_fly_trap_1.jpg
By tajsonko (tajson) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATajson.jpg, By Vishalsh521 (Own work) [CC-BY-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKatydid_india.jpg
"Helianthus whorl" by L. Shyamal - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helianthus_whorl.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Helianthus_whorl.jpg
Chimpanzees: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_culture,
Otters: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMother_sea_otter_with_rare_twin_baby_pups_(9137192475).jpg,By Mike Baird from Morro Bay, USA [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Cactus: http://www.freefoto.com/preview/1501-22-52/Cactus, CC-BY-NC-ND
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg
By Beatrice Murch from South America (Chomp) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/
Tree: By Floyd Wilde from Cambridge, New Zealand (00027) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABright_green_tree_-_Waikato.jpg
Lion: By Aurelio Arias (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASnarling_lion.jpg
Mushroom: "Amanita muscaria (fly agaric)" by MichaelMaggs - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amanita_muscaria_(fly_agaric).JPG#mediaviewer/File:Amanita_muscaria_(fly_agaric).JPG
"Flounder camo md" by User:Moondigger - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flounder_camo_md.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Flounder_camo_md.jpg
NEED TO REPLACE IMAGE
Image content by Lumen Learning
Atom: “Schematicky atom” by. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schematicky_atom.png
DNA: “A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA” (image cropped to only B-DNA). By Zephyris at the English language Wikipedia. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-DNA,_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png
Chloroplast: “Chloroplast structure no text” by Kelvinsong. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chloroplast_structure_no_text.svg
Cell: “Plant cell structure no text” by Vivelefrat. Released into the public domain by copyright holder. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_cell_structure_no_text-2.svg
Tissue: “Leaf tissue structure” by Zephyris. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg
Leaf: “Folla Hortensia” by Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Folla_Hortensia_013eue.jpg
Organ system: “Exposed Tree Roots” by RichTea. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 2.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exposed_tree_roots,_River_Wharfe,_Barden_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_206506.jpg
Organism: “Exposed Tree Roots” by RichTea. Licensed under a CC-BY-SA 2.0 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exposed_tree_roots,_River_Wharfe,_Barden_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_206506.jpg
Population: “Acacia Bild” by Marco Schmidt. Licenced under a CC-BY-SA 2.5 Unported license. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_Bild1086.jpg
Community: “Group of Loxodonta africana” by Christopher T Cooper. Licensed under a CC-BY 3.0 Unported license. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Group_of_Loxodonta_africana_next_to_a_dirt_road_south-west_of_Salt_Lick_Game_Lodge_in_the_Taita_Hills_Wildlife_Sanctuary,_Kenya_5.jpg
Ecosystem: “Savanna and a dirt road” by Christopher T Cooper. Licensed under a CC-BY 3.0 Unported license. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Savanna_and_a_dirt_road_towards_the_south_from_the_south_of_Taita_Hills_Game_Lodge_within_the_Taita_Hills_Wildlife_Sanctuary_in_Kenya.jpg
Biosphere: “The Blue Marble” by NASA. (Public Domain)
“Phylogenentic Tree of Life” by NASA. (Public Domain). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg
Left: “Escherichia Coli” by Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH. (Public Domain). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg
Center: “Average prokaryote cell- unlabled” by LadyofHats. (Public Domain). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Average_prokaryote_cell-_unlabled.svg
Right top: “R. Muir, Bacteriological Atlas, 1927” by Wellcome Images. Licensed under a CC-BY 4.0 International license. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:R._Muir,_Bacteriological_Atlas,_1927_Wellcome_L0030997.jpg
Right bottom: “Gram Stain Anthrax: by John A. Jernigan, Emerging Infectious Disease. (Public Domain). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg
Top Left: “Grand Prismatic Spring” by Jim Peaco, National Park Service. (Public Domain). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_prismatic_spring.jpg
Bottom Left: “Acid Min Drainage” by Carol Stoker, NASA. (Public Domain). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg
Right: “Infected Archaea Sulfolobus” by Vojtech Dostal (modified from Xiaoyu Xiang). Released into public domain by copyright holder. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RT8-4_scale.jpg