A presentation about roads and highways- it's study and also some problems after the construction of roads.the presentation also contains pictures of complicated regions for road construction.

2. INTRODUCION
 Roads and highways are always very
important projects for any country and an
index of its development.
 Their planning, designing, construction
and maintenance are among the major
duties of civil engineers the world over.

3. TOPOGRAPHY
 Important factor that controls the
selection of alignment of road project.
 Surveys are conducted which includes
aerial surveys followed by detailed surveys.
 Topographic maps reveal the existence
of various land features.

4. LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTER
 Ground may be divided
into two:
a) Consolidated
b) Unconsolidated

5. a)Consolidated
• Massive group of hard rocks.
• E.g.: igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks.
b) Unconsolidated
• Soft rocks.
• E.g.: soft soils, clays, etc.

6. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
• Structural features include
a) Dip and Srtike
b) Joints
c) Fault planes and shear zones.

7. a) Dip and strike.
Three possibilities are there:
1) Cut is parallel to the dip direction.
2) Cut is parallel to the strike.
3) Cutting inclined to dip and strike.

8. 1) Cut is parallel to the direction of dip:
• Layers offer uniform behavior on either side
of the cut.
• Risk of failure is minimum.
2) Cut is parallel to the strike:
• Right angle to dip direction.
• Offer different inclinations of the layer on either
side of the cut.
• In some cases, the layers dip into the hill rather
than in the road, the cut is considered quite
stable.

10. 3) Cutting inclined to dip and strike:
• The strata will dip across the cutting and
the slope of cutting will be unequal on both
sides.
• Such a condition give rise to similar
difficulties as encountered in cuts parallel to
strike.

11. b) Joints:
• Rock mass tumble
down on slight
vibrations due to the
presence of joints.
• Jointed rocks have
to be provided with
artificial supports for
ensuring stability.

12. c) Faults:
• Faulting generally leads to the
crushing of the rocks along the fault
plane.
• Worst type of planes with potential
failure.

13. WEATHERING
 Softer layers get weathered at a faster
rate than the overlying harder rocks.
 Constructing concrete walls against the
fracture zones may help beneficially.

14. COMPLICATED REGIONS
FOR ROADS…

15.  Roads in hilly regions.

16.  Roads in marshy regions.

17.  Roads in water logged areas.

18.  Roads in Permafrost Regions.

19. GEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AFTER ROAD
CONSTRUCTION.
 Frost action
 Erosion problems