What are the benefits and major problems of the fiscal policy and mo.pdf

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What are the benefits and major problems of the fiscal policy and monetary policy? Solution Fiscal Policy Benefits Problems If use Government spending, can direct spending towards areas in need (e.g. infrastructure, education, etc.), and make investments for the future. Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an expansion or contraction needed, etc.) Using a balanced budget can provide a stimulus without adding to the government budget deficit. Government budget deficits (though there’s disagreement regarding the extent to which deficits are a problem) While fiscal policy may lead to government deficits/debt, we should look at debt/GDP ratio. As only as GDP grows, it can bring down the debt/GDP ratio. Time lags (particularly on the front end of the process) Can use “green” taxes to discourage polluting activities. Some crowding out (extent depends on how close the economy is to full employment) Tax rebates may be spent on imports, thus leaking out of the circular flow. Actions of state and local governments may counteract the federal fiscal stimulus (or contraction). Growing the GDP to bring down the debt/GDP ratio can compromise environmental sustainability. What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation Monetary Policy Benefits Problems Can be initiated immediately Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an expansion or contraction needed, etc.) No government budget deficits Time lags (particularly response lags) Expansionary policy leading to depreciating currency can stimulate exports (at least for businesses that do not rely on importing their inputs). Can’t direct the spending (to particular uses, e.g. infrastructure), and spending may be done in wasteful ways, e.g. speculation, mergers and acquisitions. The Fed is theoretically insulated from the political process Very low interest rates can foster speculative activities (such as Japan’s yen carry trade.) Fed’s change in interest rate is applied nationally – some areas in the country might not need the stimulus, while states with high unemployment might need the stimulus. Reluctant lenders (Banks may be unwilling to lend, especially if overwhelmed by bad loans on the books) Reluctant borrowers (pushing on a string) (Firms may be reluctant to borrow, especially if expectations of future sales and profits are low.) Limit of r=0%, liquidity trap While government doesn’t incur debt, the private sector is encouraged to borrow and take on debt. What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation Benefits Problems If use Government spending, can direct spending towards areas in need (e.g. infrastructure, education, etc.), and make investments for the future. Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an expansion or contraction needed, etc.) Using a balanced budget can provide a stimulus without adding to the government.

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Can’t direct the spending (to particular uses, e.g. infrastructure), and spending may be done in
wasteful ways, e.g. speculation, mergers and acquisitions.
The Fed is theoretically insulated from the political process
Very low interest rates can foster speculative activities (such as Japan’s yen carry trade.)
Fed’s change in interest rate is applied nationally – some areas in the country might not need the
stimulus, while states with high unemployment might need the stimulus.
Reluctant lenders (Banks may be unwilling to lend, especially if overwhelmed by bad loans on
the books)
Reluctant borrowers (pushing on a string) (Firms may be reluctant to borrow, especially if
expectations of future sales and profits are low.)
Limit of r=0%, liquidity trap
While government doesn’t incur debt, the private sector is encouraged to borrow and take on
debt.
What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation
Benefits
Problems
If use Government spending, can direct spending towards areas in need (e.g. infrastructure,
education, etc.), and make investments for the future.
Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an
expansion or contraction needed, etc.)
Using a balanced budget can provide a stimulus without adding to the government budget
deficit.
Government budget deficits (though there’s disagreement regarding the extent to which deficits
are a problem)
While fiscal policy may lead to government deficits/debt, we should look at debt/GDP ratio. As
only as GDP grows, it can bring down the debt/GDP ratio.
Time lags (particularly on the front end of the process)
Can use “green” taxes to discourage polluting activities.
Some crowding out (extent depends on how close the economy is to full employment)
Tax rebates may be spent on imports, thus leaking out of the circular flow.
Actions of state and local governments may counteract the federal fiscal stimulus (or
contraction).
Growing the GDP to bring down the debt/GDP ratio can compromise environmental
sustainability.
What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation

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Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage Ratio? Question 13 options: Net income / Interest expense Interest income / Interest expense Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense Earnings before taxes / Interest expense Net income / Interest expense Interest income / Interest expense Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense Earnings before taxes / Interest expense Solution Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense Earnings before Interest and Tax =Sales – Cost of goods sold –Administrative expense – Depreciation Or Earnings before Interest and Tax = Net Income + Taxes + Interest Expense Example: Suppose Earnings before interest and tax is 50000 and Interest expense is 10000, Then Interest coverage ratio will be 5. [Calculation shown below] Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense = 50000 / 10000 = 5.

Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage RatioQuestion .pdf

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Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has an alternation of generations life cycle:Diploid adults directly produce sexual cells that fuse during the process of fertilization. Solution The correct answer is :There are two different forms of fully mature adults, and the two forms cannot mate with one another. Reason: The two different forms of fully matured adults are the sporophyte(2n) and the gametophyte(n) that do not mate with one another..

Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has a.pdf

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what is a trans isomerSolutiontrans isomer is a form of geomet.pdf

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