The document discusses various tooth numbering systems. It begins with a brief history of early notation systems from Latin and German. It then describes several modern systems including the Universal, Zsigmondy, and FDI systems. The Universal system uses numbers 1-32 for permanents and letters A-T for primary teeth. Zsigmondy uses symbols to denote quadrants and numbers for position. FDI is a two-digit system denoting quadrant and tooth type. The document provides advantages and disadvantages of each system.
Difference between primary and permanent teethprincesoni3954
The presentation features the basic difference between primary and permanent dentition. The differences are tabulated under the headings of crown, roor and pulp.
This document summarizes tooth eruption, including the physiological phases and mechanisms involved. It discusses preeruptive, eruptive, and posteruptive tooth movement and the histological changes that occur during each phase, such as root formation, remodeling of the bony crypt, and traction of the periodontal ligament. Key cellular and molecular events like the roles of PTHrP, EGF, and TGF-α are outlined. The chronology of eruption of the primary and permanent dentition is presented, as well as clinical considerations like natal teeth, teething, and impacted or submerged teeth.
1. The document provides guidance on class I cavity preparation for amalgam and composite restorations. It describes the different types of class I preparations including conservative and extensive preparations.
2. Guidelines are provided on ideal outline form, resistance and retention forms, tooth preparation sequence, and use of liners and bases. Considerations for tooth preparation with amalgam versus composite are also discussed.
3. The summary focuses on key steps and guidelines for class I cavity preparation to help the reader understand the essential information for restoring class I lesions.
This document discusses various theories of tooth eruption and the phases of tooth eruption. It summarizes six main theories of tooth eruption: root elongation theory, bone remodeling theory, periodontal ligament contraction theory, hydrostatic pressure theory, pulp constriction theory, and dental follicle theory. It states that the periodontal ligament contraction theory, whereby fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament contract to apply an axial force, is the most widely accepted. It also outlines the three phases of tooth eruption: pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases.
True generalized microdontia involves all teeth being smaller than normal and is seen in cases of pituitary dwarfism. Macrodontia refers to teeth being larger than normal. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at division of a single tooth germ. Taurodontism is the enlargement of the tooth body and pulp chamber with displacement of the pulpal floor. Amelogenesis imperfecta represents hereditary defects of enamel formation. Dentinogenesis imperfecta affects dentin formation resulting in teeth that are gray to yellowish-brown.
This document provides information on the anatomy of permanent mandibular molars. It describes the identifying features, anatomical aspects, and differences between upper and lower molars for the mandibular first, second, and third molars. Key details include the number and shape of cusps, developmental grooves, roots, and contact areas for each tooth. Differences between upper and lower molars are also summarized such as the number of roots, presence of an oblique ridge, and shape of cusps on the mesial aspect.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including:
- Its physical characteristics, composition, classification, and formation process (cementogenesis).
- The cells involved in cementum formation and maintenance, including cementoblasts and cementocytes.
- Its locations and junctions with other tissues like enamel and dentin.
- The functions of cementum in anchoring teeth, adaptation, and repair.
- Some developmental anomalies and abnormalities that can affect cementum.
Difference between primary and permanent teethprincesoni3954
The presentation features the basic difference between primary and permanent dentition. The differences are tabulated under the headings of crown, roor and pulp.
This document summarizes tooth eruption, including the physiological phases and mechanisms involved. It discusses preeruptive, eruptive, and posteruptive tooth movement and the histological changes that occur during each phase, such as root formation, remodeling of the bony crypt, and traction of the periodontal ligament. Key cellular and molecular events like the roles of PTHrP, EGF, and TGF-α are outlined. The chronology of eruption of the primary and permanent dentition is presented, as well as clinical considerations like natal teeth, teething, and impacted or submerged teeth.
1. The document provides guidance on class I cavity preparation for amalgam and composite restorations. It describes the different types of class I preparations including conservative and extensive preparations.
2. Guidelines are provided on ideal outline form, resistance and retention forms, tooth preparation sequence, and use of liners and bases. Considerations for tooth preparation with amalgam versus composite are also discussed.
3. The summary focuses on key steps and guidelines for class I cavity preparation to help the reader understand the essential information for restoring class I lesions.
This document discusses various theories of tooth eruption and the phases of tooth eruption. It summarizes six main theories of tooth eruption: root elongation theory, bone remodeling theory, periodontal ligament contraction theory, hydrostatic pressure theory, pulp constriction theory, and dental follicle theory. It states that the periodontal ligament contraction theory, whereby fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament contract to apply an axial force, is the most widely accepted. It also outlines the three phases of tooth eruption: pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases.
True generalized microdontia involves all teeth being smaller than normal and is seen in cases of pituitary dwarfism. Macrodontia refers to teeth being larger than normal. Geminated teeth arise from an attempt at division of a single tooth germ. Taurodontism is the enlargement of the tooth body and pulp chamber with displacement of the pulpal floor. Amelogenesis imperfecta represents hereditary defects of enamel formation. Dentinogenesis imperfecta affects dentin formation resulting in teeth that are gray to yellowish-brown.
This document provides information on the anatomy of permanent mandibular molars. It describes the identifying features, anatomical aspects, and differences between upper and lower molars for the mandibular first, second, and third molars. Key details include the number and shape of cusps, developmental grooves, roots, and contact areas for each tooth. Differences between upper and lower molars are also summarized such as the number of roots, presence of an oblique ridge, and shape of cusps on the mesial aspect.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including:
- Its physical characteristics, composition, classification, and formation process (cementogenesis).
- The cells involved in cementum formation and maintenance, including cementoblasts and cementocytes.
- Its locations and junctions with other tissues like enamel and dentin.
- The functions of cementum in anchoring teeth, adaptation, and repair.
- Some developmental anomalies and abnormalities that can affect cementum.
Developmental disturbances of the TeethChelsea Mareé
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect the teeth, including size, number and eruption, shape/form, and enamel and dentin defects. For size, it describes microdontia and macrodontia, covering true generalized, relative generalized, and focal/localized variations. For number and eruption, it discusses supernumerary teeth, anodontia (complete, partial, and other types), and impaction. Shape/form disturbances include crown variations like fusion, gemination, taurodontism, talon's cusp, and dens invaginatus, as well as root anomalies. Finally, it covers defects of enamel and dentin, focusing on amelogenesis imperfecta.
A detailed look at the differences between the human primary and permanent dentition. Hope you find this informative. for further queries, please contact at dr.mathewthomasm@gmail.com.
It is a presentation in detail about the strongest structure of the oral cavity "ENAMEL". It is a simple topic but people find it difficult to learn about it. I hope my presentation is a simple method to learn about it. I would like to thank my professors for assign me this project and i learn't a lot from it and still learning my basics daily.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
This document discusses the morphology of primary (deciduous) teeth. It provides background information on primary teeth and their importance. It then describes the morphology of each individual primary tooth, including their dimensions, root shape, pulp cavity shape, and features seen from different aspects. The teeth described include the maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, and first molars.
The document discusses the complex process of tooth development from initiation to eruption. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial bands and dental lamina between 6-7 weeks in utero, which give rise to the tooth buds. The buds progress through stages of proliferation, histodifferentiation, and morphodifferentiation to form the crown and root structures. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is responsible for root formation and shape before teeth erupt into the oral cavity.
This document provides information on the steps of cavity preparation, including defining cavity preparation, the objectives and principles. It describes Black's classification system for cavities in 6 classes. The steps of cavity preparation outlined include obtaining the outline form and initial depth, primary resistance and retention forms, and convenience form. It also discusses final cavity preparation steps like removing remaining decay, providing pulp protection, and finishing enamel walls and margins.
The document discusses dental impression materials. It provides details on the classification, composition, properties, manipulation and applications of various impression materials including alginate, agar, impression compound, zinc oxide eugenol and silicone impressions materials. Impression materials are classified based on their setting mechanism and elasticity into rigid or elastic materials that set via a chemical reaction or temperature change. The document describes the key ingredients, setting reactions, advantages and disadvantages of different impression materials.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation (conservative dentistry)Adwiti Vidushi
Tooth preparation involves altering a tooth to receive a restorative material and reestablish health. It has initial and final stages. The initial stage establishes an outline form and primary resistance and retention forms. The outline form removes weakened enamel and extends to sound margins. Primary resistance form uses a box shape to resist forces, while primary retention form uses converging walls for amalgam and bonding for composites. Convenience form provides access and ease of operation.
The document summarizes the development of teeth from the dental lamina. It discusses how the primary epithelial band forms and divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina. Tooth buds then develop from the dental lamina, forming the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle. Teeth progress through developmental stages including the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and root formation. The dental lamina gives rise to both primary and permanent teeth before degenerating.
The document discusses the structure and development of dentin. It describes dentin as the layer beneath enamel that provides shape and structure to teeth. Dentin forms in stages that mirror tooth development from the lamina bud stage through late bell stage. Key features of dentin include dentinal tubules that contain odontoblastic processes and layers like peritubular dentin, intertubular dentin, and predentin near the pulp. Dentin is laid down in primary, secondary, and tertiary forms throughout life.
The document discusses the fundamentals of cavity preparation, including its definition, objectives, and historical development. It covers factors that affect cavity preparation as well as terminology, classification, and the stages of initial and final tooth preparation. The key principles of cavity preparation are to remove all defective tooth structure, protect the pulp, and provide retention for the restorative material. Modern cavity preparation techniques favor prevention of extension and minimal intervention.
A Complete presentation explaining the complete morphology of Maxillary first molar, for the benefit of people like me who tried and failed to find everything in one package
This document summarizes various dental anomalies and disturbances in development. It describes microdontia, macrodontia, anodontia, supernumerary teeth, disturbances in eruption such as premature/delayed eruption and impacted teeth. It also discusses taurodontism, dens invaginatus, gemination, fusion and other dental anomalies affecting shape and structure. Environmental factors that can affect enamel development are described. Finally it summarizes disturbances in dentin formation including dentinogenesis imperfecta.
This document outlines the 9 steps in cavity preparation for class I dental restorations:
1. Outlining the cavity and initial depth preparation.
2. Developing the primary resistance form to withstand forces.
3. Adding primary retention features like cavity convergence.
4. Adding convenience features for restoration placement.
5. Removing infected material and old restorations.
6. Applying pulp protection as needed.
7. Adding secondary resistance and retention features like bonding agents.
8. Finishing external walls for optimal margins.
9. Cleaning, inspecting, and sealing the preparation prior to restoration.
The document summarizes the key anatomical features of the permanent maxillary molars. It describes the first, second, and third maxillary molars, focusing on their roots, cusps, occlusal outlines, and distinguishing characteristics. The first molar is the largest with well-developed roots and cusps. The second molar is smaller with less divergent roots. The third molar is the smallest with shorter, often fused roots and variable occlusal morphology including sometimes absent cusps or congenitally missing teeth.
This document provides an overview of tooth morphology basics, including:
- The primary and permanent dentition, with 20 primary teeth and 32 permanent teeth.
- Three main tooth identification systems: the Universal Numbering System, Palmer Notation System, and International Numbering System.
- The four main tissue categories that make up teeth: enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
- Dental terminology used to describe different tooth surfaces and structures.
- The anatomy and morphology of tooth crowns and roots, including features like cusps, ridges, grooves, and root bifurcations.
This document defines key terms related to cavity preparation and outlines the objectives and basic principles and steps of cavity preparation. It discusses definitions of cavities and tooth preparation. The objectives of cavity preparation are to remove caries and create a foundation for the restoration. The basic principles outlined by GV Black include biologic, mechanical, and esthetic principles. The main steps are 1) outline form, 2) resistance and retention form, 3) convenience form, 4) removal of remaining caries, 5) finishing cavity walls, and 6) toilet of the cavity. Resistance and retention forms are designed to resist forces and retain the restoration.
This document provides an overview of tooth numbering systems and anatomical landmarks. It describes the primary and permanent dentition, including their numbers, eruption patterns and dental formulas. Two common numbering systems are described for each - the Universal system and FDI system for primary and permanent teeth. Key anatomical features are defined, including crowns, roots, surfaces, ridges, grooves, lobes and line/point angles. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to dental anatomy terminology.
The document introduces three popular tooth numbering systems:
1) Palmer notation system - Uses letters and numbers to denote primary and permanent teeth respectively.
2) Universal notation system - Numbers permanent teeth 1-32 from upper right to lower left and uses uppercase letters for primary teeth.
3) FDI system - Uses a two-digit system where the first digit denotes quadrant and second denotes tooth within that quadrant.
Developmental disturbances of the TeethChelsea Mareé
This document discusses various developmental disturbances that can affect the teeth, including size, number and eruption, shape/form, and enamel and dentin defects. For size, it describes microdontia and macrodontia, covering true generalized, relative generalized, and focal/localized variations. For number and eruption, it discusses supernumerary teeth, anodontia (complete, partial, and other types), and impaction. Shape/form disturbances include crown variations like fusion, gemination, taurodontism, talon's cusp, and dens invaginatus, as well as root anomalies. Finally, it covers defects of enamel and dentin, focusing on amelogenesis imperfecta.
A detailed look at the differences between the human primary and permanent dentition. Hope you find this informative. for further queries, please contact at dr.mathewthomasm@gmail.com.
It is a presentation in detail about the strongest structure of the oral cavity "ENAMEL". It is a simple topic but people find it difficult to learn about it. I hope my presentation is a simple method to learn about it. I would like to thank my professors for assign me this project and i learn't a lot from it and still learning my basics daily.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
This document discusses the morphology of primary (deciduous) teeth. It provides background information on primary teeth and their importance. It then describes the morphology of each individual primary tooth, including their dimensions, root shape, pulp cavity shape, and features seen from different aspects. The teeth described include the maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, and first molars.
The document discusses the complex process of tooth development from initiation to eruption. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial bands and dental lamina between 6-7 weeks in utero, which give rise to the tooth buds. The buds progress through stages of proliferation, histodifferentiation, and morphodifferentiation to form the crown and root structures. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is responsible for root formation and shape before teeth erupt into the oral cavity.
This document provides information on the steps of cavity preparation, including defining cavity preparation, the objectives and principles. It describes Black's classification system for cavities in 6 classes. The steps of cavity preparation outlined include obtaining the outline form and initial depth, primary resistance and retention forms, and convenience form. It also discusses final cavity preparation steps like removing remaining decay, providing pulp protection, and finishing enamel walls and margins.
The document discusses dental impression materials. It provides details on the classification, composition, properties, manipulation and applications of various impression materials including alginate, agar, impression compound, zinc oxide eugenol and silicone impressions materials. Impression materials are classified based on their setting mechanism and elasticity into rigid or elastic materials that set via a chemical reaction or temperature change. The document describes the key ingredients, setting reactions, advantages and disadvantages of different impression materials.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation (conservative dentistry)Adwiti Vidushi
Tooth preparation involves altering a tooth to receive a restorative material and reestablish health. It has initial and final stages. The initial stage establishes an outline form and primary resistance and retention forms. The outline form removes weakened enamel and extends to sound margins. Primary resistance form uses a box shape to resist forces, while primary retention form uses converging walls for amalgam and bonding for composites. Convenience form provides access and ease of operation.
The document summarizes the development of teeth from the dental lamina. It discusses how the primary epithelial band forms and divides into the dental lamina and vestibular lamina. Tooth buds then develop from the dental lamina, forming the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle. Teeth progress through developmental stages including the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and root formation. The dental lamina gives rise to both primary and permanent teeth before degenerating.
The document discusses the structure and development of dentin. It describes dentin as the layer beneath enamel that provides shape and structure to teeth. Dentin forms in stages that mirror tooth development from the lamina bud stage through late bell stage. Key features of dentin include dentinal tubules that contain odontoblastic processes and layers like peritubular dentin, intertubular dentin, and predentin near the pulp. Dentin is laid down in primary, secondary, and tertiary forms throughout life.
The document discusses the fundamentals of cavity preparation, including its definition, objectives, and historical development. It covers factors that affect cavity preparation as well as terminology, classification, and the stages of initial and final tooth preparation. The key principles of cavity preparation are to remove all defective tooth structure, protect the pulp, and provide retention for the restorative material. Modern cavity preparation techniques favor prevention of extension and minimal intervention.
A Complete presentation explaining the complete morphology of Maxillary first molar, for the benefit of people like me who tried and failed to find everything in one package
This document summarizes various dental anomalies and disturbances in development. It describes microdontia, macrodontia, anodontia, supernumerary teeth, disturbances in eruption such as premature/delayed eruption and impacted teeth. It also discusses taurodontism, dens invaginatus, gemination, fusion and other dental anomalies affecting shape and structure. Environmental factors that can affect enamel development are described. Finally it summarizes disturbances in dentin formation including dentinogenesis imperfecta.
This document outlines the 9 steps in cavity preparation for class I dental restorations:
1. Outlining the cavity and initial depth preparation.
2. Developing the primary resistance form to withstand forces.
3. Adding primary retention features like cavity convergence.
4. Adding convenience features for restoration placement.
5. Removing infected material and old restorations.
6. Applying pulp protection as needed.
7. Adding secondary resistance and retention features like bonding agents.
8. Finishing external walls for optimal margins.
9. Cleaning, inspecting, and sealing the preparation prior to restoration.
The document summarizes the key anatomical features of the permanent maxillary molars. It describes the first, second, and third maxillary molars, focusing on their roots, cusps, occlusal outlines, and distinguishing characteristics. The first molar is the largest with well-developed roots and cusps. The second molar is smaller with less divergent roots. The third molar is the smallest with shorter, often fused roots and variable occlusal morphology including sometimes absent cusps or congenitally missing teeth.
This document provides an overview of tooth morphology basics, including:
- The primary and permanent dentition, with 20 primary teeth and 32 permanent teeth.
- Three main tooth identification systems: the Universal Numbering System, Palmer Notation System, and International Numbering System.
- The four main tissue categories that make up teeth: enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
- Dental terminology used to describe different tooth surfaces and structures.
- The anatomy and morphology of tooth crowns and roots, including features like cusps, ridges, grooves, and root bifurcations.
This document defines key terms related to cavity preparation and outlines the objectives and basic principles and steps of cavity preparation. It discusses definitions of cavities and tooth preparation. The objectives of cavity preparation are to remove caries and create a foundation for the restoration. The basic principles outlined by GV Black include biologic, mechanical, and esthetic principles. The main steps are 1) outline form, 2) resistance and retention form, 3) convenience form, 4) removal of remaining caries, 5) finishing cavity walls, and 6) toilet of the cavity. Resistance and retention forms are designed to resist forces and retain the restoration.
This document provides an overview of tooth numbering systems and anatomical landmarks. It describes the primary and permanent dentition, including their numbers, eruption patterns and dental formulas. Two common numbering systems are described for each - the Universal system and FDI system for primary and permanent teeth. Key anatomical features are defined, including crowns, roots, surfaces, ridges, grooves, lobes and line/point angles. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to dental anatomy terminology.
The document introduces three popular tooth numbering systems:
1) Palmer notation system - Uses letters and numbers to denote primary and permanent teeth respectively.
2) Universal notation system - Numbers permanent teeth 1-32 from upper right to lower left and uses uppercase letters for primary teeth.
3) FDI system - Uses a two-digit system where the first digit denotes quadrant and second denotes tooth within that quadrant.
This document discusses three common tooth numbering systems: the Palmer notation method, universal numbering system, and FDI numbering system. The Palmer method uses numbers 1-8 and letters A-E to identify teeth, with lines to indicate jaw and side. The universal system assigns consecutive numbers 1-32 to permanent teeth and letters A-T to deciduous teeth. The FDI system allocates a two-digit number to each tooth combining a quadrant code with a tooth code.
FDI , its advantages and disadvantagesRupal Tiwari
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI). It defines FDI as an investment made by a firm in one country into business interests located in another country, with the intent to manage the foreign asset. Countries seek FDI for reasons such as supplementing inadequate domestic capital, gaining access to technical skills and knowledge from foreign firms, and taking advantage of tax incentives. The document outlines different types of FDI, common methods used to conduct FDI, potential advantages and disadvantages of FDI, and details about India's policies regarding FDI.
This document discusses mapping investments in agricultural technologies by CGIAR research programs to improve planning, targeting, and accountability. It provides the rationale for mapping the location of research focus areas, programs, activities, budgets, and researchers. This will help identify gaps and opportunities for partnerships. The document outlines several ongoing initiatives for investment mapping and describes efforts to develop a shared data schema, code lists, and ontologies to harmonize data collection and visualize the spatial footprint and portfolio of CGIAR research and development activities. It provides examples of maps and interactive dashboards developed so far and the timeline and plans to refine these tools.
This document provides an overview of various types of digital presentations and assignments that involve multimodal composition, including PechaKucha presentations, PowerPoint slide shows, Jeremiad presentations, and incorporating media like images, video, and social media into compositions. It also outlines steps for generating topics, drafting, and assessing assignments that involve combining different modes of communication like text, images, and media.
Este documento clasifica los sistemas en varias categorías: por su origen (naturales o artificiales), por su naturaleza (concreto o abstracto), por su relación con el medio ambiente (abierto o cerrado), por el tipo de variable que lo define (discreto o continuo), por su cambio en el tiempo (estático o dinámico), y por sus relaciones (simple o complejo). El documento fue escrito por cinco estudiantes y su profesora de Sistemas de Información de la Universidad de la Guajira en Colombia.
Operative dentistry deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and restoration of tooth structure to correct defects, restore function and aesthetics. The history of operative dentistry began with tooth extractions in the middle ages and has evolved to be more evidence-based and focused on minimally invasive techniques. It is indicated to treat conditions like dental caries, trauma, and developmental defects. Its main objectives are diagnosis, prevention, preservation and restoration of teeth. There are different systems for notation of individual teeth, with the most commonly used systems being the Universal system and FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale) two-digit system.
This document discusses different tooth notation systems. It introduces the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and how teeth are arranged. The dental formula is explained which uses letters to represent each type of tooth. The three main tooth numbering systems - Universal, FDI, and Zsigmondy/Palmer - are described. The Universal system numbers permanent teeth 1-32 from the maxillary right third molar to the mandibular right third molar. The FDI system uses two digits with the first denoting quadrant and the second denoting tooth position. Zsigmondy/Palmer uses different bracket shapes to denote quadrants and numbers teeth within each quadrant.
This document discusses different tooth numbering systems used in dentistry. It describes the human dentition, which includes 20 primary teeth and 32 permanent teeth. Tooth numbering systems allow dentists to identify and communicate about individual teeth. The three main systems described are the Zsigmondy/Palmer system, American Dental Association system, and Federation Dentaire Internationale system. The Zsigmondy/Palmer system divides the mouth into quadrants and numbers teeth within each quadrant. The FDI system uses a two-digit numbering where the first digit indicates the quadrant and second the tooth. The universal system uses letters for primary teeth and numbers for permanent teeth.
This document provides an overview of dental anatomy. It discusses the formation of primary and permanent dentitions, dental formulas, tooth numbering systems, tooth macroanatomy including the crown and root, and microanatomy of tooth tissues. Diagrams are provided to illustrate tooth morphology and the different numbering systems used in dentistry.
The document discusses different systems for dental notation including the Palmer, Universal, and FDI systems. It provides details on how each system numbers or denotes teeth. The Palmer system was the oldest and initially used symbols, later modified to number primary teeth A-E and permanent teeth 1-8. The Universal system numbers all 32 permanent teeth from 1-32 and uses uppercase letters for primary teeth. The FDI system is a two-digit system adopted by WHO that indicates the quadrant and tooth number within that quadrant.
The document discusses different tooth numbering systems used by dentists. It describes the Zsigmondy/Palmer system, American Dental Association system, and Federation Dentaire International system. The FDI system is highlighted as the most widely used modern system because it clearly identifies each tooth's quadrant and number, can be easily memorized and communicated both verbally and in writing, and is compatible with computer input.
Teeth have important medicolegal significance for purposes such as personal identification, age estimation, and bite mark analysis. Their anatomy includes structures like enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. Dental characteristics like tooth size and shape, restorations, and developmental stages are unique to an individual and can be used to identify human remains. Bite marks on skin can provide evidence in criminal cases by matching dental features to a suspect's teeth. Teeth are also examined for signs of disease or substance use that may be relevant to investigations.
This document provides an introduction to dental anatomy, including the structure of teeth and their supporting tissues. It discusses the hard and soft tissues that make up teeth, such as the enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. It also describes the different parts of the tooth, including the root and crown. Additionally, it introduces the periodontium and its role in tooth support. The document concludes by explaining different systems for naming and numbering teeth, including the Universal system and Zsigmondy/Palmer system used for primary and permanent dentitions.
This document provides an introduction to dental anatomy, including definitions, learning objectives, and an overview of key concepts. It discusses the dental formula for primary and permanent dentitions in humans. It also describes several common systems for numbering teeth, including the Universal system, Palmer notation system, and FDI system. The primary goals are to define key terminology, identify each tooth, and understand tooth morphology and relationships.
The document discusses the anatomy and structures of the oral cavity. It begins by defining oral anatomy and noting the major structures found in and around the oral cavity, including lips, cheeks, tongue, hard palate, soft palate, teeth, gums, and salivary glands. It then discusses the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity, focusing on teeth, bone, gums, and other structures. The document concludes by discussing tooth abnormalities and the importance of maintaining oral health.
Dentistry involves the study and treatment of diseases and conditions affecting the mouth. There are two dental arches - the maxillary arch in the upper jaw and the mandibular arch in the lower jaw. Teeth are divided into primary (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Primary teeth are eventually replaced by permanent teeth. Teeth are also classified by type - incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, and molars/premolars for grinding. Tooth numbering systems allow dentists to identify individual teeth for treatment and record keeping.
The document discusses dental anatomy and terminology. It defines key terms like maxilla, mandible, quadrants, and different classes of teeth. It describes primary and permanent dentitions, noting the number and type of teeth in each. Key tooth surfaces like facial, lingual, proximal, and occlusal are defined. Tooth anatomy includes the crown, neck, root and their microstructures like enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. Landmarks like cusps, lobes, and ridges are also outlined. Palmer notation and other numbering systems for identifying individual teeth are introduced.
This document provides an overview of dental anatomy and nomenclature. It defines primary and permanent dentition and describes the different types of teeth including their names and functions. Tooth surfaces and angles are defined. Common anatomical landmarks of teeth crowns are also outlined such as lobes, cusps, ridges and depressions. Finally, the document introduces different tooth numbering systems and provides the dental formula for permanent teeth.
This document provides an overview of dental anatomy including the nomenclature and terminology used, the external and internal morphology of individual teeth, how tooth form relates to function, and the relationships between teeth. It describes the jaws, dental arches, quadrants and different tooth identification systems. It details the different types of teeth including their names, numbers, and structures. It also discusses the macro and micro anatomy of teeth including their surfaces, angles, anatomical landmarks and developmental features. Finally, it compares the morphologies of primary and permanent teeth.
The document discusses dental anatomy and terminology. It describes how teeth are arranged in two dental arches called the maxilla (upper arch) and mandible (lower arch). Each arch is divided into four quadrants. Humans have two sets of teeth - the primary/deciduous dentition consisting of 20 teeth arranged in a specific dental formula, and the permanent/secondary dentition consisting of 32 teeth following a different dental formula. Various numbering and coding systems are used to identify individual teeth, including the universal, Palmer, and FDI systems.
1= Teeth nomenclature, numbering, surfaces and angles.pptxQassim University
The document provides an overview of dental terminology and tooth anatomy concepts. It begins by listing the learning objectives which include identifying oral cavity parts, dental arches, quadrants, and tooth surfaces. It then discusses the different tooth numbering systems including the Universal, Palmer, and FDI systems. Considerable detail is provided on identifying permanent and deciduous teeth, their relationships as predecessors and successors, and their positioning within the dental arches and quadrants. The document also describes dividing tooth surfaces into thirds and identifying line and point angles.
1. The document provides an introduction to dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion. It discusses the primary and permanent dentitions in humans, including their dental formulas.
2. It describes the three anatomical parts of each tooth: crown, neck, and root. It also discusses the four dental tissues - enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
3. The periodontium is introduced as the investing and supporting attachment system of teeth, comprising the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
This document provides an introduction to human dentition given by Dr. Samah Khaled. It outlines the objectives which are to introduce oral structures, types of teeth, types of dentitions, dental formula, numbering systems, macro and micro anatomy of teeth, tooth surfaces, and line and point angles. It describes the four quadrants of the oral cavity, four types of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars), three types of dentition (deciduous, mixed, permanent), dental formulas, and three numbering systems (Palmer, international two-digit system, universal system). It also details tooth anatomy, surfaces, and line and point angles.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
4. HISTORY
Several hundred years ago, in Europe, the notation
of teeth was based on Latin and German and the
names were very lengthy. An example of Latin
notation is Mol.II Scup.Sin, the abbreviated form for
Molaris Secundus Superior Sinister
Later in 1861 Adolf Zsigmondy introduced a new
dental coding system by preparing four sets of eight
numbers with the Zsigmondy grid used for
permanent dentition only. Years later this system
was modified and used for the primary dentition.
4
5. The Hillischer system [Hillischer, 1885] of notation refers
to the tooth type, it is more logical but very confusing
because of the use of colons and semi colons to
distinguish primary and permanent teeth.
The change found in the Mons Dubois system [How,
1890] is the use of even numbers and odd numbers,
which represent the right and left quadrant respectively.
The universal numbering system [Parreidt, 1882;
Cunningham, 1883] is the official tooth designation system
in the USA, adopted by the American Dental Association
since 1975.
5
6. The Woelfel system is similar to the universal numbering
system.
The Victor Haderup system [Haderup, 1891] is similar to the
Zsigmondy-Palmer’s notation .
The Frykolhm and Lysell system [Frykholm and Lysell, 1962]
The MICAP Notation [Akram et al., 2011] is a recently developed
system
The Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) system [Viohl,
1966].
Novel "Havale’s Alphanumeric dental notation" system for
primary teeth.
6
7. INTRODUCTION
Teeth are arranged in the jaws
forming two dental arches :
Maxillary Arch(Upper Arch)
Mandibular Arch(Lower Arch)
Two arches together constitute the
dentition
7
8. Each arch divided by an imaginary midline
into :
A right and left half called – QUADRANTS
Maxillary right/left quadrants
Mandibular right/left quadrants
RIGHT LEFT
8
9. Humans have two sets of teeth in their
lifetime
Deciduous teeth- 20
Permanent teeth- 32
9
10. NOMENCLATURE AND DENTAL FORMULA
Denomination and number of all mammalian
teeth expressed by a formula called dental
formula
Each tooth represented by initial letter of its
name :
Eg: Incisor- I
Canine- C
Premolar- P
Molar - M
10
11. Each letter followed by a horizontal line and
the number of each type of tooth is placed :
Above the line for maxilla or upper jaw
below the line for mandible or lower jaw
The formulae include one side only, with the
number of teeth in each jaw being the same for
humans.
11
12. Dental Formula For Primary/Deciduous Teeth:
I2/2 C1/1 M2/2 = 10
Incisors, two maxillary and two mandibular
Canine, one maxillary and one mandibular
Molars, two maxillary and two mandibular.
Totally 10 on one side (right/left)
12
13. Dental Formula For Permanent Teeth
I2/2 C1/1 P2/2 M3/3 = 16
Incisors, two maxillary and two mandibular
Canine, one maxillary and one mandibular
Premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular
Molars, three maxillary and three mandibular .
Total -16 on one side(right/left)
13
16. WHY DO WE NEED ??
System used by dentists to associate information to
a specific tooth.
In clinical practice some “shorthand” system of
tooth notation is necessary for recording data.
To do so efficiently, it is necessary to adopt a type
of code or numbering system for teeth.
16
17. There are several numbering systems exists in the world
and THREE MAIN types of numbering systems are
commonly used
Universal Tooth Numbering System
Zsigmondy And Palmar Tooth Numbering System
FDI Tooth Numbering System
17
19. UNIVERSAL NUMBERING SYSTEM
The universal numbering system [Parreidt, 1882;
Cunningham, 1883] is the official tooth
designation system in the USA .
Adopted by the American Dental Association
since 1975.
It includes a sequence of Arabic numbers (1-32)
for Permanent and the alphabet system (A-T) for
Deciduous teeth, moving clockwise around the
dentition.
19
21. As specific numbers are employed for each
tooth, it reduces the risk of mistakes.
Data can also be easily entered in the
computer, but there is no anatomic reference in
this system and matching the specific teeth and
quadrants can be confusing.
So it is difficult to follow for beginners, and
needs extra training to practice. It is easy to
communicate.
22
22. UNIVERSAL SYSTEM FOR DECIDUOUS TEETH
A – Maxillary right second molar
J – Maxillary left second molar
K – Mandibular left second molar
T – Mandibular right second molar
23
24. In this system, the teeth that should be there are
numbered. If the wisdom teeth is missing
Missing, then first number will be 2 instead of 1,
acknowledging the missing tooth.
If the teeth had Removed or teeth are missing,
the missing teeth will be numbered as well.
25
26. Disadvantages
Confusing when comparing with palmar notation system.
Cannot be coded by computer.
Confusing and difficult to remember.
It does not consider the jaw quadrant clearly, thus similar
teeth are given various numerous in different quadrant.
27
28. ZSIGMONDY AND PALMAR
NOTATION
In 1947 a committee at the American Dental Association(ADA)
recommended the symbolic(Zsigmondy/Palmar) system as the
numbering method of choice.
originally called the Zsigmondy system by an Austrian dentist Adolf
Zsigmondy who developed the idea in 1861
The Zsigmondy-Palmer system [Zsigmondy, 1861; Palmer, 1891],
called “eight numerical quadrant system” (1 through 8), is meant for
permanent dentition only.
29
29. Initially it was not designed for primary teeth, but in 1874 it was
adopted for the primary dentition.
This is one of the oldest and most widely used systems of dental
notation .This method used by orthodontists, dental students and
practitioners in the United Kingdom .
30
30. The Palmer notation consists of a symbol
( ┘└ ┐┌ ) designating in which quadrant
the tooth is found and a number indicating
the position from the midline.
DECIDUOUS
PERMANENT
31
31. Zsigmondy used the “Zsigmondy cross (grid)” to record quadrants of
tooth positions, where primary teeth are coded by means of Roman
numerals I, II, III, IV, V from the midline to distally .
Palmer changed and substituted this by upper case letters
A, B, C, D, E
But the main disadvantage is that it is difficult to dictate and digital
encoding of non numerical symbols, such as crosses or corners and
angles (L), can be a problem.
It requires a special software, a private processing editor (PCE),
Microsoft access, and a specific font (palmer type) [Ferguson, 2005].
32
33. Advantages
System is simple to use.
Easier for beginner due to less confusion as permanent
teeth and deciduous teeth are indicated differently.
34
34. Disadvantages
There is no differentiation between right upper, right lower ,
left upper and left lower.
Segments has only one number and used to designate
particular tooth.
No provision to identify supernumerary tooth
Difficult for verbal transmission
35
36. FDI TOOTH NUMBERING
SYSTEM
The Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) system.
It is a two-digit system.
It has been accepted and in 1970 by the FDI and adopted
by WHO and International Association for Dental Research.
And in October 1994 adopted by the International Standard
Organization (ISO) [American Dental Association current
policies (A and B), 1994].
This dental notation meet all the basic requirements set by
a FDI special committee.
37
37. FDI notation for primary teeth
The first digit indicates the quadrant (5 through 8) and the
second digit indicates the tooth type (1 through 5).
5 – maxillary right
6 - maxillary left
7 - mandibular left
8 - mandibular right
38
38. FDI notation for permanent tooth
The first digit indicates the quadrant (1 through 4) and the
second digit indicates the tooth type (1 through 8)
1 - maxillary right
2 – maxillary left
3 – mandibular left
4 – mandibular right
39
39. Advantage
It is very simple, accurate, and is easy to memorise.
It is user friendly, and prevents errors in differentiating left and right,
upper and lower arches, and tooth type.
Simple to teach and easy to understand.
Simple to translate into computer input.
Simple in conversation and direction.
Readily communicable in print.
40
40. Disadvantage
In the case of deciduous teeth, there can be confusion and it is difficult
to memorise.
For specialists other than pedodontists, it can be difficult to understand
or to define teeth.
For example of 64, 85……. It is the combined use of the Palmer and
the FDI systems may be accurate and creates no confusion, but it is
time consuming, needs much concentration.
It is difficult to enter multiple teeth in different arches and it would be
too long to use routinely.
41
41. Other tooth numbering systems
HILLISCHER TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEM
MONS DUBIOS SYSTEM
VICTOR HEDERUP SYSTEM
WOELFEL SYSTEM
FRYKOLHM AND LYSELL SYSTEM
MICAP Notation
HAVALE’S ALPHANUMERIC DENTAL NOTATION
42
42. HILLISCHER SYSTEM
The Hillischer system [Hillischer,1885] of notation refers to the tooth
type, it is more logical but VERY CONFUSING .
Because of the use of colons and semi colons to distinguish primary and
permanent teeth.
It requires keen observation to differentiate the right side and the left side,
drawing horizontal lines above the number and below the number which
represents upper teeth and lower teeth respectively.
43
43. 7:, 6:, 3:, 2:, ,1: :1, :2, :3, :4, :5,
7:, 6:, 3:, 2:, ,1: :1, :2, :3, :4, :5,
THIS SYSTEM ONLY DESIGNED FOR DECIDUOUS AND MIXED
DENTITION
Therefore, it is more cumbersome and difficult to
communicate, write and type, and requires much
concentration and patience.
It is confusing using the same teeth numbers 6 and 7 in
primary as well as in permanent teeth in a mixed dentition
Stage.
44
44. MONS DUBOIS SYSTEM
The Mons Dubois system [How, 1890] is the use of even numbers and
odd numbers,
It Represents The Even Number For Right Side And Odd Number
For Left Side.
However, it creates confusion regarding the use of horizontal lines in
the lower arch and not in upper one.
Moreover, the use of decimals requires concentration and time to
dictate, write, type
.10 .8 .6 .4 .2 .1 .3 .5 .7 .9
45
45. VICTOR HEDERUP SYSTEM
The Victor Haderup system [Haderup, 1891] is similar to the Zsigmondy-
Palmer’s notation.
Here for Primary Dentition, Zero Is Added (Prefix) To The Left Side Of
The Numerals.
The upper and lower quadrants are denoted with plus (+) and minus (-)
signs, respectively.
For the right and left quadrants
“+” or “–” sign placed on the right side for the right quadrant
“+” or “–” sign placed on the left side for the left quadrant
46
48. Disadvantages
It can be very confusing for recording mixed dentitions.
It is very difficult to dictate, so it cannot be used routinely.
49
49. WOELFEL SYSTEM
The Woelfel system is similar to the universal numbering system.
In this system instead of continuous sequencing of upper case letters to
denote primary teeth, suffix upper case letter “D” alone to sequential
numerals.
There is no anatomic reference in this system
It is difficult to learn and match the specific teeth, there can be confusion
of quadrants.
It requires much concentration while recording the mixed dentition
stage.
Upper right Upper left
1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D 8D 9D 10D
20D 19D 18D 17D 16D 15D 14D 13D 12D 11D
Lower right Lower left
50
50. FRYKOLHM AND LYSELL SYSTEM
The Frykolhm and Lysell system [Frykholm and Lysell, 1962] is a
variant of the Palmer notation.
The ‘suffix ‘m’ (lower case letter) is added to the numerals to denote
milk teeth.
This will not be confusing while recording the mixed dentition
5m, 4m, 3m, 2m, 1m 1m 2m, 3m, 4m, 5m,
5m, 4m, 3m, 2m, 1m 1m 2m, 3m, 4m, 5m,
Upper right Upper left
Lower right Lower left
51
51. MICAP NOTATION SYSTEM
The MICAP Notation [Akram et al., 2011] is a recently developed
system.
It denotes the Deciduous Dentition, with the lower case letter ‘d’
always written on the left side, after the sign #, of each ANAASEA letter
(dI, dC, dM.)
The TOT digits (1,2,3) are mentioned on both sides of a particular
ANAASEA letter with a superscript (upper corner) and subscript (lower
corner) number
The right/left and upper/lower corner numbers (ToT digits) indicate
quadrants, tooth type, and arches respectively.
52
52. This system is based on the first letter of each tooth class, M-
molar, I – incisor, c – canine and P – premolar termed as
ANAASEA letters and digits (1,2,3) termed as TOT digits.
The letter “d” is written along with the ANAASEA letters used
for deciduous class.
For permanent dentition the letters used are I C P M
And for deciduous dentition letters used are I C M
53
53. Advantages
The identification of and communication about human teeth
by MICAP system is very simple
And this system is error free and user friendly.
54
54. Disadvantages
The mid-sagittal line is difficult to enter in the computer
without a special software.
dictation is time consuming.
The symbols are very difficult to write on paper.
It looks more complicated to understand for a beginner.
55
55. HAVALE’S ALPHANUMERIC
DENTAL NOTATION
This system is designed only for Deciduous Teeth.
Currently great importance is given to preservation of primary teeth for a
pleasant smile, in order to preserve the space for the permanent
dentition, and also for general health benefits for the child.
The novel dental notation for primary dentition is an alphanumeric
system.
In this system numbers indicate the quadrant, while low case letters
designate the tooth type.
56
56. The first digit indicates the quadrant (1 through 4) and the
alphabets(lowercase) indicates the tooth type (a through e)
1 - maxillary right
2 – maxillary left
3 – mandibular left
4 – mandibular right
1e 1d 1c 1b 1a 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e
4e 4d 4c 4b 4a 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e
57
57. In mixed dentition stage, this alphanumeric dental notation can be
used together with FDI notation.
An example of this can be ….
11, 12, 1c, 1d, 1e, 16, 21 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 26.
This combination is easy to use.
and does not generate confusion regarding quadrant and permanent
and primary teeth.
It is also early speed of recall, and entering data in a computer is an
easy and fast process.
It is also compatible with the new proposed Leo Toureno system
[Toureno, 2012] for designation of supernumerary teeth.
58
59. FUSED NORMAL TEETH
The first digit specifies the quadrant in accordance with the present
FDI system.
The second digit indicate the mesial tooth that participate in the
fusion.
And the third digit indicates the distal tooth of the fusion.
Example
The fusion of each primary mandibular lateral incisor with its
adjacent canine…this tooth will be count as 723(left) and 823(right)
And for permanent teeth that is 323(left) and 423(right).
60
60. GEMINATED TEETH
Gemination is results from the fusion of normal tooth and a
supernumerary tooth.
This tooth is represented as 9.
The first digit indicates the quadrant.
The second and third digit numbered respectively normal tooth
participating in gemination and 9.
Eg. 129- maxillary right lateral incisor fused with a
supernumerary incisor.
61
61. SUPERNUMERARY TEETH
Supernumerary tooth are noted by a letter of alphabet.
A capital letter is used if the supernumerary tooth is a
normal one.
A lower case letter is used, if the tooth is abnormal one.
62
62. Supernumerary Tooth Present Outside The Dental
Arch(buccally/Lingually)
A V (a v in case of abnormal supernumerary teeth) is used, if
supernumerary tooth present buccally.
If more than one tooth present buccally from mesial to distal, then V, E, S,
T are used respectively.
An L (l) is used for lingual positioning of supernumerary teeth
And for more teeth L, I, N, G are used mesiodistal direction
Example….for two maxillary left supernumerary molars positioned
buccally to the dental arch, then it become 2v8(mesial) and 2e8(distal)
63
63. Supernumerary teeth placed within the dental arch
(proximal to a normal tooth or a tooth of reference)
The letter P, R, O, X are used .
The letter is placed as a third digit, when the super numerary tooth
is distal to the tooth of reference.
The letter P R O X are used respectively in mesiodistal direction.
The appropriate is placed as a first (digit) when the supernumerary
tooth is mesial to the tooth of reference. Eg. For maxillary
mesiodens….the tooth named as P11 or P21 and p11 or p21 is
used , when the mesiodens is conical shape
64
64. Eg ….for maxillary right hypoplastic molar which is called
tooth 18p and for left 28p.
If 2 maxillary right hypoplastic molars are present then it
called as 18p, 18r .
65
66. References
Akram A, Zaki AB, Razak J, Hock TT . MICAP: novel system for
identification and communication of dental problems. Int Dent J
2011;61:31-36.
Edwars F. Harris, tooth coding systems in the clinical dental setting
2005;18:43-49.
International dental journal 2011;61:31-36.
R.Havale, B.S. Sheetal, R. Patil, R.Hermant Kumar, R. T. Anegundi,
K. R. Inushekar : Dental Notation For Primary Teeth. Euro J
paediatric den2015;16:1-5.
67
67. Hillischer HTh. Hillischer’s Dental Notation. Dent Cosmos
1885; 27(4): 253-255.
Ash M M, Stanley JN. Wheeler’s dental anatomy, physiology,
and occlusion. 8th ed.Saunders Elsevier publication, reprint
2005 :1-27.
68