2. Kekuasaan
• Ilmuwan politik mendefinisikan kekuasaan sebagai
“kemampuan untuk mempengaruhi perilaku orang lain
tanpa atau dengan perlawanan
• Kajian kekuasaan ada di ranah politik dimana semua
usaha untuk mendapatkan, menggunakan dan
mempertahankan kekuasaan.
• Kekuasaan dilawankan dengan kehendak (will), sebagai
faktor utama kehendak yang lain menjadi subjeknya.
3. Teori Kekuasaan
• Nicollò Machiavelli (The Prince) awal abad ke-16
• Machiavelli represents the strategic and decentralized
thinking about power and organization. He sees power
as a means, not a resource, and seeks strategic
advantages, such as military ones, between his prince
and others. an understandable interest in power.
4. Teori Kekuasaan
• Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) abad ke-17
• Power, in Hobbes, is centralized and focused on Sovereignty.
Here exists a total political community, the embodiment of
which is the state, or the community, or the society. This is a
single unit, ordered according to a uniform
principle, possessing a continuity of time and place, from
which the power stems.
5. Teori Kekuasaan
• Max Weber (1947)
• He defined power as the probability that an actor within a social
relationship would be in a position to carry out his will despite
resistance to it. The activation of power is dependent on a person’s
will, even in opposition to someone else’s.
• Weber was interested in power as a factor of domination, based on
economic or authoritarian interests. He historically researched the
sources of the formal authority that activates legitimate power, and
identified three sources of legitimation, or accordance of social
permission, for the activation of power: the charismatic, the
traditional, and the rational-legal.
• the organizational power of the bureaucracy as the source of the
mechanization and routinization of human life, and as a threat to
the freedom of the human spirit.
6. Teori Kekuasaan
• Dahl (1961) theory of community power
• Power is exercised in a community by a particular concrete
individual, while other individuals, also actual, are
prevented from doing what they prefer to do.
• Power is exercised in order to cause those who are subject
to it to follow the private preferences of those who possess
the power.
• Power is the production of obedience to the preferences of
others, including an expansion of the preferences of those
subject to it so as to include those preferences
• Power as the ability to make somebody do something that
otherwise he or she would not have done.
7. Kekuasaan dan agensi
• Kekuasaan adalah komponen dasar dari agensi manusia.
Kekuasaan adalah kemampuan manusia untuk
mengintervensi sebuah kejadian dan membuat perbedaan
• Kekuasaan tak terpisahkan dari interaksi sosial di level
mikro
• Ketidakseimbangan hadir dalam kemampuan manusia dan
akses terhadap sumber daya merupakan konsep kunci
dalam memahami kekuasaan seperti apa yang dapat
dilakukan oleh manusia
• Kekuasaan dapat dipahami dalam derajat kebebasan dan
ketergantungan
• Kekuasaan adalah proses, intervensi diantara ketegangan
agen dan struktur
8. Sumber kekuasaan
• Otoritas delegatif (demokrasi)
• Kelas Sosial (kekayaan sama dengan kekuasaan)
• Nilai sumber daya (nilai material sepert uang dan properti)
• Karisma personal atau kelompok
• Terberi (persepsi atas kemampuan yang diasumsikan dimiliki)
• Keahlian (kemampuan, Keterampilan)
• Persuasi (langsung, tidak langsung,atau subliminal)
• Pengetahuan (terberi, dibagikan atau disimpan)
• Selebritas
• Kekuatan (kekerasan, koersi).
• Persuasi moral (termasuk agama)
• Bekerjanya dinamika kelompok
• Pengaruh sosial atau tradisi
• Dalam sebuah hubungan: dominasi/penghambaan
9. Kekuasaan dan Legitimasi
• Rasionalisasi kekuasaan (Habermas)
• Kekuasaan bersumber dari kekuatan
• Kekuasaan bersumber dari keturunan (Tuhan)
• Kekuasaan dari keahlian (teknokrasi)
• Kekuasaan dari popularitas (demokrasi)
10. Kekuasaan vs Kuasa
• Kekuasaan bersifat
represif, melarang, menghambat kehendak
• Kuasa bersifat produktif, strategis, dan
relasional
• If power was never anything but repressive, if
it never did anything but say no, do you really
believe that we should manage to obey it?
11. Kuasa
• power is not a thing but a relation
• power is not simply repressive but it is productive
• power is not simply a property of the State.
Power is not something that is exclusively
localized in government and the State (which is
not a universal essence). Rather, power is
exercised throughout the social body.
• power operates at the most micro levels of social
relations. Power is omnipresent at every level of
the social body.
• the exercise of power is strategic and war-like
12. Foucault
• Power is the process of 'keeping things going', it is not a 'thing', in
the way fuel or electricity is.
• Power is a relation between forces, or rather every relation
between forces is a power relation
• Force is never singular but essentially exists in relation with other
forces, such that any force is already a relation, that is to say power:
force has no other subject or object than force.
• It is 'an action upon an action
• Power, then, is not essentially repressive; it is not possessed, but is
practiced. Power is not the prerogative of 'masters', but passes
through every force. We should think of power not as an attribute
(and ask 'What is it?'), but as an exercise (and ask 'How does it
work?').
14. Kuasa dan Subjeksi
• Fokus pada teknik atau bentukan kuasa yang
membentuk subjek:
– Subjek untuk orang lain dengan kontrol dan
ketergantungan
– Subjek yang terikat pada identitasnya sendiri
dengan kesadaran atau pengetahuan diri.
