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Latest Developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Scholwin
- 1. Developments
in
Biogas
Cleaning
&
Upgrading
Technologies
www.biogasundenergie.de
Frank
Scholwin
(Ins>tute
for
Biogas,
Waste
Management
&
Energy,
Weimar)
Johan
Grope
(Ins>tute
for
Biogas,
Waste
Management
&
Energy,
Weimar)
01.10.2014
Nür>ngen
- 2. Ins>tute
for
Biogas,
Waste
Management
and
Energy
Scien2fic
Consul2ng
Expert
reviews
Energy
virtual
ins2tute
Prof.
Frank
Scholwin
&
associated
experts
Waste
Manage-‐
ment
Biogas
technology
Services
for
systems
integra2on.
Networking.
Knowledge
Transfer.
Publica2on.
Long
term
experiences
in
consul2ng
and
research.
Na2onal
and
interna2onal
mulidisciplinary
network.
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 3. A
view
into
the
early
history
PSA
Water
Scrubber
Selexol
Landfill
&
Sewage
sludge
gas
US
NZ
1
1981
NL
5
1986
Membrane
11
units
1993
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 4. A
view
into
the
early
history
–
drivers
&
compe>>on
R&D
ac2vi2es
Alterna2ve
use
of
local
available
(renewable)
fuel
US
NZ
1
1981
NL
~3
1986
~5
suppliers
1993
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 5. A
view
into
the
developing
history
Landfill
&
11
1993
Water
Scrubber
Membrane
PSA
Sewage
sludge
gas
Organic
scrubbers
+
organic
waste,
manure….
IS
19
1998
Chemical
scrubbers
CAN
39
units
2003
CH
S
F
N
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 6. A
view
into
the
developing
history
–
drivers
&
compe>>on
R&D
ac>vi>es
Alterna2ve
use
of
local
available
~5
1993
~8
1998
Strategic
enforcement
&
incen2ves
renewable
fuel
~10
suppliers
2003
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 7. A
view
into
the
last
years
history
Water
Scrubber
PSA
Organic
scrubbers
Landfill
&
Sewage
sludge
gas
+
organic
waste,
manure….
S
39
2003
Amine
scrubbers
+
energy
crops
130
E
N
UK
2008
Membrane
UK,
I,
Asia,
N
?
280
units
India
BRA
Many
more….
2014
A
J
CH
D
FIN
I
DK
NL
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 8. A
view
into
the
last
years
history
–
drivers
&
compe>>on
Strategic
enforcement
&
incen2ves
Strong
environmental
requirements
Intensive
compe22on
New
markets
Increased
use
of
the
only
available
alterna2ve
to
natural
gas
~10
2003
~12
2008
~40
suppliers
2014
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 9. Developments
–
biogas
cleaning
! Independent
on
applica>on,
cleaning
is
most
important
to
reduce
maintenance
&
upgrading
costs
! Biogas
drying:
technical
drying
promises
less
corrosion
&
longer
maintenance
intervals,
zeolites
are
an
op>on
! Desulphurisa>on:
no
clear
trend
! Internal
biological:
cost
efficient
for
1st
stage;
but
N2-‐source
! Internal
chemical:
costly
! External:
most
efficient
• Biological
processes
• Adsorp>on
! O2
removal
with
ABC4O7
materials
A
=
rare
earth
element;
B
=
Barium
C
=
Cobalt
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 10. Developments
–
upgraded
gas
quality
! All
required
gas
specifica>ons
of
European
gas
grids
can
be
fulfilled
! High
pressure
transmission
&
underground
gas
storages:
oxygen
concentra>on
requirements
s>ll
a
challenge
! All
impuri>es
can
be
reduced
to
the
detec>on
limits
Ø Landfill
gas
upgrading
is
an
increasing
topic
(out
of
central
Europe)
! Development
of
methods
and
measurement
standards
(e.g.
European
Metrology
Research
Programme)
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 11. Market
share
Source:
Persson
2014,
IEA
task
37
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 12. Developments
–
methane
slip
! Increased
environmental
requirements
&
cost
efficiency
are
drivers
! Slip
is
reduced
from
~10
%
in
the
first
plants
to
less
than
2
%
at
all
technologies
today
! <
1%
at
water
scrubbers,
membranes
with
more
stages,
organic
scrubbers
! <
0.1%
amine
scrubbers
! Increased
selec>vity
of
membranes
! Typically
less
than
0.5%
can
be
guaranteed
! Regularly
used
for
process
heat
supply
! Oxyda>on
technologies
available
at
all
technology
suppliers
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 13. Developments
–
energy
consump>on
! Increased
environmental
requirements
&
cost
efficiency
are
drivers
for
R&D
ac>vi>es
! Decreased
opera>onal
pressures
(water
scrubber,
amine
scrubber,
organic
scrubbers,
PSA)
! Decreased/op>mised
temperature
(water
scrubber,
amine
scrubber
–
e.g.
desorp>on
with
vacuum
at
temperatures
below
100
°C)
! Use
of
internally
availabel
heat
sources
(e.g.
compressors)
! Combina>on
of
both
(amine
scrubber)
for
site
adap>on
! Improved
amine
mixtures
&
enzyme
addi>ves
! Electricity
demand
<
0,2
kWh/m³
offered
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 14. Developments
–
new
markets
! LNG
market
develops
–
LBG
is
an
addi>onal
op>on
for
biogas
• Higher
energy
density
• Increased
efforts
&
energy
demand
for
produc>on
! Pure
Liquid
Carbon
Dioxide
as
valuable
by
product
! Synergies
with
PtG
technologies
Some key and
figures
gasifica>on
! Biomethane
as
carbon
resource
in
Biorefineries
• Investment 20 MEUR
incl. 4 MEUR from State Subsidy
• Condensation requires
1 kWh per Nm3 biomethane
• Three times as much energy per
volume unit. (vs. biogas at 200 bar)
• 2 – 5 times as much energy on each
transport.
• 5,75 kWh/liter LBG
• LNG/LBG-blend is competitive!
• Operational since April 2012
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 15. Developments
–
technologies
&
synergies
! Technology
combina>ons
offer
improved
opera>onal
performance
or
bener
product
quality
! Waste
heat
u>lisa>on
(e.g.
from
compressors
&
RTO)
! Small
scale
upgrading
seems
to
have
a
market
(membranes,
water
scrubber,
PSA)
! Upgrading
technologies
go
towards
low
cost
solu>ons
outsides
Europe
(Brazil,
India)
! Landfill
gas
will
play
an
increasing
role
(out
of
central
Europe)
! South
America
and
Southeast
Asia
seem
to
be
the
most
growing
markets.
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 16. Developments
–
emerging
technologies
! Cryogenic
gas
separa>on:
1
pilot
plant
! High
pressure
water
scrubber:
small
scale
applica>ons
are
working
! Some
technologies
in
research
scale
• PCC
precipitated
calcium
carbonate;
• internal
enrichment,
pressurised
fermenta>on
• Ash
filter
(CO2
is
fixed
by
calcium
oxide
under
the
forma>on
of
calcite)
• Temperature
swing
adsorp>on
• Solid
state
amine
adsorp>on
! Upgraded
biogas
will
play
a
role
in
Power
to
Gas
technologies
• Renewable
CO2
source
• Combined
with
electrolysers
increased
methane
yields
(microbial
methane
enrichment)
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 17. Specific
investment
costs
Source:
Persson
2014,
IEA
task
37
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 18. Specific
energy
demand
To
be
observed:
product
gas
is
supplied
at
different
pressures!
Source:
Persson
2014,
IEA
task
37
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 19. Conclusion
! Rapid
market
growth
in
Europe
and
interna>onal
! Process
efficiency
raised
strongly
in
the
past
! Energy
demand
and
waste
energy
u>lisa>on
! Reduced
methane
slip
! Increased
methane
recovery
! No
general
advantages
of
a
single
technology
visible
! High
dependency
on
the
given
economical
framework
! Local
situa>on
defines
technology
choice
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
19
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 20. ©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
www.biogasundenergie.de
- 21. Biogas
–
Key
technology
in
Energy
and
material
cycle
of
the
future
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
Ins2tute
for
Biogas,
Waste
Management
&
Energy
Henßstraße
9,
D-‐99423
Weimar
Tel
+49
(0)3643
-‐
7
40
23
64
Mobil
+49
(0)177
-‐
2
88
56
23
Fax
+49
(0)3643
-‐
7
40
23
63
scholwin@biogasundenergie.de
www.biogasundenergie.de
You
want
to
go
deeper
into
renewable
gas
technologies?
Come
to:
2nd
Renewable
Gas
Technology
Conference
7-‐8
May
2015,
Barcelona
www.regatec.org
©
2014
Ins>tut
für
Biogas,
KreislaufwirtschaN
&
Energie,
Prof.
Dr.-‐Ing.
Frank
Scholwin
21
www.biogasundenergie.de
