7. The English Language Timeline Stage 1: Old English (OE) from 450 – 1150 Stage 2: Middle English (ME) from 1150 – 1450 Stage 3: Early Modern English (EME) from 1450 – 1750 Stage 4: Modern English (ModE) from about 1750
The saga relates the story of two Icelandic poets Gunnlaugr ormstunga and Hrafn Önundarson , and their competition for the love of Helga the Fair, granddaughter of Egill Skallagrímsson . The story opens with a prophetic dream of two eagles fighting over a swan, prefiguring the love triangle in the story. The narrative then follows Gunnlaugr and is sympathetic towards him as it describes his ambitious career as a court poet across Scandinavia and the British Isles. He first competes with Hrafn in verse and later in battle. The saga has similarities to earlier sagas of poets, such as Kormáks saga and Bjarnar saga , but it is more refined and elegant with strong characterization and emotional impact. Long considered a masterpiece, the saga is often read by beginning students of Old Norse literature. [2] Printed with a Latin translation and commentary already in 1775, it was the first of the Icelanders' sagas to be published in a scholarly edition. [3] Den gongen rådde kong Adalråd Jåtgeirsson over England, og var ein god hovding. Han sat i London den vinteren. Den gongen hadde dei same tungemålet i England som i Noreg og Danmark . Men dei skifte tungemål i England då Vilhjlam Bastard (Wilhelm Erobreren) vann landet De norske vikingene prøvde også, uten hell riktignok, å underlegge seg England. Den norske rikskongen Harald Hardrådes mislykkede forsøk ved Stamford bru (1066), markerer forresten slutten på vikingtida. I Heimskringla forteller Snorre om nordmannen Styrkår, som kom seg unna i dette slaget. Her møter han en engelsk bonde. Samtalen viser oss at det nordiske språket var velkjent langt ut over våre hjemlige trakter:
Ohthere of Hålogaland ( Norwegian : Ottar fra Hålogaland ) was a Viking adventurer from Hålogaland . Around 890 AD he travelled to England , where Alfred the Great , king of Wessex , had his tales written down. Ohthere reported that he lived "north-most of all the Northmen", and that "no-one [lived] to the north of him". [1] He spoke of his travels north to the White Sea , and south to Denmark and England , describing his route. He also spoke of the Sami people (Finnas), and of two mysterious peoples called the "Cwenas" and the "Beormas". While the identity and homeland of the Cwenas remain subject for discussion , Ohthere reported that the Beormas spoke a language related to that of the Sami people, and lived in an area of the White Sea region. This is marked on the accompanying map as " Bjarmland ", and has been seen by some as a reference to people of the Old Permic culture. Ohthere's story is the earliest known written source for the terms " Norway " and " Denmark ". [2] [ citation needed ] Ohthere is believed to have come from Troms , probably somewhere north of Harstad , perhaps the island of Senja , where today's Lenvik is seen as a likely home; or possibly further north, for example from either of the islands of Kvaløya and Karlsøy . [ citation needed ]
Recieved here is to be understood in its 19th century sense of accepted in polite societies. While British society has changed a good deal since then we still have RP which reminds us of accents in upper scale