1. Development of superior
quality bread wheat at KALRO
John N. Ndung’u and Rosemary
Chebwosony,Lucy Kuria, Peter Kimani,
Margaret Meso and Joseph Owira
KALRO - NJORO
9. End product characterizationEnd product characterization
Bread
Volume
Weight
Texture (internal and external texture)
Internal characteristics
Biscuits:
Diameter
Texture
taste
• Flat bread
• Pasta products
• etc
10. Wheat Quality Improvement in KenyaWheat Quality Improvement in Kenya
Objectives
1.Identify main wheat end-uses and grain quality
requirements
2.Understand the genetic and G x E factors
influencing wheat quality attributes and end-use
quality.
3.Apply quality characterization/screening to:
oWheat breeding lines
oUsing efficient and high throughput screening tools.
11. Interactions on Development of superiorInteractions on Development of superior
quality wheat at KALROquality wheat at KALRO
Breeders: Breeding materials and released varieties
◦ (Yields, acid soils, dry areas, stem rust)
Pathologists: Lines and varieties being screened for
diseases (stem rust, BYDV)
Agronomists: Lines and varieties under agronomic
management trials
Entomologist: Lines and varieties being screened
for field and storage pests (RWA, Weevils)
Biotechnology (Double haploids and mutants)
Farmers
Milling companies
12. Development of superior quality breadDevelopment of superior quality bread
wheat at KALROwheat at KALRO
Breeding activities : F1-F2
Screening for yield and disease resistance : F3-F4
(40 -60 thousand lines)
o Screening: Yield, Disease resistance & Quality : F5
o (2 -6 thousand lines) F6 NIR Test
o Screening: Yield, Disease resistance & Quality :F7
o (500 – 1000 lines) (All above at Njoro site)
Observation Trials
Screening: Yield, Disease resistance &Quality : Milling, Twt,
Protein
(100 - 200 lines) Observations (2-3 sites) Farin/Alveograph
PYT/AYT: Quality (200-500 lines) (6-7 sites) A. Amylase
NPT trials: Quality (5-10 lines) NIR
Baking
13. Parameters Considered in Breeding forParameters Considered in Breeding for
QualityQuality• 1. Milling (Grain)
• Milling extraction rate, duration, milling energy, level of
starch damage
• 2. NIR (whole grain and flour)
–(Grain Hardness, protein, zeleny, WA and moisture)
• 3.Gluten Strength
– (SDS-Sedimentation, Gluten index, W, P/L)
• 4. Enzymatic Activity (Flour)
–(Falling Number)
• 5.Dough Rheology (Flour)
–Farinograph, Alveograph,Extensograph and Mixograph)
• 6. Baking Test (Flour)
14. Quality parameters used by bread wheat breeders for qualityQuality parameters used by bread wheat breeders for quality
screening in thescreening in the United StatesUnited States,, EuropeEurope and atand at CIMMYTCIMMYT
Location Early generation
(F2
-F5
)
Advanced generation
(F6
and higher)
United
States
Protein,
SDS sedimentation,
hardness,
mixograph
Milling (extraction, ash), Flour protein, Water
absorption, Farinograph (time, stability, etc.)
Dough characteristics, Loaf volume, Bread
characteristics
Europe Protein,
SDS sedimentation,
Zeleny sedimentation,
HMW glutenin
subunits
Hagberg falling number, Alveograph (W,
P/L), Gluten elastic recovery, Extensometer,
Loaf volume, Baking score, Machinability
test
CIMMYT Protein,
SDS sedimentation,
Hardness
Hagberg falling number, Grain and flour
protein, High molecular weight glutenin
subunits, Flour SDS sedimentation,
Mixograph (time, tolerance), Alveograph (W,
P/L), Loaf volume; Crumb structure
**Edwards, 1997
15. Milling TestMilling Test
Types:
Buhler, Quadramat, Retsch and Perten
mills
During flour milling:
o The grain is broken and endosperm
particles gradually reduced in size.
o Large , plump grains show high flour
yields
Afterwards:
o Separation of the grain into main parts
bran, embryo and endosperm flour/
semolina
o Gradual reduction of endosperm particles
to obtain refined flour or semolina (coarse
particles)
o ASH Content
16. Near Infrared Spectroscopy(NIR)Near Infrared Spectroscopy(NIR)
NIR Spectroscopy measures
absorption in the Near Infrared.
o O-H, N-H, C-H, S-H bonds are strong
NIR absorbers (moisture, protein, fat,
fiber, sugars, acids, etc.).
o Hydrogen, Nitrogen Oxygen have no
change in dipole moment, hence no
NIR absorption.
o NIRS provides both chemical and
physical information in flour and grain
(non destructive)
Testing samples should cover all
the potential variation
o Geographical origin, growing season,
etc. when developing a NIR calibration.
18. Brabender FarinographBrabender Farinograph
Arrival Time (AT)
Peak Time (DT)
Stability Time (ST)
Departure Time (Dep’t)
Absorption
Mixing Tolerance Index (MTI)
Mixing characteristics of a flour
Weak (DT and ST values of about
one minute, or less)
Strong (DTs of 3-5 minutes, and
STs of 8-14 minutes)
Medium-strong (DTs of 2-4
minutes and STs of 4-7 minutes)
Extra strong (DTs of 4-12 minutes
and STs of 20-32 minutes)
.
20. LINK BETWEEN ENDOSPERM TEXTURE, STARCH GRANULE SHAPE& SIZE,
PACKED CELL VOLUME AND PROTEIN BODY ULTRASTRUCTURE
SEM
21. Mixograph TestMixograph Test
Quickly analyzes small quantities
of flour for dough strength.
Screen early generation lines for
dough strength and WA
WA measured often serves as a
measure of absorption in bread
baking tests.
Bon Lee, Laboratory Supervisor
23. Alveograph (Chopin) TestAlveograph (Chopin) Test
Measures the extensibility,
strength and deformation
Measures: Extensibility, strength,
P/L ratio and deformation energy
for gluten
24. AlveographAlveograph
P = tenacity (max. pressure
reached blowing the dough
piece to rupture)
L = extensibility (length of the
curve, cm),
W = strength of the flour (area of
the curve, ergsx103),
P/L = configuration ratio of the
curve,
Ie = P200/P Elasticity (P200 =
pressure after 200ml blowing or
4 cm from origin of the curve).
31. Alpha-amylase activity and Falling Number TestAlpha-amylase activity and Falling Number Test
• Grain always susceptible to pre-
harvest germination
o Carries variable levels of alpha-amylase
activity
• In the Falling Number test:
– Alpha amylase activity is indirectly
estimated by testing the paste
viscosity of whole meal and refined
flour
• During the test:
o The flour-water slurry is heated
gradually allowing for optimum T for
enzymatic hydrolysis.
• Low FN values (60-150 seconds)
correspond to high levels of
alpha amylase activity.
34. AVERAGE STANDARDS OF BREAD WHEATAVERAGE STANDARDS OF BREAD WHEAT
Parameter Basic Grain Quality Standards
Protein Content 12 %
Specific Weight 76 kg/hl
Falling Number >250
Thousand kernel mass >40
Farinograph mixing time 3-6 min (optimum 4 min)
Flour extraction 76 %
Alveograph P/L ratio 0.5-0.8 (optimum 0.8)
Flour color (as measured by
color grader series III)
Cake (-2.5 to 1); white bread flour
(1.5-4.5); brown bread(9-14)
35. Wheat end-usesWheat end-uses
Main wheat-based food types
Breads (leavened, flat, steamed)
Noodles, Biscuits, Alimentary pasta (spaghetti, etc.)
Regional dishes (cous-cous, burghul, porridge).
A wheat variety suitable for one end-use may not be
suitable for a different one.
Quality differences result mainly from the grain
compositional traits:
oGrain hardness
oProtein quantity and quality (gluten protein composition)
o Starch pasting properties (amylose / amylopectin Ratio)
36. SOFT MEDIUM HARD T. Durum
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
Proteincontent%
Grain hardness
Biscuits,
Cakes,
Pastry,
Puddings
Noodles & Steamed bread
Pasta
Flat
bread
Pan breads
Leavened breads
Couscous
Tandyr
bread
Main Wheat-based products
Glutenstrength
SOFT MEDIUM HARD T. Durum
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
Proteincontent%
Grain hardness
Biscuits,
Cakes,
Pastry,
Puddings
Noodles & Steamed bread
Pasta
Flat
bread
Pan breads
Leavened breads
Couscous
Tandyr
bread
Main Wheat-based products
Glutenstrength
37. Pan BreadPan Bread
Mechanized pan bread is
important in Kenya urban areas
Main wheat quality
requirements:
Hard to medium-hard grain
High protein content (>12.5%)
Strong and extensible gluten
Soft wheat with weak gluten
not suitable for this baking
process
Colour Index
38. Flat breadsFlat breads
Flat breads (Chapatis) are very
important in rural and urban in
Kenya
Main wheat quality requirements:
Soft wheat with weak gluten
Intermediate protein content (10-
12%)
Medium-strong and extensible gluten
39. Biscuits and CakesBiscuits and Cakes
Desirable to avoid the
development of gluten visco-elastic
properties.
Achieved by including:
High levels of fat and sugar (30-40% of
total formula)
Air, water vapor and chemicals are the
main leavening agents
All acting at the oven stage
41. Durum wheat productsDurum wheat products
Durum wheat-based
products breads are
consumed as alimentary
pasta globally
Main wheat quality
requirements:
o Large vitreous grain
o High yellow pigment content
o High protein content (>12.5%)
o Strong gluten
o Low lipoxygenase activity
42. Biotechnology ApproachBiotechnology Approach
Double Haploids Techniques
◦ Improvement of protein and Gluten content
Mutants (photo)
Increasing Resistant starch and Tocopherol
Increasing Zinc and Iron contents
Reduced phytic acid content (Photo)
Molecular Techniques
Identification of Gluten (Glutenins and Gliadins)
MAS helps selecting parental lines with desirable
quality genes /alleles in short time
43. Molecular tools for screening (InherentMolecular tools for screening (Inherent
quality)quality)
Bread wheat
(HMW glutenin subunit)
Durum wheat
B-LMW glutenins and -γ
gliadin
45. …………Humans and NutritionHumans and Nutrition
Mineral elements are essential components of
wheat metabolism and often accumulate in grain.
Humans require at least 22 of these mineral
elements for:
Well being which can be supplied by appropriate
diet like wheat
Over 60 percent of the world’s 7 billion people are:
Iron deficient and over 30 percent are zinc
deficient.
46. …………HUMANS AND NUTRITIONHUMANS AND NUTRITION
In addition, protein, calcium and
magnesium deficiencies are common in
developed and developing
countries including Kenya.
2B people are nutritionally hungry
in world
Resistant starch (RS) is known to have
healthy benefits for human
Should be encouraged to form part
of daily diet
Presence of antinutrients eg phytic
acid in wheat
48. Solution Challenge
1 Micronutrient supplements for children (Fe&zinc) Malnutrition
2 The Doha development agenda Trade
3 Micronutrient fortification (iron and salt
iodization)
Malnutrition
4 Expanded immunization coverage for children Diseases
5 Biofortification Malnutrition
6 Deworming, other nutrition programs in school Malnutrition
7 Lowering the price of schooling Education
8 Increase and improve girl’s schooling Women
9 Community-based nutrition promotion Malnutrition
10 Provide support for women’s reproductive role Women
Reference: http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com
49. Methodologies for Nutrition analysisMethodologies for Nutrition analysis
Atomic Absorption
spectrophotometry for
Minerals analysis
Phytic acid Assay
Megazyme kit for
Resistant starch analysis
NIR/Kjedhal apparatus
for protein analysis
Value addition
Use of induced
mutation
50. Achievements/ ChallengesAchievements/ Challenges
KALRO Njoro cereal chemistry lab has
contributed to the release of170 commercial high
quality varieties since 1920s
Recently contributed to release of 10 varieties
Screened 20 commercial varieties for nutritional
profile
Trained Millers on wheat grading and quality
Other crops quality analysis
Achievements/awards
Equipments
51.
52. ConclusionsConclusions
• To succeed in quality improvement it is important
to:
Identify main end uses in targeted areas
Determine main grain traits affecting processing quality
Use efficient, high throughput quality screening tools
Determine end-product quality and shelf life attributes
Understand genetic control of quality traits
Determine G x E factors influencing end-use quality
Micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) is widespread in the industrialized nations, but even more so in the developing regions of the world. It can affect all age groups, but young children and women of reproductive age tend to be among those most at risk of developing micronutrient deficiencies. Micronutrient malnutrition has many adverse effects on human health, not all of which are clinically evident. Even moderate levels of deficiency (which can be detected by biochemical or clinical measurements) can have serious detrimental effects on human function.