This document discusses different network topologies. It defines topology and describes the two main types: physical and logical. It then provides details on specific topologies including bus, ring, tree, star, mesh, and hybrid. For each topology, it outlines the key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The main topologies covered are bus, which uses a single backbone cable to connect all devices; ring, where each device is connected to its neighbor in a circular fashion; and star, which connects all devices to a central hub.

2. Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the
components are interconnected to each other.
There are two types of topology:
• Physical Topology
• Logical Topology
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY:
Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in
a network.
LOGICAL TOPOLOGY:
A logical topology defines the logical connectivity of network devices
on a computer network. So, it might happen that the
devices connected in one type of physical topology might have
different underlying logical topology.

3. TYPES OF
NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES
RING
TREE
MESH
STAR
HYBRID
BUS

4. A bus topology consists of a single cable with the terminator at each end. All
available devices are connected to the single cable. One single cable acts
as the backbone for the whole network.
In a bus topology, one of the computers acts as the server and transmits the
data from one end to the other in a single direction. When the data reaches
to the extreme end, the terminator removes the data from the line.
•Flexible
•Expandable
•Moderate Reliability
•Moderate performance

5. • Easy to connect or remove nodes in a network without affecting any
other node.
• In case of any node failure, the will be no effect on other nodes or
network.
•Cable cost is less as compared to other network topologies (mesh and
star).
•It is easy to understand topology.
•Easy to expand by joining two cable
•In case of any node failure it is difficult to find faults in a network.
•If the backbone cable damages the entire network will fail.
•If network traffic increases or nodes increases, the performance of
network decreases.
•It is slower because one computer transmit at a time.
•The length of cable is limited

6. In Ring Topology, each computer or node is connected with its
neighboring computer forming the shape of ring hence it is
known as Ring Topology.
In ring topology the data travels in a circular fashion from one
computer to another (clockwise or counter clockwise). In case of
any failure in a cable or device break the circular loop and can
take down the entire network.

7. •A single break in the cable can cause a disturbance in the
entire network
•Addition and removal of any node in a network is difficult
and can cause issue in network activity.
•It is much slower than Ethernet network under normal load
conditions.
•Using coaxial or twisted pair cables.

8. •Data flow is in circular direction which reduces the chance of
packet collision.
•A network server is not needed to control the flow of data.
•The maintenance of ring network is much easier compared to
the bus topology.
•It provides good communication over a long distance.
•It can handle high volume of nodes in a network.
•It is less costly compared to the mesh, tree, and hybrid topology.
•Troubleshooting is much easier because cable faults can be
located easily in ring topology.
A single break in the cable can cause a disturbance in the entire
network
Addition and removal of any node in a network is difficult and can
cause issue in network activity.
It is much slower than Ethernet network under normal load conditions.

9. In Tree Topology, all the computer are connected to the central hub,
in the computer networking, tree topology is known as combination
of a star network topology and a bus topology. In tree topology, all
the computers are connected like the branches of a tree. The main
advantages of this topology are flexibility and scalability.

10. •Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
•Used in Wide Area Network.
•Extension of bus and star topologies.
•Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
•Easily managed and maintained.
•Error detection is easily done.
•Heavily cabled.
•Costly.
•If more nodes are added maintenance is
difficult.
•Central hub fails, network fails.

11. In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single
hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others
nodes are connected to the central node.
•Every node has its own dedicated
connection to the hub.
•Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
•Can be used with twisted pair, Optical
fibre or coaxial cable.

12. •Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
•Hub can be upgraded easily.
•Easy to troubleshoot.
•Easy to setup and modify.
•Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work
smoothly.
•Cost of installation is high.
•Expensive to use.
•If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes
depend on the hub.
•Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

13. In a mesh network, devices are connected with many redundant
interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh topology
every node has a connection to every other node in the network.
There are two types of mesh topologies:
1. FULL MESH TOPOLOGY
2. PARTIAL MESH TOPOLOGY
Full mesh topology: occurs when every node has a circuit connecting it
to every other node in a network. Full mesh is very expensive to
implement but yields the greatest amount of redundancy, so in the event
that one of those nodes fails, network traffic can be directed to any of the
other nodes. Full mesh is usually reserved for backbone networks.
Partial mesh topology: is less expensive to implement and yields less
redundancy than full mesh topology. With partial mesh, some nodes are
organized in a full mesh scheme but others are only connected to one or
two in the network. Partial mesh topology is commonly found in
peripheral networks connected to a full meshed backbone.

14. •Fully connected.
•Robust.
•Not flexible.

15. •Each connection can carry its own data
load.
•It is robust.
•Fault is diagnosed easily.
•Provides security and privacy.
•Installation and configuration is difficult.
•Cabling cost is more.
•Bulk wiring is required.

16. It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more
topologies. For example if in an office in one department ring topology
is used and in another star topology is used, connecting these
topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star
topology).
•It is a combination of two or topologies.
•Inherits the advantages and
disadvantages of the topologies included

17. •Reliable as Error detecting and trouble
shooting is easy.
•Effective.
•Scalable as size can be increased easily.
•Flexible.
•Complex in design.
•Costly.