language culture

1. Interpretation language variation and change
Kevin Tuitu
Dera Frana Kusuma
and
Yespita Tamba
present

2. Etymology and comparative grammar
• Etymology
Etymology is the study of word origins or the
reconstruction of the history (and prehistory) of words
and word elements.
For example:
The modern English word “water” goes back to Old
English “woeter” and High German “watar”

3. Etymology and comparative grammar
• Comparative grammar
“theos”
Greek
GOD
“deus”
Latin

4. The Neo-grammarians and the doctrine of the
“exceptionless sound law”
The Neo-grammarian (Junggrammatiker) or
young grammarian is a German school
of linguists, originally at the University of
Leipzig, in the late 19th century who proposed
the Neo-grammarian hypothesis of the
regularity of sound change.

5. The Neo-grammarians and the doctrine of the
“exceptionless sound law”
The doctrine of the exceptionless sound law is a
shift of sound law who related to “Grimm’s first
sound law”.
For example:
Grimm’s first sound law
Greek Latin English Indo-Europe
-Voiced stop -Voiced stop -Voiceless stop -Voiced stop
Duo Duo Two Dwo

6. The etymology of “trouver”
TROPARE
“compose a melody”  “compose” >
“invent” > “discover, find”
TURBARE
“stir up” > “rummage through” > “seek”
> “find”
TROUVER (FRENCH) / TROBAR (OCCITAN)
“find”

7. Etymologies, fossils, and narratives
Etymological studies of even a single word may
run to hundreds of pages.
Fossil is constituted as an object of study
through its positioning in a web of relations
to other fossils.
Narrative is texts which consist of collecting
of words that have same meaning.

8. Research on variation and change since Saussure
•Synchronic linguistics :
the study of the state of a language at a
given point in time.(ex:Tropare)
•Diachronic linguistics :
the study of language change.
(Turbare-Trouver)

9. Research on variation and change since
Saussure
•Imonda language of Papua-New-
Guinea. Seiler (1985: 20) varied
regularly with age.
•The case of Honiara, the capital of the
Solomon Islands, is instructive. This
town was founded after the Second
World War

10. Conclusion
Variation and change is a ubiquitous
characteristic of language.
Variation – different ways of saying “the
same thing” – is the primary resource
exploited in this process.
Language is not statis but dinamis, it have
variation and change from time to time.

11. THANK YOU!