The document discusses several theories related to learner development, including Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, Freud's components of personality and psychosexual stages, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory including the zone of proximal development, Kohlberg's stages of moral development, and Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory. The theories provide frameworks for understanding learners and their development, and should be explained, appreciated for that purpose, and applied to teaching-learning situations.

1. FOCUS ON THE LEARNER

2. The principal goal of education is to
create men who are capable of doing
new things, not simply repeating what
other generations have done – men
who are creative, inventive and
discovers.
-Jean Piaget

3. TAKE THE CHALLENGE!
In this Module, challenge yourself to:
* explain the salient concepts and
principles of the major development
theories.
* demonstrate appreciation of how
these theories provide a
framework for
understanding learners.
* apply these theories to teaching-
learning situations.

4. Theories
Related to
the Learners’
Development
Erikson 8
Pscho-social
Stages of
Development
Piaget 4
stages of
Cognitive
Development
Brofenbrener
Bio-Ecological
Systems
Vgotsky
-On Language
-Zone of
Proximal
Development
Kohlberg 3
Stages and 6
Substages of
Moral
Development
Freud 3
Components of
Personality 5
Phychosexual
Stages of
Development

5. FREUD’S COMPONENTS OF THE
PERSONALITY
ID- pleasure-centered
EGO- relity-centered
SUPEREGO- ego ideal or
conscience

6. FREUD’S PYCHO-SEXUAL STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
ORAL STAGE
ANAL STAGE
PHALLIC STAGE
LATENCY STAGE
GENITAL STAGE

7. PIAGET 4 STAGES OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
SENSORY MOTOR
PRE-OPERATIONAL
CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL
FORMAL-OPERATIONAL

8. “Healthy children will not fear life if
their elders have integrity enough
not to fear death”

9. ERIKSON’S PYCHO-SOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
STAGE CRISIS SIGNIFICANT
PERSON
MALADPTATI
ON
MALIGNANC
Y
VIRTUE
1. Trust vs.
Mistrust
Infancy Overtrusting Withdrawal HOPE
2. Autonomy vs.
Shame and
Doubt
Early
Childhood
18mos-4
Impulsiveness Compulsivene
ss
WILLPOWER
3. Initiative vs.
Guilt
Early
Childhood
4-6
Ruthlessness Inhibition COURAGE
4. Industry vs.
Inferiority
Schoolage Narrow
Virtuosity
Inertia COMPETENC
Y
5. Ego identity
vs. Role
Confusion
Adolescence Fantacism Repudiation FIDELITY
6. Intimacy Young
Adulthood
Promiscuity Exculsion LOVE
7. Generativity
vs. Stagnation
Middle
Adulthood
Over
extension
Rejectivity CARE
8. Integrity vs.
Despair
Late
Adulthood
Presumption Disdain WISDOM

10. KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
PRE-
CONVENTIONAL
STAGE1 PUNISHMENT/OBEDIENCE
STAGE4 LAW AND ORDER
POST-
CONVENTIONAL
STAGE5 SOCIAL CONTRACT
CONVENTIONAL
STAGE2 MUTUAL BENEFIT
STAGE3 SOCIAL APPROVAL
STAGE6 UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES

11. VGOTSKY’S SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY
MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE OTHER (MKO)
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
(ZPD)
SCAFFOLDING

12. BRONFENBRENNER’S BIO-ECOLOGICAL
THEORY
THE INDIVIDUAL
MICROSYSTEM
MESOSYSTEM
EXOSYSTEM
MACROSYSTEM