2. Classical or traditional grammar
6 Main Stages Of ESP Development
Structural linguistics
Transformational Generative (TG) grammar
Language variation and register analysis
Functional/Notional grammar
Discourse (Rhetorical) analysis
3. • Its influence has never been strong and
gives indirect source of influence.
• Being knowledgeable on the classical
description gives us knowledge on how
language operate.
• Latin and Greek grammars are the basis
for the descriptions of English and other
languages
Classical or Traditional Grammar
4. Structural Linguistics
1930s the first real challenge to the classical description
of languages came –The structural or ‘SLOT and FILLER’
form of language description will be familiar to most
language teachers as a result of the enormous influence it
has had on langue teaching since WWII.
In Structural Description the grammar of the language is described in
terms of SYNTAGMATIC STRUCTURES which carry the fundamental
PROPOSITIONS –statement, interrogative, native, imperative, etc. and
NOTIONS –time, number, gender.
10. If we view language as part of a
communicative whole, it is clear
that language use shows
considerable variety
Language varies according to the
context of use It enables us to distinguish:
• Formal from informal
• Written from spoken
• Self-sufficient language from
context –dependent language
11. Language variation gave rise to
the type of ESP which was based
on register analysis
However, register analysis is an
insubstantial basis for the selection
of syllabus items
12. “Research and experiment continue, but in general
the results have not been encouraging… In short,
register cannot be used as a main basis for selection,
because there is no significant way in which the
language of science differs from any other kind of
language” (Coffey, 1984).
13. Functional or
Notional Grammar
Students’ needs are not to learn the basic grammar,
but rather to learn how to use the knowledge they
already have.
Structure + Context = Function
14. • Notions reflect the way in which the human mind
think.
• It is difficult to divide up the learning tasks into
units of equivalent value across the various
languages on the basis of formal grammar
• Functions are concerned with
social behaviour and represent
the intention of the speaker or
writer
• Notions and functions represent the categories of
human thinking and social behavior so
approximate equivalence can be achieved
16. Can I go out to play?
I think I’ll go out for a walk.
Have you cut the grass yet?
It’s raining
It’s raining.
It’s raining.
It’s raining.
I think I’ll go out for a walk.
17. The ultimate aim of discourse analysis is to make
learners into more efficient readers, by making
them aware of the underlying structure of a text
and the way in which language has been
organised to create structure.
18. Describing a language
is not the same as
describing what
enables someone to
use or learn a
language.
Describing a language
for the purpose of
linguistic analysis does
not necessarily carry
any implications for
language learning.
Keep in Mind
There is no single from
which a language
course can, or should,
derive its linguistic
input.
Editor's Notes
Descriptions were based on an analysis of the role and played by each word in the sentence.
Language were design in this way because the classical language were case-based language where the grammatical function of each word in the sentence was made apparent but the use of appropriate inflections.
The prestige of the old classical languages ensured the survival of this form and becomes a largely word-order based language.
In semiotics, syntagmatic analysis is analysis of syntax or surface structure (syntagmatic structure) as opposed to paradigms (paradigmatic analysis). This is often achieved using commutation tests. "Syntagmatic" means that one element selects the other element either to precede it or to follow it.
In linguistics, a syntagma is an elementary constituent segment within a text. Such a segment can be a phoneme, a word, a grammatical phrase, a sentence, or an event within a larger narrative structure, depending on the level of analysis. Syntagmatic analysis involves the study of relationships among syntagmas. ~Wikipedia
Deep Level is concerned with the organization of thoughts
Surface Level is where these thoughts are expressed through the syntax of the language.
The grammar of a language is not the structures themselves, but the rules that enable the language users to generate the surface structures from the deep level of meaning,