12. Decreases
• Atomic number increases from left to right.
• This means the nuclear charge increases.
• The electrostatic forces between the nucleus
and electrons increase, pulling electrons closer.
• Thereby decreasing the atomic radius.
13. I
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
• The main energy levels increase by one
as you move down one period, thus
taking up more space.
• The valence electrons are further away
from the core.
• The electrons from the inner orbitals
shield the outer electrons,
• Which weakens the attractive forces of
the core on the outer electrons.
21. • When the first electron is removed, the
nuclear charge increases, holding the
remaining electrons tighter.
• To remove the next electron requires
more energy.
22. The change in energy
when an electron is added
to a neutral atom or ion in
the gaseous phase.
Electron affinity