ACT 2014 Introduction to Shared Use Mobility-Carsharing and Bikesharing Trends and Research

1. Introduction to
Shared-Use Mobility:
Carsharing and Bikesharing Trends & Research
Susan A. Shaheen, Ph.D.
University of California, Berkeley
2014 ACT International Conference
August 5, 2014

2. Overview
• Carsharing definitions & growth
• Key research findings in carsharing
• Bikesharing definitions & growth
• Key findings in bikesharing
• Related research underway at TSRC

3. Roundtrip Carsharing:
A fleet of autos used for round trips that
require users to pay by hour or mile.
Peer-to-Peer Carsharing:
Shared use of private vehicle typically
managed by third party
One-Way Carsharing:
A fleet of autos used for point-to-point
trips, facilitated by parking agreements
Fractional Ownership Carsharing:
Individuals sublease or subscribe to a
vehicle owned by a third party
Many forms of carsharingCarsharing

4. Carsharing Membership Growth: Americas
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
U.S. 12,098 25,640 52,347 76,420 102,993 184,292 279,234 323,681 448,574 560,572 806,332 995,926
Canada 3,909 7,007 10,001 11,932 15,663 26,878 39,664 53,916 67,526 78,856 101,502 147,670
Mexico 750 2,654
Brazil 98 347 910 2,884
Americas 16,007 32,647 62,348 88,352 118,656 211,170 318,898 377,597 516,198 639,775 909,494 1,149,13
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Members
U.S. Canada Mexico Brazil Americas
Shaheen, 2013

5.
Member Share by Business Model
July
2012
July
2013
Carsharing
Operators
in
the
Americas
Rental
17% One-
Way
6%
Indep
76%
Rental
80%
One-
Way
12%
Indep
8%
N = 47 N = 46

6. Carsharing Vehicle Growth: Americas
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
U.S. 455 696 907 1,192 2,561 5,104 5,840 7,722 8,120 7,776 12,634 16,811
Canada 231 397 521 599 779 1,388 1,667 2,046 2,285 2,605 3,143 3,910
Mexico 18 40
Brazil 12 18 58 46
Americas 686 1,093 1,428 1,791 3,340 6,492 7,507 9,768 10,417 10,399 15,853 20,807
-
4,000
8,000
12,000
16,000
20,000
24,000
Vehicles
U.S. Canada Mexico Brazil Americas
Shaheen, 2013

7.
Vehicle Share by Business Model
Carsharing Operators in the Americas
Rental
14%
One-
Way
10%
Indep
76%
Rental
70%
One-
Way
16%
Indep
14%
July
2012
July
2013
N = 47 N = 46

8.
2008 N. American Carsharing Survey
•
Survey
implemented
from
Sept.
to
Nov.
2008
•
~9,500
completed
surveys;
analysis
based
on
6,281
hhds
•
Completion
rate
~80%
•
Online
survey
challenging
• Took
between
10
to
15
minutes
for
most
respondents
to
complete
Martin,
Shaheen,
Lidicker,
2010

9.
Participating Organizations
American
- City CarShare
- CityWheels
- Community Car
- Community Carshare of
Bellingham
- Igo
- PhillyCarShare
- Zipcar
Canadian
- AutoShare
- Communauto
- Co-operative Auto Network
- VrtuCar
- Zipcar

10.
2008 N. American Carsharing Survey
Key Findings
• Between 9 to 13 vehicles removed, including
postponed purchase
• 4 to 6 vehicles/carsharing vehicle sold due to
carsharing
• 25% sell a vehicle; 25% postpone purchases
• Net CO2 reduction of ~27%
Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010

11. Public Bikesharing:
Fleet of bicycles for short, point-to-
point trips usually found at stations
Closed Community Bikesharing:
Campuses and closed membership,
mainly roundtrip
Peer-to-Peer Bikesharing:
Rent or borrow hourly or daily from
individuals or bike rental shops
Exponential growth in urban areasBikesharing

12. Bikesharing in the Americas:
As of January 1, 2013
Shaheen et al., 2014

13. Member Survey: 2013
Shaheen
et
al.,
2014

14. 2013 Member Survey: Demographics
Compared to general population,
bikesharing users tend to be…
• Wealthier
• More educated
• Younger
• Caucasian
• Male
Shaheen et al., 2014

15. Some Public Bikesharing Impacts
Shaheen et al., 2012
Montreal -3.60% 36.30%
Toronto -2.00% 25.40%
Washington DC -2.10% 41.0%
Minneapolis-Saint Paul -1.90% 52.4%
City
Change in Vehicle
Ownership
Respondents
Driving Less Often

16. Mapping Modal Shifts
• Where in the city are people shifting toward
and away from public transit?
• What are the land use attributes associated
with modal shift in both directions?
• To begin to explore these questions, we
mapped modal shift within two US Cities: DC
and Twin Cities, MN

17. Shifts in Rail: Summary
• While bikesharing in Washington, DC appears
to lower overall rail ridership, it seems to
increase rail ridership in outer suburban
regions
• Bikesharing opens up additional capacity on
congested bus and rail lines in urban core,
particularly at rush hour
• Shifts toward rail occur in downtown core of
Twin Cities and in peripheral regions

18. Modal Shift to and from Rail in Washington, DC
Martin and Shaheen, 2014

19. Modal Shift to and from Rail in Minneapolis
Martin and Shaheen, 2014

20. Response
Categories Montreal Toronto Minneapolis-­‐Saint
Paul Salt
Lake
City Mexico
City
Lower
cost
and
faster
travel 25% 48% 0% 0% 28%
Just
lower
cost 5% 9% 7% 0% 2%
Too
many
connections
(not
have
to
transfer)
3% 2% 7% 0% 6%
Just
faster
travel 14% 14% 14% 40% 12%
Improve
travel
time
reliability
4% 7% 0% 60% 6%
Want
to
get
exercise 31% 8% 50% 0% 17%
Public
transit
vehicle
is
crowded
6% 6% 0% 0% 18%
No
space
for
my
bike,
which
I
use
to
connect
0% 0% 0% 0% 2%
I
consider
it
safer
to
travel
with
bikesharing
1% 0% 7% 0% 2%
Not
applicable 1% 2% 0% 0% 3%
Other,
please
specify: 8% 5% 14% 0% 3%
Total
N 631 491 14 5 577
What
is
the
primary
reason
that
you
are
using
the
rail
LESS
because
of
bikesharing?
Shaheen
et
al.,
2014

21. Shifts in Bus: Summary
• In DC, bus shift is very similar to rail ridership
• Few reported increasing bus use in urban
core; those shifting to bus use are distributed
toward the edges of District
• In Twin Cities, bus shift is distributed within
urban core and suburban periphery
• Bikesharing could be acting as bus substitute
in Twin Cities and does not function as first-
last mile solution as it does with rail

22. Modal Shift to and from Bus in Washington, DC
Martin and Shaheen, 2014

23. Modal Shift to and from Bus in Minneapolis
Martin and Shaheen, 2014

24. TSRC– UC Berkeley: Research Underway
• 2013 N. American bikesharing study*
• P2P carsharing survey*
• Analysis of casual carpooling in SF*
• On-demand ride services/TNCs survey (SF)*
• Carsharing – electric bikesharing pilot (Bay
Area)
• N. American one-way carsharing study
• Carsharing insurance risk analysis
• Bikesharing safety study
• Carsharing trends tracking*
*Summer/Fall 2014 release of reports or early data findings

25. Reference
1
“Evaluating Public Transit Modal Shift Dynamics in
Response to Bikesharing: A Tale of Two U.S. Bikesharing
Cities,” Elliot Martin and Susan Shaheen, 2014 (In Press)
Journal of Transport Geography

26. www.tsrc.berkeley.edu